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A Gis Based Uhf Radio Wave Propagation Model for Area Within 25Km Radius from OSRC Transmitting Antenna International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 3 Issue 5, May - 2014 A Gis Based Uhf Radio Wave Propagation Model for Area Within 25km Radius From OSRC Transmitting Antenna K. L. Omolaye, P. O. Omolaye, G. A. Akpakwu, Dept of Geographical Information Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Dept of Electrical and Electronics System and Remote Sensing, Engineering, Engineering, Federal University of Technology, University of Agriculture , University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Akure, Nigeria. Makurdi, Nigeria. Makurdi, Nigeria. Abstract- For effective network coverage across different terrain The wireless communication has drawn attention as a and landcover, accurate prediction model is required. Radio wave result of drastic change in technology and the demand for the models are essential tools for predicting wave propagation quality products and services over the years. From the characteristics in a particular environment. This paper investigates transmitter, radio propagation takes different propagation path signal strength using Geospatial Technology which was applied to to the receiver and it depends on the interaction with UHF radio wave propagation within 25km radius from Ondo State Radiovision Corporation Transmitting Antenna. Five major routes interfering object along the path of propagation. In radio wave within the study area were considered and signal strength propagation, there are interactions between waves and measurements were carried out at interval of 1km across different environment attenuates the signal level which causes path loss land cover type and terrain variations. Three empirical models and finally limits coverage area. This is simply because (Okumura-Hata, COST-Hata and Egli model) were considered for propagation characteristics of radio wave such as fading, path the study due to their system parameter. The path loss of the loss and attenuation do not only depend itself on frequency, empirical model was compared with measured path loss and the path distance, and characteristics scatter distance, but also on mean deviation errors of the models were computed. Consequently, scatter angle that depends on what is causing obstruction to Okumura-Hata’s model is suitable for prediction along the five IJERTthe propagated wave. Propagation models are classified into routes. A modified Okumura-Hata model was developed for pathIJERT loss prediction in 25km radius away from the transmitting antenna three main groups: deterministic, statistical and empirical which is applicable for network planning and design. models [3]. Deterministic models make use of the physical laws which determine radio wave propagation mechanisms for Keyword: Geospatial, Ondo, Empirical models, path loss, a particular location. Stochastic (statistical) models, on the Okumura-Hata, COST-Hata and Egli model other hand, require the least information about the environment but provide the least accuracy. Empirical models 1. INTRODUCTION are based on extensive measurements and mainly give prediction of path loss. They are more often used in practice Radio waves are part of the broad electromagnetic than statistical and deterministic propagation models, because spectrum that extends from the very low frequencies which are of low cost and model simplicity with acceptable accuracy''. produced by electric power facilities up to the extremely high Examples of wireless models include the Okumura-Hata frequencies of cosmic rays which travel from a source into the model, COST 231-Hata model, COST 231-Walfisch-Ikegami, surrounding space at the speed of light, approximately Friis model, 2D and 3D ray tracing, SUI model, Cluster Factor 3.0x108 m/s when in free space. The electromagnetic model, Walfisch-Bertoni model, Eglic model, Erecg Model, spectrum extends as low as sub-hertz frequencies to 30 000 COST 123 model etc. Each of these model are useful for GHz. They are divided into several bands by frequency in specific environment and the accuracy of any of the model which FM and TV broadcast is a good example with a very depends on the parameter required by the model and the high frequency band from 30 to 300MHz [1]. In radio environment. There is no universal model for all kind of broadcasting, the energy that is emitted from an antenna takes propagation situation. All propagation models are based on the different paths before it reach the receiver and radio wave terrain parameters (rural, urban and suburban area) and system pathway depends on many factors, some of which include: parameter like antenna height, frequency (Abhayawardhana, et frequency, antenna type and height, atmospheric conditions, al). All computations in radio communication are based on the land use variation and terrain [2]. use of radio propagation prediction models. It is also reported that, Geographical Information System (GIS) as a tool in IJERTV3IS050893 www.ijert.org 1784 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 3 Issue 5, May - 2014 partner with the field of remote sensing has become an important component for modeling radio wave prediction [4]. Until recently, empirical propagation prediction South, Ondo East, Idanre, Ifedore, Okeigbo/Ile Oluji Local model seemed sufficient. However, more efficient prediction Government), Ekiti State (Ekiti South West, Ikere and models are required in transmitting data (voice and non voice) Ise/Orun Local Government) and Oriade Local Government from the antenna to the receiver. These propagation models in Osun State. The study area was found to have minimum are usually based on the computation of the physical elevation value 204m above the mean sea level and maximum interaction of radio waves and the environment. Thus, more elevation value of 1065m above the mean sea level. detailed geo-databases of the environment are required, especially in urban environments where most users are located [5]. In broadcast frequency planning, GIS is relevant in base station programming, base station position selection, field strength prediction, coverage analysis, interference analysis, frequency distribute and so on. For accurate prediction of radio wave, interference analysis and coverage calculation demand detail location of spatial database of the predicted area. The evaluation of the wireless technology grows; the industry development trend uses geographic information system to strengthen TV broadcasting, coverage, network management and construction [6]. The inability of radio wave to penetrate or bend around geographic features which result in non line of sight can be easily modeled in geographical information system. GIS have ability to model the Figure 1: The map of the Study Area communication sheds (commshed) which is also known as the viewshed. Having the LOS properties of the wavelength, the III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY viewshed shows the zone where there will be signal [7]. a. Data and their Sour ces Ondo State Radio vision Corporation propagates in Table 1: Data and their sources UHF band. The UHF band goes from 300 MHz to 3GHZ which is the ideal choice for ground to air communication. Data Year Source Relevance UHF has a wide band width which propagates principally on Google image 2007 Google For route design and line of sight from the transmitter to the receiver. The effects of earth navigation IJERTASTER 2011 USGS For digital elevation local area topography and conditions in the lower atmosphereIJERT model and spot height mostly govern UHF propagation. For communication to take Field 2014 Self For signal strength place the transmitting and receiving antennas must have a measurement measurement fairly unobstructed path between them, hence the term line-of- Antenna 2013 OSRC For path loss description calculation sight can be established [8]. Radio wave is a function of Landsat 2014 USGS For landuse/cover frequency of propagation, lower radio frequencies, such as classification AM/FM radio, have lower wavelengths which allow them to penetrate geographic features such as vegetation, building wall b. Observation Instruments and others. As the wavelength decreases, the frequency increases which make more influence by geographic feature in 1. Garmin 76c handheld GPS was used basically to determine the point of observation and the transmitting the environment [9]. It is stated that the quality of signal strength is extensively blocked or degraded by nature and man antenna. to the relatively short wavelength propagation [4]. Geographic features hinder the propagation of wave which can be easily model Invisibility theory i.e. line of sight theory [10]. II. STUDY AREA AND CHARACTERSTIC The study area covers 25km from Ondo State Radiovision Corporation Antenna which lies within latitudes Fig 2.1: Global Positioning System (GPS) used for direct observation 6° 30’ 00” and 8° 00’ 00” and longitudes 4° 30’ 00” and 5° 30′ 00'' which cut cross three states; Ondo, Osun and Ekiti States. 2. Professional TV signal field strength meter type Within the three states, the study area covers ten Local UNAOHM model EP742A was used measure signal field Government across the state; Ondo State (Akure North, Akure strength which was carried out round the selected route. IJERTV3IS050893 www.ijert.org 1785 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 3 Issue 5, May - 2014 Landcover Classification: The land use/cover of the study area was obtained from Lansat 8 imagery downloaded from USGS and subjected to unsupervised classification using ENVI 4.5
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