Supporting Report E Preliminary Structural Drawings for Structural Measure Options

Supporting Report E

Preliminary Structural Drawings for Structural Measure Options

E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 E-10 E-11 E-12 E-13 E-14 E-15 E-16 E-17 E-18 E-19 E-20 E-21 E-22 E-23 E-24 E-25 E-26 E-27 E-28 E-29 E-30 E-31 E-32 E-33 E-34 E-35 E-36 E-37

Supporting Report F

Preliminary Cost Estimate

Supporting Report F Preliminary Cost Estimate

F.1 Construction Plan and Cost Estimation for Alternatives of Flood Management Master Plan

F.1.1 Conceivable Alternative Measures Configuration of the alternative plans for the target river basins is shown in Section 3.7, 4.7, 5.7 and 6.7 in Part II of Main Report, respectively. Summary of Alternatives of the Structure measures is presented in Table F.1.1. Based on the combination of the structure measures, this section presents the result of preliminary study of construction plan and cost estimation for these conceivable alternatives.

F.1.2 Construction Plan

(1) Natural Conditions

1) Location

The study area covers four major river basins in the south-western reagion of Sri Lanka, i.e. Kelani, Kalu, Gin and Nilwala River basins. It extends approximately between lat. 5°56’ N and 7°13’ N and between long. 79°50’ E and 80°40’ E.

2) Climate

The study area is located in the southwestern quarter of the country, which is classified as a Wet Zone. There are two rainy seasons of April-May and October-November. The average annual rainfall of the study area are 3,800 mm for Kelani River, 4,040 mm for Kalu River, 3,290 mm for Gin River and 2,890 mm for Nilwala River. Annual rainy days are around 76 days for Kelani River, 81 days for Kalu River, 66 days for Gin River and 55 days for Nilwala River.

3) General Topography

The study area consists of marsh, lowlands and hilly areas. The marshes lie in the downstream end and have an elevation of 0 m to 2 m above MSL. The lowlands extend along the river course and have an elevation of 2 m to 5 m above MSL. On the other hand, the hilly areas are located at an elevation of more than 10 m above MSL. The ground in the marshes and lowlands is too soft to permit heavy vehicular traffic.

(2) General Working Conditions

1) Workable days

The annual net workable days for construction work are determined based on the daily rainfall records in 1985 to 2005, number of national holidays in Sri Lanka, and the following criteria.

i) Work is suspended on Sunday and national holidays.

ii) Work is suspended by rainfall as follows: 10 mm - 20 mm/day : 0.5 days More than 20 mm/day : 1 day

F-1 The workable days are shown in Table F.1.2. The average value of four river basins is applied for construction plan.

2) Access to the sites

Major roads (A and B classes) are connected from the downstream basin to the upstream basin in each river. The access routes basically reach to each construction site from major roads. Some of the access routes do not have sufficient width (less than 6 m) and their pavement conditions are not sufficient for heavy vehicles. Traffic density on urban area is very high in the daytime.

Access to the site in each basin is shown in Table F.1.3.

3) Availability of Construction Resources

Availability of labor, construction material and construction equipment in each river basin are described below and summarized in Table F.1.4.

(A) Labor

There are many contractors in the main cities that can supply all fields of skilled workers and common workers. Labor force can be procured through such local contractors.

(B) Construction Material

A) Earth material for embankment/back filling Earth material for embankment and back filling is usually required to be transported from borrow pits in the hilly areas in the each basins. The hauling distances are assumed to be about 10 -20 km.

B) Rubble stone and crushed stone for aggregate These materials are usually purchased from local stone suppliers. The quarry sites for rock material are also located in the hilly area of the study area.

C) Sand River sand of the Kelani, Kalu, Gin and Nilwala Rivers and their tributaries can be used for construction. They are usually purchased from local sand suppliers.

D) Cement Cement is produced in the local factories and is readily available through private traders in the main cities in each basin. Imported cement is also available in the local market.

E) Ready Mixed Concrete Ready mixed concrete can be delivered from major suppliers in the main cities in each basin. However, a new plant for ready mixed concrete will have to be required at the site for a large-scale civil construction project.

F) Concrete Products Reinforced concrete products are available ready-made or made-to-order. Pre-cast concrete pipes less than 1,500 mm in diameter are available from domestic manufacturers. Pre-cast concrete beams for bridges (the max. span length, 15 m) are also available.

F-2 G) Steel Materials Steel sheet pile, reinforcing bar, and other steel materials are usually imported from foreign countries. Only reinforcing bar and small steel gates are available in the local market. However, reinforcing bar will have to be required imported for a large-scale civil construction project.

Major equipment such as excavators, bulldozers, loaders, trucks, mobile cranes, pile drivers, graders, rollers, and generators can be rented from private companies.

(3) Mode of Construction

The construction works will be executed by contractors capable of executing the works properly. The selection of the contractors will be executed through international competitive bidding (ICB) complying with the regulations of the Government of Sri Lanka and the guidelines of international financing agencies. It is intended to utilize local contractors in order to reduce the construction cost and to develop the capacity of local contractors in Sri Lanka.

(4) Land Acquisition

Land acquisition is necessary for the construction works. The Ministry of Land is responsible for land acquisition and both DOI and DMC will cooperate with the Ministry.

(5) Progress Rate of Works

Monthly progress rates or unit construction periods of the major work items are assumed as shown in Table F.1.5 referring to the criteria of the Department of Irrigation in 2007 and actual results of similar works.

(6) Construction Period

Construction periods of each project proposed in the Master Plan are assumed to be five to seven years for short term countermeasures and three to ten years for long term countermeasures taking into account work volumes of the proposed projects and construction periods of similar past projects as shown in Table F.1.6. Implementation schedules of alternatives are shown in Table F.1.7.

F.1.3 Cost Estimates

(1) Conditions of Cost Estimate

1) Criteria and Reference Documents

The project costs are estimated based on the preliminary design, current prices of construction resources and the construction plan. Existing criteria and reports related to the Study listed in Table F.1.8 were collected for the purpose to review the preliminary design and cost estimation:

2) Composition of Project Cost

The financial project cost comprises the following cost items.

A) Construction cost

B) Land acquisition and compensation cost

F-3 C) Engineering service cost

D) Administration expenses

E) Price escalation

F) Physical contingency

G) Tax and duty

3) Price Level and Foreign Exchange Rate

All costs are estimated at the price level on August, 2007.

The exchange rate is estimated as average of the exchange rate between March and August 2007 and set as follows:

US$1.0 = Rs. 111.11 = ￥119.64

4) Foreign and Local Currency Portion

Separation of the costs to the foreign currency portion (FC) and local currency portion (LC)will be considered after selection of the priority project in the later stage. At this moment all costs for the alternatives are estimated by the unit of US$.

5) Conditions of Cost Estimate for Construction Cost

(A) General

The construction costs of major structures are estimated in consideration of the followings:

- The construction cost is estimated on the unit cost basis. Quantity and unit cost of main works are principally derived from the preliminary designs, current prices of construction resources and the construction plan.

- For the cost estimation of dams and intake structures of bypass canals and retarding basins, simple conventional cost estimations are adopted referring to the “Guide manual on hydro power development, Financial Group of New Energy in Japan”. The construction costs are estimated from the input of principal dimensions of the facilities and unit prices.

- If above two methods could not be applied, the construction cost are estimated by lump sum basis referring to the actual cost of similar projects considering the price escalation.

(B) Improvement of Existing Sluice /New Sluice

Objective structures are the existing/new flood protection schemes (MFPs) in the lower Kelani River. Preparatory work is assumed to be the dewatering for main works. Main works are composed of demolishing, concrete works, installation of gates, bank protection and canal lining. The cost of miscellaneous is assumed to be 10% of the main works. Each unit cost is estimated referring to the criteria of DOI and current market prices.

Objective structures for the bank protection are the eroded existing flood bunds in the lower Kelani River. Main works are rubble pitting for bank protection and steel sheet piling for permanent

F-4 foundation. The required length of the bank protection and average height of the bank are obtain in the quantity calculation. The unit construction cost of the bank protection is estimated on the unit length basis and derived by the different height of the banks as shown in Figure F.1.1 The cost for preparatory works is assumed to be 5% of the main works. The cost of miscellaneous is assumed to be 10% of the main works.

(D) Flood Bund

Objective structures are new flood bunds in the four river basins. Main works are light jungle cleaning, stripping top soil, earth filling for embankment and turfing. As the same as the unit cost of the bank protection, the unit construction cost of the flood bund is estimated on the unit length basis. They are also derived by the different heights of the flood bund as shown in Figure F.1.2.

Marsh and lowlands lie in the downstream end and widely spreading out in the construction site of the flood bunds. The foundation condition of each construction site is assumed to be 50% of normal condition and 50% of soft foundation. The cost for preparatory works is assumed to be 5% of the main works. The cost of miscellaneous is assumed to be 10% of the main works.

(E) Heightening Flood Bund

Objective structures are the new flood bunds which require the heightening in the long term plan. The heightening of the flood bund is to be made by heightening and widening of the embankment on the land side slope. Main works are stripping top soil, earth filling for embankment and turfing. The construction cost of the heightening is estimated from the quantity of main works and current unit price. The quantity of main works are estimated by each section with the length of 100 m to 1,000 m. The cost for preparatory works is assumed to be 5% of the main works. The cost of miscellaneous is assumed to be 10% of the main works.

(F) Ring Levee

Objective structures are concrete wall (flood wall) and earth levee for the flood protection structures of the Ratnapura town in the upper reaches of the Kalu River. Because commercial area is located in the flood-prone area of the Kalu River, it is predicted that the land acquisition of the ring levee would be hard and costly. Considering this condition, the flood walls should be adopted in the adjacent area of the Ratnapura town to reduce the land acquisition cost of the ring levee. The earth levee is assumed to be constructed in the rural area.

Main works are concrete works and steel sheet piling for concrete wall and earth filling for embankment. As the same as the unit cost of the bank protection, the unit construction costs of the flood wall and earth levee are estimated on the unit length basis. They are also derived by the different heights of the flood wall as shown in Figure F.1.1. The cost for preparatory works is assumed to be 5% of the main works. The cost of miscellaneous is assumed to be 10% of the main works.

