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Thesis Submitted for the Degree Of THE UNIVERSITY OF HULL The relationship between choice of spectrum sensing device and secondary-user intrusion in database-driven cognitive radio systems Being a Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the University of Hull By Anwar Mohamed Ali Fanan January 2018 Acknowledgements First and foremost, all thanks to Almighty ALLAH who is not only the creator and the owner of this universe, but also the most merciful, beneficent and the most gracious, who provided us guidance, strength and abilities to complete our thesis successfully. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor Nick Riley for constant guidance, advice, encouragement and unlimited support over the years. I am also so grateful to all those people who have supported me and contributed to making this thesis possible and offer my utmost thanks to the staff of the School of Engineering and the Graduate School and to my second supervisor Dr. Kevin Paulson for valuable suggestions and support. I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to my great parents, lovely family, wife and kids for their encouragement and support during completion of this thesis. Abstract As radios in future wireless systems become more flexible and reconfigurable whilst available radio spectrum becomes scarce, the possibility of using TV White Space devices (WSD) as secondary users in the TV Broadcast Bands (without causing harmful interference to licensed incumbents) becomes ever more attractive. Cognitive Radio encompasses a number of technologies which enable adaptive self-programming of systems at different levels to provide more effective use of the increasingly congested radio spectrum. Cognitive Radio has the potential to use spectrum allocated to TV services, which is not actually being used by these services, without causing disruptive interference to licensed users by using channel selection aided by use of appropriate propagation modelling in TV White Spaces. The main purpose of this thesis is to explore the potential of the Cognitive Radio concept to provide additional bandwidth and improved efficiency to help accelerate the development and acceptance of Cognitive Radio technology. Specifically, firstly: three main classes of spectrum sensing techniques (Energy Detection, Matched Filtering and Cyclostationary Feature Detection) have compare in terms of time and spectrum resources consumed, required prior knowledge and complexity, ranking the three classes according to accuracy and performance. Secondly, investigate spectrum occupancy of the UHF TV band in the frequency range from 470 to 862 MHz by undertaking spectrum occupancy measurements in different locations around the Hull area in the UK, using two different receiver devices; a low cost Software-Defined Radio device and a laboratory- quality spectrum analyser. Thirdly, investigate the best propagation model among three Page [ 2 ] propagation models (Extended-Hata, Davidson-Hata and Egli) for use in the TV band, whilst also finding the optimum terrain data resolution to use (1000, 100 or 30 m). it compares modelled results with the previously-mentioned practical measurements and then describe how such models can be integrated into a database-driven tool for Cognitive Radio channel selection within the TV White Space environment. Fourthly, create a flexible simulation system for creating a TV White Space database by using different propagation models. Finally, design a flexible system which uses a combination of Geolocation Database and Spectrum Sensing in the TV band, comparing the performance of two spectrum analysers (Agilent E4407B and Agilent EXA N9010A) with that of a low cost Software-Defined Radio in the real radio environment. The results shows that white space devices can be designed using SDRs based on the Realtek RTL2832U chip (RTL-SDR), combined with a geolocation database for identifying the primary user in the specific location in a cost-effective manner. Furthermore it is shown that improving the sensitivity of RTL-SDR will affect the accuracy and performance of the WSD. Page [ 3 ] Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... 1 ABSTRACT 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... 4 DEDICATION............................................................................................................................. 8 LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... 9 LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... 12 ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 16 1.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................16 1.2 Motivation and Objectives ......................................................................................................19 1.3 Thesis Outline ..........................................................................................................................21 1.4 Thesis Contributions ................................................................................................................23 1.5 Publications .............................................................................................................................24 1.5.1 Journal Publications .................................................................................................................. 24 1.5.2 Conference Publications ........................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER2: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND .................................................................. 27 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................27 2.2 Dynamic Spectrum Access models ...........................................................................................28 2.2.1 Dynamic Exclusive Use model................................................................................................... 28 2.2.2 Open Sharing Model ................................................................................................................. 29 2.2.3 Hierarchical Access Model ........................................................................................................ 29 2.3 Cognitive Radio (CR) ................................................................................................................31 2.3.1 Cognitive radio functions .......................................................................................................... 32 2.4 Software Defined Radio (SDR) .................................................................................................35 2.4.1 Background and History of SDR ................................................................................................ 36 2.4.2 SDR advantages ........................................................................................................................ 38 2.4.3 Research Prototypes for SDR .................................................................................................... 39 Page [ 4 ] 2.5 White Space Definition ............................................................................................................40 2.6 Geolocation Database Management System(GDMS) ...............................................................41 2.7 Spectrum Management Concepts ............................................................................................42 2.7.1 RF spectrum as national resource ............................................................................................ 43 2.7.2 Spectrum management system ................................................................................................ 43 2.8 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................46 CHAPTER3: SPECTRUM SENSING TECHNIQUES ........................................................ 47 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................47 3.2 Spectrum Sensing Techniques .................................................................................................47 3.2.1 Non-cooperative spectrum sensing .......................................................................................... 48 3.2.2 Cooperative Sensing technique ................................................................................................ 57 3.2.3 Interference based detection ................................................................................................... 57 3.3 A Performance Comparison of Different Spectrum Sensing Techniques ..................................58 3.4 Simulation platform for Spectrum Sensing Techniques ED, MF and, CFD .................................60 3.5 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................62
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