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Potential for Preventing Diabetes and Dementia by Consuming Unpolished Rice Blended with Black Unpolished Rice and Super-Hard Rice

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Potential for Preventing Diabetes and Dementia by Consuming Unpolished Rice Blended with Black Unpolished Rice and Super-Hard Rice Research Article ISSN: 2574 -1241 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2019.20.003483 Potential for Preventing Diabetes and Dementia by Consuming Unpolished Rice Blended with Black Unpolished Rice and Super-Hard Rice Sumiko Nakamura1, Takashi Hara2, Akira Yamazaki3, Atsushi Kobayashi3, Satoshi Maeda3, Kensaku Kasuga4, Jotaro Aii1, Ayana Nakano1, Hiroshi Goto5, Masao Hirayama5, Kenichi Watanabe5, Toshiko Koide5, Osamu Yamaguchi6, Takashi Nagamine7, Mitsutoshi Ito1, Hiroshi Tanaka1, Takeshi Ikeuchi4 and Ken’ichi Ohtsubo1* 1Faculty of Applied Life Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, 265-1, Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata, 956- 8603, Japan 2 Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan 3Echigo Seika Co., Ltd. Japan 4Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan 5Niigata Bio-Research Park Co., Ltd. Japan 6Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, Japan 7Hokuriku Research Station, Central Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Japan *Corresponding author: Ken’ichi OHTSUBO, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, 265-1, Higashijima, Akiha- ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 956-0841 Japan ARTICLE INFO Abstract Received: August 03, 2019 Type-2 diabetes, which may prompt Alzheimer’s disease, can be regulated by diet. Published: August 19, 2019 resistant starch by blending ordinary polished rice and polished waxy barley (5:5) or by blendingWe investigated ordinary the unpolished palatability rice, and unpolished efficacy of pigmentedconsuming ricetwo anddiets polished rich in β-glucansuper-hard or rice (2:4:4), then subjecting the blends to high-pressure treatment before cooking. After Citation: Sumiko Nakamura, Takashi Hara, Akira Yamazaki, Atsushi Kobayas- subjects consumed these diets for 12 weeks, consumers of the former rice blend had hi, Ken’ichi Ohtsubo, et al. Potential for Preventing Diabetes and Dementia by Consuming Unpolished Rice Blended consumingsignificantly the less latter body blend, fat, lowershowed blood not onlyglucose lower levels. blood The glucose latter levels, blend but showed also a higher with Black Unpolished Rice and Su- antioxidant capacity and inhibition against β-secretase than control, and the subjects, per-Hard Rice. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res Long-term consumption of the latter blended rice diets might inhibit rises in postprandial 20(4)-2019. BJSTR. MS.ID.003483. ratio of amyloid β 42/40 peptide than the subjects consuming the traditional rice diet. Keywords: Alzheimer’s Disease; Dia- bloodAbbreviations: glucose levels and impede amyloid β production. - can-Rich Waxy Barley; Resistant Starch Unpolished Rice AeBlended Mutant: with Amylose Black ExtenderUnpolished Rice Rice Mutant, And Super-HardAβ: Amyloid Rice β Peptide (Ratio betes; β-secretase; Black Rice; β-Glu Protein, BACE1: β-Secretase, HPT: High-Pressure Treatment, KBH Rice: ”Koshihikari” 2:4:4), KWB Rice: ”Koshihikari” Polished Rice Blended with Polished Waxy Barley (Ratio 5:5), BGL: Blood Glucose Level, AUC: Area Under Rising Limb of a Glucose Curve for DensityPostprandial Lipoprotein, Blood Glucose, HDL: High-Density AUCi: Area UnderLipoprotein The Rising Limb of an Insulin Curve, FBG: Fasting Blood Glucose Level, RS: Resistant Starch, BFP: Body Fat Percentage, LDL: Low- Introduction the overall risk of dying prematurely [1]. Therefore, there is an According to WHO report, globally, an estimated 422 million urgent need to implement population-based interventions that adults were living with diabetes in 2014, and diabetes of all types prevent diabetes, enhance its early detection, and use lifestyle and can lead to complications in many parts of the body and increase Copyright@ Ken’ichi Ohtsubo | Biomed J Sci & Tech Res| BJSTR. MS.ID.003483. 15213 Volume 20- Issue 4 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2019.20.003483 pharmacological interventions to prevent or delay its progression to In previous studies, we developed a novel method for inhibiting of the United Nations recommend foods with low glycemic index rats by feeding them ae-mutant rice (super-hard rice) soaked with complications [2]. The WHO and Food and Agriculture Organization abrupt postprandial blood glucose levels (BGL) in Sprague–Dawley functional food ingredients that had been subjected to HPT before Jenkins et al. [4] as a ranking system for carbohydrates based on (GI) to prevent diabetes [3]. The concept of GI was introduced by preparation [25]. Furthermore, when we pre-prepared (with HPT) glycemic load diets have more recently been widely recommended 6:4 (using a randomized, single-blind, crossover-designed study) their