(G) New Pump House

F-5 discharge of the pump. A relation between drainage discharge and the construction cost of the pump house was referred to “The Study on Storm Water Drainage Plan for the Colombo Metropolitan Region in the Democratic Socialist of Sri Lanka,Final Report”. Applying this relation and considering the site conditions, the construction cost of each pump house is obtained. The rate of civil work costs is estimated at 40% of the sum of the costs and the rate of equipment costs is estimated at 60% of the sum of the costs.

(H) Rehabilitation of Existing Pump House

Objective structure are existing pump houses in the Gin and Nilwala River basins. It was reported by the district office of the Irrigation Department that some of the electrical and mechanical facilities of the pumping station were out of order due to defection of operation and maintenance budget, and pump operation was insufficient due to lack of the communication systems between the pump houses and the head office. Though a detail study will be required for estimation of the rehabilitation cost of the existing pump houses, in this estimation the rehabilitation cost is derived as the rate of the construction cost of new one. The rate for rehabilitation of civil works is estimated at 20% and the rate for the rehabilitation of the equipments is estimated at 50 % for equipments.

The cost for preparatory works is assumed to be 5% of the main works. The cost of miscellaneous is assumed to be 10% of the main works.

(I) Bypass Canal

Objective structures are a Ratnapura bypass canal in the Upper Kalu River and an Akuressa bypass canal in the Nilwala River. Main facilities of the bypass canal are a diversion weir and an open canal. A number of bridges are to be replaced due to the construction of the canal. Main works are excavation, concrete works and installation of gates for the diversion weir and excavation and earth filling for embankment for the canal.

The design of open canal is based on the hydraulic calculation in the case of the flood with the return period of 30 years. As the design velocity of the canal is estimated at 1 to 1.5 m/s, no lining of the canal is assumed. Bank protection of the canal is assumed to be installed only along the water hitting sections and to be 20% of the total length of the canal. The unit cost of excavation of the canal is estimated assuming that the foundation ground is composed 50% of soils and 50% of rocks.

The construction cost of diversion weir is derived from the simple conventional cost estimations. The replacing cost of the bridge is estimated based on the unit cost per area (length x width of bridge).

(J) Retarding Basin

Objective structure is the retarding basins in the Kelani River. Main facilities of the retarding basin are an overflow dike, an intake channel and ring levee for retarding basin. Main works are excavation, concrete works and installation of gates for the overflow dike and the intake canal and excavation and earth filling for embankment for the ring levee.

As the result of site inspection, it was found that the construction sites of the ring levee were relatively high elevation and there were many natural levees lying around the current retarding basins. The new ring levees would be required only for the sites where require reinforcing and heightening of the existing ground as permanent structure. Taking into considering above, the required length of the ring

F-6 levee is assumed to be 30% of the total length of the retarding basin. The cost for preparatory works is assumed to be 5% of the main works. The cost of miscellaneous is assumed to be 10% of the main works.

(K) Dam and Reservoir

In the course of the study, integrated flood management plans including construction of dams were considered. As fort he planning of the dam, however, only preliminary study has made to decide the flood control effect of the dam. Though a detail investigations and studies will be required for estimation of the construction cost of the dams, in this estimation the construction cost of the dam is derived from the simple conventional cost estimations referring to the “Guide manual on hydro power development, financial group of new energy in Japan”. The objective dams are Nagata-Purusella Dam in the Kelani River, Malwala Dam in the Kalu River, Jasmin Dam in the Gin River and Siyambalagoda Dam in the Nilawala River.

The construction costs of civil works for main facilities such as spillway, intake, headrace channel, surge tank, penstock, power house, tailrace channel and outlet are estimated with input of principal dimensions of the facilities and unit prices. The cost of metal and equipments such as spillway gates, intake gates are also estimated from the same method. The cost of electric facilities and transmittal lines are estimated based on “the Feasibility Study of the Malwala Dam”.

6) Land Acquisition and Compensation Cost

(A) Land Acquisition

Land acquisition cost is estimated by the required land area and its unit cost. The required land area for each structure is estimated as below: Flood Bund/Ring Levee : (bottom width of flood bund + 2 m of both side) x length Dam and reservoir : Reservoir area (at crest height of the dam) Retarding basin : Required area for ring levee of retarding basin (reservoir area is not including and assumed to be used as before) Pump house/New sluice : required area for each structures Rehabilitation of existing : not considered structure The unit cost of land is estimated based on the data from the Valuation Department of the Ministry of Finance. The applied unit costs are shown in Table F.1.9.

(B) Compensation

Compensation cost includes the cost for compensation for house relocation and properties affected by project implementation. The compensation cost is assumed to be 20% of the land acquisition cost for the master plan study.

7) Engineering Service Cost

The engineering service cost includes costs for field investigations, basic and detailed design including preparation of pre-qualification documents and tender documents, assistance for pre-

F-7 qualification and tendering, and construction supervision. The engineering service cost is assumed to be 15% of the construction cost referring to the similar projects.

8) Administration Expenses

The Government’s administration expenses for the project implementation is assumed to be 2 % of the total of the construction cost, engineering service cost, and land acquisition and compensation cost. The rate is referred to the “JBIC SAPROF for Lunawa Lake Environment Improvement and Community Development Project, February 2001 (the Lunawa Project)” and the “JICA STUDY on storm water drainage plan for the Colombo Metropolitan region (the Colombo Drainage Study) March 2003)”

9) Price Escalation

Consumer price index data up to the year 2006 is shown in Table F.1.10.

The future price index is projected to be unstable by Department of Census and Statistics of Sri Lanka and approximately to be 13% in near future. According to the above projections, the long-term escalation rate may be presumed to keep around 10.0 %.

Consequently, the price escalation rates to be applied to the present Study are set at 10.0%.

10) Physical Contingency

Physical contingency is set as 10% of the construction cost, land acquisition and compensation cost, engineering service cost, and administration cost referring to the DOI criteria and the previous study.

11) Tax and Duty

This item includes, value-added tax (VAT), customs duty; and all other taxes to be imposed in Sri Lanka. The value-added tax (VAT) is estimated for the costs of the construction works and the consulting services. The tax rate of 15% is applied for the computation based on the current tax system of Sri Lanka.

(2) Unit Cost

The unit costs are estimated based on the current prices of construction resources and the construction plan. The unit construction costs for flood control and drainage are based on the criteria of Sri Lanka (see Table F.1.8) and the data of current similar projects.

The daily labor wages, hourly rental costs of equipment and basic prices of construction materials are shown in TablesF.1.11, F.1.12, and F.1.13 , respectively.

The unit construction costs are estimated based on those basic prices as shown in Table F.1.14.

Breakdowns of the construction cost are presented in TablesF.1.15 to Table F.1.18 .

(3) Project Cost

The project costs of the alternative cases of each basin are summarized below, and details are presented in Tables F.1.19 to Table F.1.22.

F-8 1) Kelani River Project Costs of Alternatives in Kelani River (unit: US$, thousand) Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III Item Flood bund system Flood bund system Flood bund system +Heightening of flood +Dam (Nawata Dam) +Retarding basins bund I. Construction cost A Improvement of existing sluices 560 560 560 B New sluices 1,410 1,410 1,410 C Bank protection 1,599 1,599 1,599 D Flood bund (short term) 12,677 12,677 12,677 E Early warning monitoring system 221 221 221 Sub Total (short term) 16,467 16,467 16,467 F Flood bund (long term: heightening) 8,875 - 6,222 G Dam and reservoir (Nagata Dam) - 79,975 - H Retarding basin - - 78,351 Sub Total (long-term) 8,875 79,975 84,573 Sub Total 25,342 96,442 101,040 II. Land acquisition cost 78,774 81,718 43,954 III. Engineering service cost 3,801 14,466 15,156 IV. Administrative expenses 2,158 3,853 3,203 V. Price escalation 70,550 202,130 182,873 VI. Physical contingencies 11,008 19,648 16,335 VII. Tax and duty 4,371 16,636 17,429 Grand Total 196,000 434,900 380,000

F-9 2) Kalu River Project Costs of Alternatives in Kalu River (unit: US$, thousand) Alternative Alternative Alternative Alternative I II III IV Flood bund system Flood bund system Flood bund system Item Flood bund system + Bypass (in + Dam + Dam (Flood + Heightening of Ratnapura) + (multipurpose) control) (Malwala flood bund Heightening of (Malwala Dam) Dam) flood bund I. Construction cost A New sluice 2,702 2,702 2,702 2,702 B Ring levee (Ratnapura) 35,614 33,374 33,374 - C Flood bund (short term) 7,065 7,065 7,065 7,065 D Early warning monitoring system 178 178 178 178 Sub Total (short term) 45,559 43,319 43,319 9,945 E Flood bund (long term: heightening) 3,549 3,549 2,834 - F New pump house 21,767 21,767 21,767 21,767 G Dam and reservoir (Malwala Dam) - - 90,212 83,334 H Bypass canal - 33,766 - - Sub Total (long-term) 25,316 59,082 114,813 105,101 Sub Total 70,875 102,401 158,132 115,046 II. Land acquisition cost 24,397 24,740 45,568 26,835 III. Engineering service cost 10,631 15,360 23,720 17,257 IV. Administrative expenses 2,118 2,850 4,548 3,183 V. Price escalation 68,955 116,577 306,521 266,189 VI. Physical contingencies 10,802 14,535 23,197 16,232 VII. Tax and duty 12,226 17,664 27,278 19,845 Grand Total 200,000 294,100 589,000 464,600

F-10 3) Gin River Project Costs of Alternatives in Gin River (unit: US$, thousand) Alternative Alternative Alternative Alternative I II III IV Item Flood bund system Flood bund system Flood bund system Dam (high) (short distance) (short distance) (long distance) (Jasmin Dam) + Dam (low) + Heightening of + Heightening of (Jasmin Dam) flood bund flood bund I. Construction cost A New sluices - 605 605 605 B Rehabilitation of existing pump 53,854 53,854 53,854 53,854 C Mound dike 2,084 2,084 2,084 2,084 D Flood bund (short term) 1,560 12,851 1,004 11,521 E Early warning monitoring system 251 251 251 251 Sub Total (short term) 57,749 69,645 57,798 68,315 F Flood bund (long term: extension) - - 14,171 - G Flood bund (long term: heightening) 8,530 - 386 3,504 H New Pump House - 13,395 13,395 13,395 I Dam and reservoir (Jasmin) 74,361 28,397 - - Sub Total (long term) 82,891 41,792 27,952 16,899 Sub Total 140,640 111,437 85,750 85,214 II. Land acquisition cost 69,504 43,201 3,241 3,241 III. Engineering service cost 21,096 16,716 12,863 12,782 IV. Administrative expenses 4,625 3,427 2,037 2,025 V. Price escalation 207,825 114,615 64,471 54,498 VI. Physical contingencies 23,587 17,478 10,389 10,326 VII. Tax and duty 24,260 19,223 14,792 14,699 Grand Total 491,500 326,100 193,500 182,800

F-11 4) Nilwala Project Costs of Alternatives in Nilwala River (unit: US$, thousand) Alternative Alternative Alternative Alternative I II III IV Item Flood bund system Flood bund system Flood bund system Flood bund system + Dam (high) + Dam (low) + Heightening of + Bypass (in (Siyambalagoda (Siyambalagoda flood bund Akuressa) Dam) Dam) I. Construction cost A New sluice 740 740 740 740 B Rehabilitation of existing pump 45,811 45,811 45,811 45,811 C Mound dike 3,433 3,433 3,433 3,433 D Flood bund (short term) 8,931 8,931 7,184 8,961 E Early warning monitoring system 273 273 273 273 Sub Total (short term) 59,188 59,188 57,441 59,218 F Flood bund (long term: heightening) 3,661 3,202 - - G New pump house 3,349 3,349 3,349 3,349 H Dam and reservoir (Siyambalagoda) - - 116,188 94,100 I Bypass canal (Akuressa) - 11,507 - - Sub Total (long term) 7,010 18,058 119,537 97,449 Sub Total 66,198 77,246 176,978 156,667 II. Land acquisition cost 7,767 9,726 17,912 16,056 III. Engineering service cost 9,930 11,587 26,547 23,500 IV. Administrative expenses 1,678 1,971 4,429 3,924 V. Price escalation 37,844 51,813 228,731 175,022 VI. Physical contingencies 8,557 10,053 22,587 20,015 VII. Tax and duty 11,419 13,325 30,529 27,025 Grand Total 143,400 175,700 507,700 422,200

F-12 (4) Operation and Maintenance Cost

1) Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Cost of the Pumping Stations

Annual O&M cost of pumping stations including personnel expenses, power costs and costs for materials and equipment for O&M works is assumed to be 2.5% of the electrical and mechanical facility cost of the pumping station referring to the data of similar projects.

Annual maintenance cost of the existing pumping station is allocated as Table F.1.23

2) Maintenance Cost of the Other Civil Structures

The annual operation and maintenance costs for the other civil structures are also assumed to be 1% of the construction cost.

3) Operation and Maintenance Cost

Operation and maintenance costs for alternatives are presented as below:

Annual O&M Costs (Kelani River) Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III O&M costs Flood bund system +Heightening of Flood bund system +Dam (Nawata Flood bund system +Retarding basins flood bund Dam) Civil structures 165 165 165 Pumping station 89 800 846 Total 253 964 1,010

Annual O&M Costs (Kalu River) Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III Alternative IV Flood bund system Flood bund system Flood bund system O&M costs Flood bund system + Bypass (in Ratnapura) + + Dam (multipurpose) + Dam (Flood control) + Heightening of flood bund Heightening of flood bund (Malwala Dam) (Malwala Dam) Civil structures 456 433 433 99 Pumping station 580 917 1,475 1,378 Total 1,035 1,351 1,908 1,477

Annual O&M Costs (Gin River) Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III Alternative IV Flood bund system (short Flood bund system (short Flood bund system (long O&M costs Dam (high) distance) distance) distance) (Jasmin Dam) + Dam (low) (Jasmin Dam) + Heightening of flood bund+ Heightening of flood bund Civil structures 1,385 1,504 1,386 1,491 Pumping station 829 619 480 370 Total 2,214 2,123 1,866 1,861

Annual O&M Costs (Nilwala River) Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III Alternative IV Flood bund system Flood bund system O&M costs Flood bund system Flood bund system + Dam (high) + Dam (low) + Heightening of flood bund + Bypass (in Akuressa) (Siyambalagoda Dam) (Siyambalagoda Dam) Civil structures 1,279 1,279 1,262 1,279 Pumping station 120 231 1,246 1,025 Total 1,399 1,510 2,507 2,304

F-13 Table F.1.1 Summary of Alternatives of Flood Management Plans

Name of Component of Structural River Alternatives Measures Basin Flood bund system Rehabilitation of existing MFPs, Alternative I + Heightening of flood bund Flood bund (L=34.7km) Flood bund system Rehabilitation of existing MFPs, Alternative II + Dam (Nawata Dam) Flood bund (L=34.7km), Kelani Dam(H=59 m) Flood bund system Rehabilitation of existing MFPs, + Retarding basins Flood bund (L=34.7km), Alternative III Retarding basins (7nos, Area=46.5km2) Flood bund system Flood Bund (L=21.4km), Alternative I + Heightening of flood bund Ring Levee (L=12.6km) Flood bund system Flood Bund (L=21.4km), Ring Levee (L=12.6km), Alternative II + Bypass (in Ratnapura) Ratnapura Bypass + Heightening of flood bund 3 Kalu Canal(Q=300m /s) Flood bund system Flood Bund (L=21.4km), Alternative III + Dam (multipurpose) (Malwala Dam) Ring Levee (L=12.6km), Dam(H=70.8m) Flood bund system Flood Bund (L=21.4km), Alternative IV + Dam (Flood control) (Malwala Dam) Dam(H=63m) Dam (high) (Jasmin Dam) Rehabilitation of existing pump houses (10nos), Alternative I Mound dike(Area=5.1ha), High dam(H=50m) Flood bund system (short distance) Rehabilitation of existing pump + Dam (low) (Jasmin Dam) houses(10nos), Alternative II Mound dike(Area=5.1ha) Flood bund(L=16.0km), Gin Low dam(H=28m) Flood bund system (short distance) Rehabilitation of existing pump houses(10nos), Alternative III + Heightening of flood bund Mound dike(Area=5.1ha), Flood bund(L=16.0km) Flood bund system (long distance) Rehabilitation of existing pump houses(10nos), Alternative IV + Heightening of flood bund Mound dike(Area=5.1ha), Flood bund(L=16.0km) Flood bund system Rehabilitation of existing pump houses (3nos), Alternative I + Heightening of flood bund Mound dike(Area=6.2ha), Flood bund (L=17.0km) Flood bund system Rehabilitation of existing pump + Bypass (in Akuressa) houses (3nos), Mound dike(Area=6.2ha), Alternative II Flood bund (L=17.0km), Akuressa bypass canal(Qd=400m3/s) Nilwala Flood bund system Rehabilitation of existing pump + Dam (high) (Siyambalagoda Dam) houses(3nos), Alternative III Mound dike(Area=6.2ha), Flood bund (L=17.0km), High dam(H=74m) Flood bund system Rehabilitation of existing pump + Dam (low) (Siyambalagoda Dam) houses(3nos), Alternative IV Mound dike(Area=6.2ha), Flood bund (L=17.0km), Low dam(H=62m) Source: JICA Study Team

F-14 Table F.1.2 (a) Workable Days (Unit: days) River Basin Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Ave Kealni River 21 19 22 15 14 16 19 19 17 13 17 21 18 Kalu River 20 18 21 14 14 16 19 20 17 13 16 19 17 Gin River 20 18 22 15 16 19 21 22 18 15 17 20 19 Nilwala River 21 19 23 17 18 19 22 22 20 17 17 20 20

Average of four basins 21 18 22 15 15 18 20 21 18 14 17 20 18

Source: Daily rainfall data from 1985/01/01 – 2005/12/31 are collected from Meteorological Department.

Table F.1.2 (b) Workable Days in Kelani River Basin (Unit: days) 123456789101112Total

2.4 2.3 3.6 7.1 9.6 8.8 7.0 6.1 7.5 10.5 7.9 3.7 76.3 Annual rainy days Nos of days 31.0 28.3 31.0 30.0 31.0 30.0 31.0 31.0 30.0 31.0 30.0 31.0 365.3 Nos of Sunday 4.4 4.0 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.4 52.2 National holiday 2.0 2.0 0.0 3.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 1.0 12.0 poya day 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 12.0 workable day 211922151416191917131721212.8