immediate impact on blood glucose levels, and low GI and “Koshihikari” rice blended with black rice (HPT KO) at a ratio of for the prevention of chronic diseases including diabetes, obesity, cancer and heart disease, [5] because the resulting glycemic index , we found that BGL in subject at 90 and 120 min after ingesting the cooked HPT KO was significantly lower than BGL following of relevant carbohydrate foods in the prevention and treatment of classification of foods provided a numeric physiologic classification ingestion of the cooked “Koshihikari” (polished) rice alone. In fact, diseases such as diabetes [6]. The glycemic effect of food depends the increase in amyloid β40 peptide in blood 120 min after eating on numerous factors, including the structure of amylose and HPT KO rice tended to be lower than amyloid β40 after ingesting amylopectin [7]. The amylopectin found in amylose extender (ae) the cookedRecent epidemiological“Koshihikari” rice studies [26]. have suggested a link between Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and type 2 diabetes mellitus associated chain glucans than normal (non-mutant) rice, thereby making the rice mutants (e.g., “Chikushikona85”cultivar) contains more long- with insulin resistance [27-29]. Diabetes is a lifestyle disease, and texture of the mutant rice grains very hard and non-sticky after its prevention and treatment are extremely important in improving boiling, which renders it less palatable than traditional rice [8]. Wada et al. showed that the rise in blood sugar after consuming rapid increases in blood glucose and insulin secretion after meals. longevity and quality of life. Low glycemic index (GI) foods inhibit less than when consuming cookies made from the traditional rice cookies made from “Chikushi-kona85” rice flour was significantly cultivar [9] Several studies have reported the development of The β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) generates the amyloid β Because working memory is impaired by AD, the disease has highly resistant starch (RS) rice [10,11] (via physical or chemical peptide (Aβ) via β- and γ- secretase in a highly regulated process. spawned dynamic research investigating the influence of gamma- mutation),Barley, asused well as as food, high-amylose malt, and and as high-dietaryfeedstock in fiber Japan, rice is [12].rich sufferers [30]. It is well-recognized that the prevalence of dementia aminobutyric acid (GABA) on working memory performance in AD is higher in diabetic patients than in non-diabetic subjects [31], and Tokutake et al. [32] showed that there is a molecular link between in β-glucan. Beta-glucan is a linear polysaccharide of glucose studies, in both hypercholesterolemic and healthy subjects, found AD and insulin signaling. monomers and water-soluble dietary fiber (SDF). Several recent Molecules in rice with antioxidant activity include phenolic total and LDL cholesterol in serum [13,14]. Waxy barley cultivars that the daily consumption of 5 g of β-glucan significantly lowers are a typical component of specialized foods. It imparts a sticky acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, tocopherols, than normal isotypes of barley [15]. tocotrienols, γ-oryzanol, and phytic acid. Rice bran also contains texture to foods and contains a total β-glucan content that is higher sterol, wax, ceramide, phytin, inositol, and protein [33]. In previous a variety of functional substances, such as γ-oryzanol, ferulic acid, studies, black rice bran contained more oleic acid and anthocyanin be a probable mechanism behind its observed metabolic effects. The production of short-chain fatty acids in β-glucan may also (a traditional, premium polished rice). Jensen et al. [34] and and showed greater BACE1 inhibitory activity than “Koshihikari” - Qureshi et al. [35] showed that an increased daily consumption of Moreover, fermentation of oat β-glucan has been shown to yield ly inhibit cholesterol synthesis in humans [16-18]. larger amounts of propionate, which has been shown to significant lowered total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides in Several studies report that long-term consumption of RS may bran significantly reduced the risk of coronary heart disease and lower fasting cholesterol and triglyceride levels [19,20]. Robertson serum. Abe et al. [36] showed that rice components that included et al. showed that 30g RS/d added to the habitual diet of healthy neuroblastoma cells without causing cytotoxicity, suggesting that - inositol hexaphosphate significantly inhibited Aβ production in such foods might prevent AD. subjects resulted in a significant decline in subcutaneous abdom release [21]. Pigmented rice contains naturally occurring pigmented inal adipose tissue, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), and glycerol High-pressure treatment (HPT), a technological process that limits the negative effects of food preparation on hydro-soluble vi- flavonoids known as anthocyanins. Positive health effects have example, consumption
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