Rainy days in Kelani River Basin (Unit: days) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total 1985 3.1 3.7 5.0 3.7 10.5 15.9 6.3 5.6 5.7 11.6 7.0 4.8 83 1986 3.9 3.1 2.8 7.1 10.5 4.5 3.3 6.9 9.9 8.2 4.5 3.5 68 1987 1.9 0.2 2.9 5.8 10.5 7.9 0.1 11.1 6.1 12.0 8.4 2.2 69 1988 1.0 4.8 4.9 7.8 10.5 7.2 8.1 8.2 9.5 1.9 7.7 2.3 74 1989 0.8 0.0 2.4 4.9 9.7 11.2 10.5 4.9 7.6 9.3 7.2 1.7 70 1990 2.4 1.2 6.6 3.9 10.6 8.9 8.3 2.9 2.6 10.3 9.5 4.2 71 1991 3.8 1.0 4.5 5.4 7.4 12.0 6.8 4.6 3.6 10.0 7.8 2.8 70 1992 1.0 0.1 0.4 7.2 9.8 7.8 10.2 6.7 9.0 10.8 9.1 2.4 74 1993 0.7 1.2 3.7 6.5 11.8 8.8 6.6 3.9 6.3 14.0 9.3 6.8 80 1994 1.4 3.9 2.4 5.0 9.5 4.9 7.8 4.0 8.0 14.3 9.9 1.0 72 1995 3.2 1.3 2.4 12.7 11.9 13.6 4.9 8.1 6.3 10.6 8.6 0.5 84 1996 2.7 3.0 1.1 6.9 11.9 6.9 9.3 6.7 13.1 7.0 5.8 3.1 78 1997 0.3 1.3 2.3 7.5 9.4 6.2 8.5 5.0 11.0 14.2 10.4 7.1 83 1998 2.5 0.9 1.9 5.4 9.0 11.9 10.1 8.6 8.3 9.1 8.0 7.6 83 1999 3.1 4.9 3.9 9.1 13.5 7.8 6.0 6.9 6.7 14.2 7.3 3.0 86 2000 4.6 5.3 4.0 4.4 13.5 9.1 3.9 10.7 8.4 7.7 4.5 3.6 80 2001 5.5 3.7 2.5 9.9 6.1 6.7 7.0 2.0 8.3 8.3 6.4 4.0 70 2002 1.4 1.9 3.9 11.3 7.2 5.1 4.6 3.5 1.2 12.6 8.2 5.5 66 2003 3.8 2.7 8.1 8.6 6.7 8.9 9.0 7.9 7.3 7.4 7.3 1.3 79 2004 0.9 1.2 3.4 8.5 6.7 10.2 9.0 5.0 10.8 12.7 6.8 5.4 81 2005 1.9 2.0 5.6 6.7 5.4 9.3 7.4 4.4 7.2 13.6 12.0 4.1 79 Average 2.4 2.3 3.6 7.1 9.6 8.8 7.0 6.1 7.5 10.5 7.9 3.7 76 Note: Rainy days are counted as 0.5 days for the daily rainfall of 10 mm-20 mm/day, 1 day for the daily rainfall of more than 20 mm/day.

F-15 Table F.1.2 (c) Workable Days in Kalu River Basin (Unit: days) Item Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

3.2 3.2 4.6 8.0 9.8 8.3 6.1 5.8 8.1 10.3 8.5 5.4 81.1 Annual rainy days Nos of days 31.0 28.3 31.0 30.0 31.0 30.0 31.0 31.0 30.0 31.0 30.0 31.0 365.3 Nos of Sunday 4.4 4.0 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.4 52.2 National holiday 2.0 2.0 0.0 3.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 1.0 12.0 poya day 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 12.0 workable day 20 18 21 14 14 16 19 20 17 13 16 19 207.9

Rainy days in Kalu River Basin (Unit: days) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total 1985 5.2 4.0 6.4 4.2 11.3 15.3 3.9 4.6 6.4 11.7 7.9 8.3 89 1986 2.8 4.1 4.8 9.1 6.3 4.8 2.8 7.8 11.7 9.3 6.9 6.0 76 1987 2.8 0.6 3.4 6.4 7.0 5.6 0.3 13.2 7.8 13.4 9.8 2.7 73 1988 1.5 6.6 7.0 8.8 7.0 8.5 7.1 9.7 11.9 3.0 7.4 4.7 83 1989 1.5 0.3 3.1 7.2 10.3 10.9 9.6 4.3 9.3 10.4 8.2 3.1 78 1990 2.5 2.1 5.9 7.4 10.9 7.0 7.3 1.2 2.1 10.6 11.5 5.2 74 1991 5.5 2.2 6.0 6.8 8.3 12.1 6.1 5.4 3.4 11.2 9.6 4.8 81 1992 1.8 0.2 0.4 6.8 8.3 5.9 10.0 5.8 9.8 10.4 11.4 3.4 74 1993 0.8 2.0 4.9 7.6 13.6 8.6 5.1 3.5 5.7 12.4 10.0 8.4 82 1994 3.9 3.2 4.3 4.8 11.7 5.1 7.1 3.9 7.6 11.5 7.0 4.2 74 1995 4.6 2.6 3.0 12.0 11.7 13.5 3.9 6.2 6.6 8.9 6.5 2.4 82 1996 2.5 4.0 2.6 8.3 11.7 6.5 7.5 4.7 12.3 7.1 6.5 2.4 76 1997 0.9 1.6 2.5 6.4 9.4 6.6 7.7 4.0 10.6 12.2 10.9 8.3 81 1998 3.1 1.9 3.4 6.6 8.4 8.7 7.7 7.5 9.2 7.8 7.1 9.3 81 1999 3.6 7.4 4.4 10.4 14.3 7.7 4.4 8.9 7.8 13.6 6.9 4.8 94 2000 5.9 8.3 5.8 4.0 14.3 9.4 3.2 9.3 9.3 7.2 5.9 5.5 88 2001 6.9 4.5 3.1 10.7 6.7 4.7 5.9 1.2 8.2 8.7 7.4 6.4 75 2002 2.4 3.4 4.0 12.2 11.2 5.5 4.8 4.0 2.4 11.9 8.6 7.7 78 2003 4.7 3.2 9.1 8.3 8.2 8.8 9.2 7.5 8.7 7.9 9.9 2.1 88 2004 2.4 2.0 4.1 10.1 8.2 9.1 8.9 4.8 12.5 14.7 7.8 8.0 93 2005 2.6 2.3 7.5 10.0 6.6 9.0 6.1 4.1 6.2 13.2 10.6 5.0 83 Average 3.2 3.2 4.6 8.0 9.8 8.3 6.1 5.8 8.1 10.3 8.5 5.4 81 Note: Rainy days are counted as 0.5 days for the daily rainfall of 10 mm-20 mm/day, 1 day for the daily rainfall of more than 20 mm/day.

F-16 Table F.1.2 (d) Workable Days in Gin River Basin (Unit: days) Item Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

3.1 3.0 3.9 6.4 7.7 6.0 4.4 4.0 6.4 8.8 7.3 4.8 65.8 Annual rainy days Nos of days 31.0 28.3 31.0 30.0 31.0 30.0 31.0 31.0 30.0 31.0 30.0 31.0 365.3 Nos of Sunday 4.4 4.0 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.4 52.2 National holiday 2.0 2.0 0.0 3.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 1.0 12.0 poya day 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 12.0 workable day 20 18 22 15 16 19 21 22 18 15 17 20 223.3

Rainy days in Gin River Basin (Unit: days) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total 1985 5.9 4.7 5.7 3.2 7.8 12.7 3.6 4.6 5.6 8.1 7.1 7.8 77 1986 3.1 3.1 5.9 8.0 5.0 3.1 1.8 3.5 8.3 8.0 7.4 4.9 62 1987 4.6 0.9 2.1 6.4 5.9 4.5 0.1 12.0 5.3 13.8 9.1 3.2 68 1988 1.9 4.3 6.6 6.0 5.9 6.4 6.3 8.4 8.6 2.6 6.6 3.9 68 1989 2.4 1.2 3.6 7.6 7.5 8.0 7.4 4.3 4.2 7.9 8.7 3.0 66 1990 1.8 2.6 6.3 7.6 6.6 6.1 5.3 0.4 0.5 10.1 9.7 4.6 62 1991 5.3 2.7 2.8 7.6 7.7 6.9 4.1 3.4 2.9 11.5 6.6 3.2 65 1992 2.3 0.1 0.3 3.8 7.7 4.1 5.7 3.2 5.0 6.2 8.2 3.9 51 1993 0.9 2.5 2.8 6.4 13.8 7.7 3.8 1.3 4.3 9.6 11.0 8.4 72 1994 3.9 3.6 3.4 4.8 11.5 2.6 4.4 4.6 7.1 10.3 4.3 3.9 64 1995 3.1 1.8 2.0 10.8 9.8 11.7 3.8 5.7 4.6 10.6 6.6 0.8 71 1996 3.7 3.8 3.1 6.5 9.8 6.7 4.9 2.2 13.0 6.8 5.4 3.6 69 1997 0.4 3.6 2.0 7.2 7.3 4.9 7.8 3.7 9.9 11.2 9.3 5.7 73 1998 1.9 2.2 2.1 4.3 5.1 6.7 6.8 4.7 7.1 6.8 4.8 9.9 62 1999 2.8 6.1 2.8 8.4 10.3 7.1 2.4 4.6 7.5 12.4 7.7 5.3 77 2000 4.1 5.8 7.2 2.9 10.3 6.5 1.8 6.1 9.7 5.7 6.1 5.2 71 2001 4.7 4.6 2.8 8.0 4.0 2.5 3.0 1.2 7.3 5.6 7.0 6.1 57 2002 2.4 2.8 3.6 6.9 5.1 2.5 2.4 1.9 2.8 11.5 7.5 4.9 54 2003 3.6 2.0 7.0 6.3 7.7 5.5 7.0 3.4 7.9 7.3 8.3 2.1 68 2004 4.1 2.4 4.1 6.1 7.7 5.1 6.2 3.1 10.4 8.5 5.1 5.4 68 2005 2.9 2.8 5.7 4.8 5.4 4.6 4.0 2.1 3.5 10.0 6.5 4.2 57 Average 3.1 3.0 3.9 6.4 7.7 6.0 4.4 4.0 6.4 8.8 7.3 4.8 66 Note: Rainy days are counted as 0.5 days for the daily rainfall of 10 mm-20 mm/day, 1 day for the daily rainfall of more than 20 mm/day.

F-17 Table F.1.2 (e) Workable Days in Nilwala River Basin (Unit: days) Item Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

2.3 2.5 3.0 5.0 5.6 5.3 3.5 3.8 5.2 6.9 7.7 4.1 55.0 Annual rainy days Nos of days 31.0 28.3 31.0 30.0 31.0 30.0 31.0 31.0 30.0 31.0 30.0 31.0 365.3 Nos of Sunday 4.4 4.0 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.4 52.2 National holiday 2.0 2.0 0.0 3.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 1.0 12.0 poya day 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 12.0 workable day 21 19 23 17 18 19 22 22 20 17 17 20 234.1

Rainy days in Nilwala River Basin (Unit: days) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total 1985 0.6 0.8 1.7 6.9 3.8 4.6 2.1 2.4 1.7 7.2 11.4 6.1 49 1986 2.0 3.1 1.9 5.8 6.3 2.8 1.1 2.5 5.2 3.7 6.5 3.3 44 1987 1.3 0.9 4.1 4.6 7.4 10.8 4.6 1.6 2.8 9.8 11.4 2.9 62 1988 0.9 0.3 2.0 0.9 1.9 3.1 3.2 4.9 8.9 1.8 7.3 6.4 42 1989 6.1 4.9 4.7 6.9 5.8 5.6 3.4 0.0 3.4 3.7 7.9 3.7 56 1990 3.9 2.4 3.9 3.3 6.8 12.4 1.8 3.7 3.0 8.6 5.4 6.9 62 1991 4.3 2.4 5.9 6.4 2.1 1.8 1.4 3.1 8.7 6.9 6.3 3.1 52 1992 3.9 0.8 3.4 4.4 2.1 2.8 0.0 10.9 4.4 11.2 7.0 3.2 54 1993 2.0 2.0 4.4 5.7 5.9 4.9 6.6 7.2 7.5 3.6 7.5 2.4 60 1994 1.4 0.9 3.3 3.0 4.1 5.7 5.3 5.3 4.1 3.9 9.2 1.3 47 1995 1.2 2.3 6.2 3.9 7.3 6.8 4.3 1.3 1.1 7.1 11.3 3.0 56 1996 4.8 2.6 2.9 6.8 7.3 7.1 5.7 6.9 2.6 12.6 8.0 1.8 69 1997 1.0 0.4 0.1 1.8 8.0 5.7 6.7 2.4 5.8 7.3 7.8 1.9 49 1998 0.8 1.8 2.7 3.5 11.7 7.4 4.2 1.0 3.7 10.9 9.6 7.6 65 1999 2.1 2.1 1.9 4.2 9.1 1.6 4.6 6.1 7.3 7.8 5.6 3.7 56 2000 3.8 2.6 1.4 10.7 9.1 6.7 1.9 4.6 2.9 6.5 4.6 1.6 56 2001 1.3 4.6 1.0 5.9 1.1 4.3 3.7 1.2 9.0 4.5 4.1 3.3 44 2002 0.1 1.7 1.4 6.6 6.5 1.9 4.6 1.9 6.9 8.4 11.0 3.9 55 2003 1.8 2.7 1.3 3.1 4.2 3.8 3.8 2.9 4.4 4.6 6.8 9.9 49 2004 2.8 7.6 2.8 7.3 4.2 5.7 1.9 4.9 6.5 8.6 8.7 4.8 66 2005 3.2 5.4 6.7 3.1 3.3 6.1 1.6 6.0 8.4 6.4 5.2 5.7 61 Average 2.3 2.5 3.0 5.0 5.6 5.3 3.5 3.8 5.2 6.9 7.7 4.1 55 Note: Rainy days are counted as 0.5 days for the daily rainfall of 10 mm-20 mm/day, 1 day for the daily rainfall of more than 20 mm/day.

F-18 Table F.1.3 Access to the Sites

River Access Major Roads Colombo-Avisawella (61 km) Route No.4 Kelani Avisawella-(upper reaches of Kelani River) - Nuara Route No.7 Elya Colombo-Kalutara (46 km) Route No.2 (Galle Road) Kalutara-Horana Class B Kalu Horana-Ratnapura (46 km) Route No.8 Colombo-Avisawella-Ratnapura (103 km)- Route No.4 Ratnapura-Balangoda(upper reaches of Kalu River) Colombo-Galle (124 km) Route No.2 (Galle Road) Gin Gintota-Badegama-Nagoda-Uduguma-Tanalama Class B (upper reaches of Gin River) Colombo-Galle (162 km) Route No.2 (Galle Road) Matara-Akuressa (21 km) Route No.24 Nilwala Akuressa-Pitabeddara-Deniyaya (upper reaches of Route No.17 Nilwala River) Source: Name of route and distance between major cities are referred to “Country Map of Sri Lanka”.

Table F.1.4 Availability of Construction Resources

KALU ITEM KALANI GIN NILWALA d/s u/s Labor Colombo Kalutara Ratnapura Galle Matara Earth Colombo Kalutara Ratnapura Galle Matara Rubble stone and Galle Galle Ratnapura Galle Galle crushed stone Colombo Sand Kalutara Ratnapura Galle Ambalanthota /Galle Cement Colombo Kalutara Ratnapura Galle Matara Ready-mixed concrete Colombo Colombo Colombo Galle Galle/Ambilipitiya Construction Colombo Kalutara Ratnapura Galle Matara equipment Source: Results of market researches by JICA Study Team

F-19 Table F.1.5 Progress Rates of Works

Work Progress Rate Work Item / Unit Construction Period 1) Improvement of existing sluices 2-6 month/unit 2) New sluice 2-6 month/unit 3) Bank protection/Canal lining 50-100 m/month 4) Embankment (long) 20,000-30,000 m3/month 5) Embankment (short) 3,000-6,000 m3/month 6) Heightening of flood bund 3,000-6,000 m3/month 7) Dam filling 20,000-100,000 m3/month 8) Dam concrete 3,000-6,000 m3/month 9) Dam excavation 10,000-80,000 m3/month 10) Permanent steel sheet pile 50-80 Lin.m/month 11) Pumping station (Q=10-50m3/s) 12-18 month/unit 12) Concrete 3,000-6,000 m3/month 13) Excavation 5,000-10,000 m3/month Source: Progress rates are derived from the criteria of the Department of Irrigation in 2007 and the record of similar projects

Table F.1.6 Assumed Construction Periods of the Proposed Projects

Component Project Period New sluice, flood bund (low), rehabilitation 5-7 years Short term existing facilities

Kelani Heightening of flood bund 4.5-7.5 years Long term Dam (Nawata Dam) 6.5 years Retarding basins 10 years Short term New sluice, flood bund (low), ring levee 5 years Heightening of flood bund 3.5 years Kalu New pump house 7.5 years Long term Bypass (in Ratnapura) 7.5 years Dam (Malwala Dam) 7.5 years New sluice, rehabilitation existing pump 5-7 years Short term house, Mound dike, flood bund (low) Dam(high) (Jasmin Dam) 8 years Gin Dam(low) (Jasmin Dam) 3 years Long term Extension of flood bund 5 years Heightening of flood bund 2-3 years New pump house 5 years New sluice, rehabilitation existing pump 5-7 years Short term house, Mound dike, flood bund (low) Heightening of flood bund 3.5 years Nilwala New pump house 3 years Long term Bypass (in Akuressa) 4 years Dam (high) (Siyambalagoda) 8.5 years Dam (low) (Siyambalagoda) 7 years Source: JICA Study Team

F-20 Table F.1.7 (a) Implementation Schedule of Alternatives in Kelani River

Implementation Schedule (Kelani River: Alternative 1, Flood bund system + Heightening of flood bund) Short Term Long Term 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 Short Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (2) Improvement of existing sluices (3) New sluice (4) Bank protection (5) Flood bund (short term) 2 Long Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (2) Flood bund (long term: heightening) 6.5 3 Non Structure Measure (1) Early warning monitoring system

Implementation Schedule (Kelani River: Alternative 2, Flood bund system + Dam) Short Term Long Term 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 Short Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (2) Improvement of existing sluices (3) New sluice (4) Bank protection (5) Flood bund (short term) 2 Long Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (3) Dam and reservoir (Nagata Dam) 5.5 3 Non Structure Measure (1) Early warning monitoring system

Implementation Schedule (Kelani River: Alternative 3, Flood bund system + Retarding basins) Short Term Long Term 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 Short Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (2) Improvement of existing sluices (3) New sluice (4) Bank protection (5) Flood bund (short term) 2 Long Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (2) Flood bund (long term: heightening) 3.5 9 (4) Retarding basins 3 Non Structure Measure (1) Early warning monitoring system Legend: Financial Arrangement Design Construction

F-21 Table F.1.7 (b) Implementation Schedule of Alternatives in Kalu River

Implementation Schedule (Kalu River: Alternative 1, Flood bund system + Heightening of flood bund) Short Term Long Term 123456789101112131415 1 Short Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (2) New sluice (3) Ring levee (Ratnapura) (4) Flood bund (short term) 2 Long Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (2) Flood bund (long term: heightening) 2.5 (3) New pump house 6.5 3 Non Structure Measure (1) Early warning monitoring system

Implementation Schedule (Kalu River: Alternative 2, Flood bund system + Bypass(in Ratnapura) + Heightening of flood Short Term Long Term 123456789101112131415 1 Short Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (2) New sluice (3) Ring levee (Ratnapura) (4) Flood bund (short term) 2 Long Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (2) Flood bund (long term: heightening) 2.5 (3) New pump house 6.5 (5) Bypass canal (Ratnapura) 6.5 3 Non Structure Measure (1) Early warning monitoring system

Implementation Schedule (Kalu River: Alternative 3, Flood bund system + Dam (multipurpose) Short Term Long Term 123456789101112131415 1 Short Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (2) New sluice (3) Ring levee (Ratnapura) (4) Flood bund (short term) 2 Long Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (2) Flood bund (long term: heightening) 2.5 (3) New pump house 6.5 (4) Dam and reservoir (Malwala) 6.5 3 Non Structure Measure (1) Early warning monitoring system

Implementation Schedule (Kalu River: Alternative 4, Flood bund system + Dam (flood control) Short Term Long Term 123456789101112131415 1 Short Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (2) New sluice (3) Ring levee (Ratnapura) (4) Flood bund (short term) 2 Long Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (3) New pump house 6.5 (4) Dam and reservoir (Malwala) 6.5 3 Non Structure Measure (1) Early warning monitoring system

Legend: Financial Arrangement Design Construction

F-22 Table F.1.7 (c) Implementation Schedule of Alternatives in Gin River

Implementation Schedule (Gin River: Alternative 1, Dam(high)) Short Term Long Term 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 Short Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (2) New sluice (3) Rehabilitation of existing pump (4) Mound dike (5) Flood bund (short term) 2 Long Term Measures (1) Financial arangement (5) Dam and reservoir 7.0 3 Non Structure Measure (1) Early warning monitoring system

Implementation Schedule (Gin River: Alternative 2, Flood bund system (short distance) + Dam (low)) Short Term Long Term 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 Short Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (2) New sluice (3) Rehabilitation of existing pump (4) Mound dike (5) Flood bund (short term) 2 Long Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement Y (4) New pump house 4.0 (5) Dam and reservoir(Jasmin Dam) 2.0 3 Non Structure Measure (1) Early warning monitoring system

Implementation Schedule (Gin River: Alternative 3, Flood bund system (short distance) + Heightening of flood bund) Short Term Long Term 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 Short Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (2) New sluice (3) Rehabilitation of existing pump (4) Mound dike (5) Flood bund (short term) 2 Long Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (2) Flood bund (long term: extention) 4.0 (3) Flood bund (long term:heightening) 1.0 (4) New pump house 4.0 3 Non Structure Measure (1) Early warning monitoring system

Implementation Schedule (Gin River: Alternative 4, Flood bund system (long distance) + Heightening of flood bund) Short Term Long Term 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 Short Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (2) New sluice (3) Rehabilitation of existing pump (4) Mound dike (5) Flood bund (short term) 2 Long Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (3) Flood bund (long term:heightening) 2.0 (4) New pump house 4.0 (5) Dam and reservoir(Jasmin Dam) 2.0 3 Non Structure Measure (1) Early warning monitoring system

Legend: Financial Arrangement Design Construction

F-23 Table F.1.7 (d) Implementation Schedule of Alternatives in Nilwala River

Implementation Schedule (Nilwala River: Alternative 1, Flood bund system + Heightening of flood Short Term Long Term 123456789101112131415 1 Short Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (2) New sluice (3) Rehabilitation of existing pump (4) Mound dike (5) Flood bund (short term) 2 Long Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (2) Flood bund 2.5 (3) New pump house 2.0 3 Non Structure Measure (1) Early warning monitoring system

Implementation Schedule (Nilwala River: Alternative 2, Flood bund system + Byapass (in Akuressa)) Short Term Long Term 123456789101112131415 1 Short Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (2) New sluice (3) Rehabilitation of existing pump (4) Mound dike (5) Flood bund (short term) 2 Long Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (2) Flood bund 2.5 (long term: heightening) (3) New pump house 2.0 (5) Bypass canal (Akuressa) 3.0 3 Non Structure Measure (1) Early warning monitoring system

Implementation Schedule (Nilwala River: Alternative 3, Flood bund system + Dam(high)) Short Term Long Term 123456789101112131415 1 Short Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (2) New sluice (3) Rehabilitation of existing pump (4) Mound dike (5) Flood bund (short term) 2 Long Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (3) New pump house 2.0 (4) Dam and reservoir (Siyambalagoda 7.5 3 Non Structure Measure (1) Early warning monitoring system

Implementation Schedule (Nilwala River: Alternative 4, Flood bund system + Dam(low)) Short Term Long Term 123456789101112131415 1 Short Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (2) New sluice (3) Rehabilitation of existing pump (4) Mound dike (5) Flood bund (short term) 2 Long Term Measures (1) Financial arrangement (3) New pump house 2.0 (4) Dam and reservoir (Siyambalagoda 6.0 3 Non Structure Measure (1) Early warning monitoring system

Legend: Financial Arrangement Design Construction

F-24 Table F.1.8 List of Collected Criteria for Cost Estimation

Published Published No. Name of documents year organization 1 BOQ of NPTSL04-034 Galle Fishery Habor 2005 JICA 2 BOQ of Matara aqeduct 2005 JICA Study onf Integrated Water Resources Development in the Canete River Basin in the Republic of Peru, Final 3 2002 JICA Report Vol.III Supprting Report I.Facility design and cost estimate Recovery, Rehabilitation and Development Project for 4 Tsunami Affected Trunk Roads on the East Coast, Final 2005 JICA Report The Study on Storm Water Drainage Plan for the Colombo 5 Metropolitan Region in the Democratic Socialist of Sri 2002 JICA Lanka, Final Report Trincomalee Integrated Infrastructure Project, Contract Road Development 6 Package:RDA/TIIP/AFD/ICB/01, Engineer's Cost 2006.8 Authority, Sri Lanka Estimate. Nilwala Ganga Flood Protection Scheme(DRAFT) DIGIRI GERSAR.BEC.ALSTH 7 1987.1 OYA RESERVOIR Feasibility Report G-Drawing OM-RATEAU, France DATA FOR COSTING, Irrigation Department Data for 8 1980 DOI Costing of Civil Works 9 RATES-2007(JANUARY) Colombo 2007.1 DOI 10 RATES-2007(JANUARY) Ratnapura 2007.1 DOI 11 RATES-2007(JANUARY) Gampaha 2007.1 DOI 12 RATES-2007(JANUARY) Kalutara 2007.1 DOI 13 HSR-2005 Analysis 2005 Minstry of Highway

National Water Supply 14 National Water Supply & Drainage Board,RATES 2007 2007 & Drainage Board

Ministry of Agricultural 15 ENGINEER'S ESTIMATE 2007.1 Development and Agrarian Service 16 Ratnapura Multi-purpose Project Prefeasibility Study 1999.4 17 RATES-2008(JANUARY) Colombo 2008.1 DOI 18 RATES-2008(JANUARY) Ratnapura 2008.1 DOI 19 RATES-2008(JANUARY) Gampaha 2008.1 DOI 20 RATES-2008(JANUARY) Kalutara 2008.1 DOI Source: JICA Study Team

F-25 Table F.1.9 Unit Cost of Land

River Unit rate Component Loecation basin (Rs/m2) Flood bund, New sluice, New pump house Colombo, Gampaha 2,000 Kelani Retarding Basin Colombo, Gampaha 750 Dam and reservoir (Nawata dam site) 600 Flood bund, New sluice, New pump house Kalutarala 500 Ratnapura ring levee Ratnapura(rural) 9,700 Kalu Ratnapura bypass canal Ratnapura(Urban) 700 Malwala Dam (Malwala dam site) 150 Flood bund, New sluice, New pump house Galle 500 Gin Dam and reservoir (Jamin dam site) 300 Flood bund, New sluice, New pump house Matara/Akuressa 1,100 Mound dike Matara 1,800 Nilwala Bypass canal Akuressa 750 Dam and reservoir (Siyambalagoda dam site) 300 Source: Unit Cost is derived from the data of the Valuation Department

Table F.1.10 Colombo Consumer’s Price Index (1996-2005)

Year Colombo Consumer’s Price Index (CCPI) (% change) 1996 15.9 1997 9.6 1998 9.4 1999 4.7 2000 6.2 2001 14.2 2002 9.6 2003 6.3 2004 7.6 2005 11.6 Ave. 9.51 Source: Department of Census and Statistics

F-26 Table F.1.11 Daily Labor Wages

Category Daily Wages (Rs.) Unskilled labor 450 Semi-skilled labor 500 Concrete Worker 590 Re-bar Worker 590 Carpenters 590 Mason 590 Driver 590 Rigger/Welder 660 Equipment Operator 675

Source: DOI(2007), JICA Study Team

Table F.1.12 Hourly Cost of Construction

MACHINERY/ EQUIPMENT Hourly Cost (Rs.) Crawler Tractor 180-200 HP (10,000 hrs Dep) 8329.37 Ripper Attachment to CT (10,000hrs) 382.91 Pusher Cap Attachment (10,000 hrs) 127.64 Sheep Foot Roller Attachment (Twin Drum) 325.6 Motorised Scraper 14/20 cu.yd 6666.76 Motor Grader 120-150HP 6289.88 Hydraulic Backhoo Excavator (1 cu.yd) 4190.59 Rear Dumper 15 Tons (working) 2517.86 Rear Dumper 15 Tons (Idle)) 544.43 Water Bowser with sprinckel attachment (1200 gls) 3518.02 Mobile Crane10 Tons (working) 6884.4 Mobile Crane10 Tons (Idle) 2833.08 Air Compressor(600 cfm) 1038.36 Air Compressor(300 cfm) 761.73 Pnuematic J.Hamer 2" without Air compressor 102.29 Secondary Stone crusher (15 Tons/hr) 1768.88 Front End Loader 2.5-3.5 cu.yd 3963.4 Concrete Mixer 14/10 cu.ft 473.18 Concrete Mixer 5/7 cu.ft 252.8 Penuematic Vibrator 2" dia without AC 79.27 Tractor (60HP)-Trailor (without load) 1164.89 Tractor (60HP)-Trailor (with load) 1481.86 Tractor (60HP)-Trailer (idel) 336.49 Lorry 5Tons (without load) 1581.9 Lorry 5Tons (with load) 1898.87 Lorry 5Tons(idel) 608.52 Explosive van (without load) 1330.31 Explosive van (with load) 1541.11 Explosive van (idel) 518.98 35 T Low bed Trailor with P mover (without load) 7068.08 35 T Low bed Trailor with P mover (with load) 7771.78 35 T Low bed Trailor with P mover (idel) 2558.48 Road roller (10-15 Tons ) 2658.48 Centric pump (4" dia) 439.65 Front End Loader 1.5-2.0 cu.yd 4302.11 Rear Dumper -5 cu.yd (working) 1516.84 Rear Dumper-5 cu.yd (idel) 1516.84 220 HP Crawier Hydraulic Excavator (2-3 cu.yd) 7012.13 Source: DOI(2007), JICA Study Team

F-27 Table F.1.13 Unit Cost of Construction Materials (1/4)

UNIT RATES No ITEM UNIT KALUTARA RATNAPURA COLOMBO GAMPAHA COMMON 1 Asbestos sheets, flat sq.ft 16.25 16.25 16.25 16.25 2 Asbestos sheets, flat 4'x4' sheet 260 260 260 260 260 3 Asbestos sheets, Corrugated sq.ft 35 35 35 35 4 Asbestos sheets 10'x3'7" Corrugated sheet 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 5 Asbestos ridge sheets Corrugated pair 390 390 390 390 355 6 Brass barrel bolts 10" each 355 355 355 355 120 7 Brass barrel bolts 6" each 255 255 255 255 90 8 Brass barel bolts 4" each 130 130 130 130 75 9 moulding , 1 1/4"x 3/4" m 39.36 39.36 39.36 39.36 65 10 Beading 1 1/2"x 3/4" m 26.24 26.24 26.24 26.24 50 11 Bib cock , 3/4" PVC each 150 150 150 150 660 12 Bid cock ,1/2" PVC each 90 90 90 90 200 13 Bitumen 80/100 gl 90 90 90 90 258 14 Blasting powder (black powder) lb 255 255 255 255 15 Bracket, fixing 2" PVC each 30 30 30 30 21 16 Bracket , fixing 4" PVC each 40 40 40 40 112 17 Bridge beam pre stressesd conc 53" x 5.o7 ton each 51310 51310 51310 51310 112700 18 Bridge Beam pre stressesd conc 44' x 4.22t each 37800 37800 37800 37800 86825 19 Bridge Beam pre stressed cocn 40'x 3.8t each 33908 33908 33908 33908 79350 20 Bridge Beam pre stressed cocn 35'x2.86t each 27137 27137 27137 27137 67850 21 Bridge Beam pre stressed cocn 32'x2.59t each 24256 24256 24256 24256 55200 22 Bridge Beam pre stressed cocn 23'x2.26t each 20466 20466 20466 20466 47725 23 Bridge Beam pre stressed cocn 20'x2.08t each 17030 17030 17030 17030 40250 24 Bridge Beam pre stressed cocn 17'x1.57t each 12229 12229 12229 12229 31912.5 25 Bridge Beam pre stressed cocn 14'x1.13t each 8742 8742 8742 8742 25012.5 26 Bridge Beam pre stressed cocn 11'x0.89t each 6872 6872 6872 6872 20470 27 Bridge ,polythene displacer with sawdust & tie rodsper beam 1320 1320 1320 1320 1980 28 Bridge , rainwater channel 3"x6"x24"x 0.28cwt ft 252 252 252 252 29 Bridge , neoprene pad and dowels 3"x1/2" per beam 630 630 630 630 946 30 Brush , Coir for cleaning ext. walls each 50 50 50 50 53 31 Brush for lime/samara ,3knot each 65 65 65 45 60 32 Brush , paint (mediam) each 395 395 395 395 250 33 Brush ,distemper 5" each 525 525 525 525 466 34 Burnt Clay Bricks &8 5/8"x 4 1/8" x 2 5/8" 1000 no 2500 3500 4750 3500 3975 35 Butt hings 4 "x3" or 4"x2 1/2" Brass each 265 265 265 265 85 36 Casement stays , 10" Brass each 100 100 100 100 100 37 Casement fasteners 4" Brass each 100 100 100 100 90 38 Cement ,Potlend (50kg bags) each 630 610 630 615 608 39 Center pivot (Hinge ) 2 1/2" each 100 100 100 100 50 40 Cistern , high level & down pipe C1 each 1450 1450 1450 1450 41 Coller for RCC pipes 6" dia each 105 207 150 150 322 42 Coller for RCC pipes 9" dia each 132 222 185 185 368 43 Coller for RCC pipes 12" dia each 146 269 254 254 604 44 Coller for RCC pipes 15" dia each 286 286 310 310 759 45 Coller for RCC pipes 18" dia each 356 481 450 450 920 46 Coller for RCC pipes 24" dia each 460 601 550 550 978 47 Coller for RCCpipes 30" dia each 755 850 850 850 992 48 Coller for RCC pipes 36" dia each 821 925 925 925 1334 49 Coller for RCC pipes 42" dia each 1050 1050 1150 1150 1530 50 Coller for RCC pipes 48" dia each 1316 1316 1500 1500 1725 51 Coller for RCC pipes 54" dia each 2065 2065 2350 2350 1950 52 Commeode ,low level with all fittings ceramics each 4000 4000 4000 4000 8200 53 Detonatores ,Electric each 100 100 100 100 55 54 Detonatores , Ordinary each 28 26 26 26 55 Diesel ,lanka Auto lit 60 60 60 60 62 56 Door plywood ordinary 2' 9"x 6'9" each 1650 1650 1650 1650 57 Door flywood -ordinary sq.ft 89 89 89 89 2360 58 Door flywood -marine sq.ft 100 100 100 100 2500 59 Door flywood -marine 2'9"x 6' 9" each 1850 1850 1850 1850 60 Door lock Mortice each 2450 2450 2450 2450 2450 61 Door handle Nickel each 200 200 200 200 115 62 Door rings each 110 110 110 110 55 63 Down pipe clips(strape) each 12 12 12 12 17.75 64 Down pipe PVC 3 1/2" dia (in 12" length) ft 39.3 39.3 39.3 39.3 49.75 65 Down pipe PVC 3 1/2" Dia elbow each 88 88 88 88 123 66 Down pipe PVC 3 1/2" dia ,joiners each 60 60 60 60 84.5 67 DPC tar gl 505 505 505 505 645 68 Exploder set , OHM meter & hand siren 1000cube 130000 130000 130000 130000 69 Fanlight catch ,Brass each 100 100 100 100 70 Fascia slab 1 1/2"x3'x4'x2.08 cwt with tie wires each 880 880 880 880 1506.5 71 Fascia slab 1 1/2"x2'x4'x0.96 cwt with tie wires ft 755 755 755 755 1265 72 Foot rests pair 150 150 150 150 165 73 Frame (20"x16") for bathroom mirror & Mirror (16"x1 each 525 525 525 525 550 74 Fuse wire ,Dry/Wet m 23 23 23 23 75 Gate & screw lift hoist with spendles 9" dia CI each 12300 12300 12300 12300 12300 76 Gate & screw lift hoist with spendles 12" dia CI each 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 77 Gate & screw lift hoist with spendles 15" dia CI each 27600 27600 27600 27600 27600 78 Gate & screw lift hoist with spendles 18" dia CI each 33000 33000 33000 33000 33000

F-28 Table F.1.13 Unit Cost of Construction Materials (2/4)

UNIT RATES No ITEM UNIT KALUTARA RATNAPURA COLOMBO GAMPAHA COMMON 79 Gate & screw lift hoist with spendles 24" dia CI each 44700 44700 44700 44700 44700 80 Gate & screw lift hoist with spendles 30" dia CI each 60000 60000 60000 60000 60000 81 Gate valve 1 1/2", ci each 1000 10000 1000 1000 840 82 Gate valve , 2" CI each 1500 1500 1500 1500 960 83 Gelignite 60-80% lb 236 236 236 236 193.18 84 Glass sheet 3mm thick figured sq.ft 50 50 50 50 85 Globe valve ,3/4" brass each 425 425 425 425 270 86 Globe valve 1" PVC each 225 225 225 225 720 87 Globel valve 1/2" PVC each 120 120 120 120 210 88 Glue for binding lime /samsra kg 120 120 120 120 120 89 Grating 8"x8" CI each 125 125 125 125 90 Gulley GSW each 246.1 246.1 246.1 246.1 2502 91 Gutter ,eaves, 6" dia half round 4 1/2" square PVC ft 50.25 50.25 50.25 50.25 61.8 92 Gutter joiners PVC each 60.95 60.95 60.95 60.95 81.75 93 Gutter end caps PVC each 44.16 44.16 44.16 44.16 68 94 Gutter brackets each 13.57 13.57 13.57 13.57 16 95 Gutter head 4 1/2" PVC running each 139.84 139.84 139.84 139.84 187.5 96 Gutter box 4 1/2" PVC running each 322.69 322.69 322.69 322.69 448 97 Hand rail 3" dia x 7' 8 1/2"x 0.94 cwt ft 600 600 600 600 1173 98 hasp & staple ,GI6" each 85 85 85 85 70 99 Hald fasts 9"x1"x1/8" each 50 50 50 50 10 100 Keb slab 3'x1.8cwt each 525 525 525 525 931.5 101 Kichen sink, 24"x15"x7" glazed ,complete each 2450 2450 2450 2450 2150 102 Lime boiled (wt 50 lb /cu.ft cu.ft 280 280 280 600 305 103 Lime slaked (wt 50 lb /cu,ft) cu.ft 190 190 190 450 300 104 Mesh welded ,GI 2"x2", (12'x7') sq.ft 22 22 22 22 2050 105 Mesh welded ,GI 2"x2" sheet 1850 1850 1850 1850 2050 106 Nuts,bolts & washers (roofing) 4 1/2",GI 50.nos 315 315 315 315 107 Pad lock GI 2 (Viro) each 390 390 390 390 350 108 Paint,Aluminium 4 lit 1652 1652 1652 1652 2258 109 Paint,Emulsion 4.lit 1588 1588 1588 1588 1702 110 Paint ,Enamel 4 lit 1749 1749 1749 1749 2079 111 Paint ,Floor lit 428 428 428 428 620 112 Pnal pins 3/4" 100g 20 20 20 20 25 113 Petrol lit 96 96 96 96 97 114 Pipes,4" dia PVC (type400) ft 220 220 220 220 155.45 115 Pipe bends, 4" dia PVC(Type 400) each 86.95 86.95 86.95 86.95 610 116 Pipe junctions, 4" dia PVC (Type 400) each 220 220 220 220 1125 117 Pipe 1/2" PVC ft 10.44 10.44 10.44 10.44 12.92 118 Pipe elbow 1/2" PVC each 9.89 9.89 9.89 9.89 12 119 Pipe 3/4" PVC each 12.65 12.65 12.65 12.65 25.3 120 Pipe facucet socket 3/4" ft 21.18 21.18 21.18 21.18 20 121 Pipe 1" PVC each 15.75 15.75 15.75 15.75 37.77 122 Pipe faucet socket 3/4" each 13.34 13.34 13.34 13.34 123 Pipe 1" PVC ft 17.83 17.83 17.83 17.83 37.77 124 Pipe elbow 1" PVC each 26.22 26.22 26.22 26.22 31 125 Pipe faucet socket 1" PVC each 21.85 21.85 21.85 21.85 28 126 Pipe 1 1/2" PVC ft 38.87 38.87 38.87 38.87 53 127 Pipe elbow 1 1/2"PVC each 73.14 73.14 73.14 73.14 31 128 Pipe faucet socket 1 1/2" PVC each 47.38 47.38 47.38 47.38 28 129 Pipe 2" PVC ft 56.09 56.09 56.09 56.09 86.46 130 Pipe elbow 2" PVC each 115.69 115.69 115.69 115.69 136.5 131 Pipe facust socket 2" PVC each 77.51 77.51 77.51 77.51 104.75 132 Pipe clips ,2" dia each 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 21 133 Pipe , 4" dia PVC (type 400) ft 13 13 86.95 86.95 155.45 134 Pipe clips ,4" dia each 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 112 135 Pipes , 2" dia , 6' long PVC each 300 300 300 300 519 136 Pipes, 4" dia , 6' PVC each 550 550 550 550 1435 137 Planks Lunumidalla ceiling 8"x 3/4" m 86 86 86 100.35 108 138 Planks 1" luxury class sq.ft 165 165 165 165 139 Planks 1" ,special class sq.ft 112 112 112 112 140 Planks 1" ,class 1 sq.ft 84.5 84.5 84.5 84.5 141 Planks 1" , class 2 sq.ft 60.5 60.5 60.5 60.5 142 Planks , Shuttering 1"x12", class 11 m 205 205 205 205 65 143 R/F bars,mild steel (all sizes) lb 29.03 29.03 29.03 29.03 30.45 144 R/F bars, tor steel(all sizes) lb 36.25 36.25 36.25 36.25 36.64 145 RCC spun pipes 6" dia ft 231.66 118.12 231.66 231.66 323 146 RCC spun pipes 9" dia ft 368.66 173.37 368.66 368.66 467 147 RCC spun pipes 12"v dia ft 406.16 222 406.16 406.16 503 148 RCC spun pipes 15" dia ft 468.75 431.25 468.75 468.75 561 149 RCC spun pipes 18" dia ft 525 414.25 525 525 697 150 RCC spun pipes 24" dia ft 656.25 675.5 656.25 656.25 920 151 RCC spun pipes 30" dia ft 918.75 822.5 918.75 918.75 1093 152 RCC spun pipes 36" dia ft 1281.25 1345.75 1281.25 1281.25 1610 153 RCC spun pipes 42" dia ft 1562.5 1437.5 1562.5 1562.5 1984 154 RCC spun pipes 48"dia ft 2000 1821 2000 2000 2358 155 RCC spun pipes 54" dia ft 2468.75 2312 2468.75 2468.75 2650 156 Robe hook ,4"x4" , ceramics each 150 150 150 150

F-29 Table F.1.13 Unit Cost of Construction Materials (3/4)

UNIT RATES No ITEM UNIT KALUTARA RATNAPURA COLOMBO GAMPAHA COMMON 157 Samara kg 40 40 40 40 30 158 Sand paper sheets (assorted sizes) each 15 15 15 15 18 159 Screws, assorted sizes in 100/pkt brass pkt 365 365 365 365 610 160 Sheet , plain , 18 BMG ,GI sq.ft 79 79 79 79 161 Shower rose ,PVC 1/2" each 60 60 60 60 162 Snowcem kg 50 50 50 50 50 163 Soap holder , ceramics each 250 250 250 250 164 Solvent cement for joining PVC g 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.75 165 Squatting pan (large) with "P" /"S" trap , ceramics each 675 675 675 675 166 Steel , jumper , 7/8" dia (2.5 lb/ft) ft 105 105 105 105 167 Steel plates & anchors in expansion joints each 95 95 95 95 168 Thinner lbs 605 605 605 605 169 Tiles ,Wall, White 4"x4" Glazed 4 lit 5.33 5.33 5.33 5.33 170 Tiles , Floor Cement 8"x8" each 18 18 18 18 171 Calicut pattern tiles each 10 25 25 20 25 172 Calicut ridge tiles each 30 40 40 30 37 173 Tiles , floor 12"x 12" each 58 58 58 58 85 174 Tiles ,country 6" dia half round each 6111112 175 Timber (round ) for scaffolding ,4" dia (.2 cu.ft/ft) ft 9999 176 Timber 6"x2" ,class 1 m 358.3 358.3 358.3 358.3 574.15 177 Timber ,Sawn ,class 1(ave) cu.ft 1362 1362 1362 1362 178 Timber 4"x4" class 1 m 480.9 480.9 480.9 480.9 820.21 179 Timber 6"x4" class 1 m 739.3 739.3 739.3 739.3 1361.55 180 Timber 5"x4" class 1 m 607.8 607.8 607.8 607.8 1361.55 181 Timber 5"x4" class 1 m 449 449 449 449 820.21 182 Timber 2"x1" class 1 m 34.1 34.1 34.1 34.1 72.18 183 Timber 2"x2" class 1 m 108.9 108.9 108.9 108.9 131.23 184 Timber 10"x1" class 1 m 233.6 233.6 233.6 233.6 623.36 185 Timber 8"x1" class 1 m 183.2 183.2 183.2 183.2 524.93 186 Timber 4"x3" class 1 m 353.7 353.7 353.7 353.7 557.74 187 Timber 3"x1" class 1 m 67.9 67.9 67.9 67.9 196.85 188 Timber 9"x1" class 1 m 208.4 208.4 208.4 208.4 590.55 189 Timber 4"x1" class 1 m 87.4 87.4 87.4 87.4 262.47 190 Timber 4"x2" class 1 m 281.4 281.4 281.4 281.4 492.13 191 Timber 6"x1" class 1 m 134.4 134.4 134.4 134.4 393.7 192 Timber 12"x3/4" Planks ,class 1 m 287.2 287.2 287.2 287.2 427 193 Toilet paper holder ,6"x6" ceramics each 450 450 450 450 550 194 Tooth brush holder ceramics each 250 250 250 250 600 195 Towel holder (pair) with Chromium plated bar ,cera each 475 475 475 475 750 196 Tray holders 4"x4" (pair), Glass each 300 300 300 300 200 197 Tray(16"x5"),5mm thick ,Glass sq.ft 75 75 75 75 500 198 Upright for hand rail 3'3" x1.09 cwt ft 710 710 710 710 1253 199 Urinal pan , ceramics each 1250 1258 1258 1250 1100 200 Valve socket central PVC1/2" each 13.95 13.95 13.95 13.95 201 Varnish (external) 4 lit 2353 2353 2353 2353 2147 202 Wash basing , 22"x15" Ceramics , with tap each 1500 1500 1500 1500 2100 203 Window rings , Brass each 22 22 22 22 40 204 Wiredome for vent pipe Copper each 110 110 110 110 220 205 Wire nails lb 45.35 45.35 45.35 45.35 206 Wire nails kg 100 100 100 100 110 207 Wood preservative clear lit 722 722 722 722 135 208 Wooden blocks(sq/round ) embaeded parts each 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 209 Wooden plugs each 5555 210 Bell push each 130 470 470 130 130 211 Bell each 250 250 250 250 212 Bracket with insulater etc (3"), GI each 200 200 200 200 213 Bracket with insulater etc (3/4"), GI each 250 250 250 250 250 214 Bulb ,mercury 125w each 390 390 390 390 215 Bulbs energy saving 11W each 264.99 264.99 264.99 264.99 216 Bulbs energy saving 15W each 264.99 264.99 264.99 264.99 217 Bulbs , energy bsaving 20W each 347 347 347 347 218 Bulb , 60W,230W each 34.99 34.99 34.99 34.99 219 Cable , 40/0076 (2core) m 50.72 50.72 50.72 50.72 32.26 220 Cable 1/044 EPL -single m 14.8 14.8 14.8 14.8 221 Cable 14/0076 Twin -(2 core cable0 m 35.6 35.6 35.6 35.6 222 Cable 7/044 Twin -Service mains m 99.44 99.44 99.44 99.44 101.2 223 Cable 7/029 EPL single (earth) m 44.32 44.32 44.32 44.32 27.26 224 Celling rose each 25 25 25 25 30 225 Ceilling lamp fittings (without bulb) each 350 350 350 350 400 226 Ceilling fan with regulator each 3790 3790 3790 3790 3200 227 Conduit /casing ,5/8" ft 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 228 Connectors , Aluminium each 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 45 229 Distribution box ,2 way ,plastic with MCB each 508 508 508 508 1078 230 Distribution box ,4 way ,plastic with MCB each 716 716 716 716 1731 231 Distribution box ,6 way ,plastic with MCB each 924 924 924 924 2383 232 Distribution box ,8 way ,plastic with MCB each 1132 1132 1132 1132 3036 233 Distribution box ,10 way ,plastic with MCB each 1340 1340 1340 1340 3689 234 Distribution box ,12 way ,plastic with MCB each 1548 1548 1548 1548 4342

F-30 Table F.1.13 Unit Cost of Construction Materials (4/4)

UNIT RATES No ITEM UNIT KALUTARA RATNAPURA COLOMBO GAMPAHA COMMON 235 Earth leakage circuit breaker ,30 amp each 2242.5 2242.5 2242.5 2242.5 236 Earth leakage circuit breaker ,60 amp each 3708 3708 3708 3708 237 Florecent lamp fittings 2' (set) each 315 315 315 315 375 238 Florecent lamp fittings 4' (set) each 350 350 350 350 400 239 Florcent lamp tube (20 W) each 71 71 71 71 71 240 Florcent lamp tube (40 W) each 71 71 71 71 75 241 Hooks &eyes (set) each 222220 242 Hook to hang ceilling fan 3/4" dia T.S each 75 75 75 75 60 243 Lamp shade -plastic each 180 180 180 180 244 Lamp ballast each 140 140 140 140 150 245 Lamp holder , Batten each 45 45 45 45 246 Mounting board 6"x3" each 000050 247 Mounting board 6"x10" each 0000100 248 Mounting board 8"x12" each 0000150 249 Mounting board 6"x6" each 000075 250 Mounting boards , wooden ,rent each 0000 251 Panel pins 3/4" kg 200 200 200 200 25 252 Pendant lamp holder each 20 20 20 20 18 253 Pipe for earth electrode ,2" dia GI ft 450 450 450 450 297 254 Pipe 3/4", GI ft 34 34 34 34 350 255 Plug base 3 pin (5 amp) with switch each 189 189 189 189 189 256 Plug base 15 amp 3pin switched each 230 230 230 230 230 257 Round blocks each 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 10 258 Screws , Brass each 5.58 5.58 5.58 5.58 646 259 Suspension chains m 11 11 11 11 260 Swan neck holder each 85 85 85 85 80 261 Seitch , main 30 amp each 215 215 215 215 262 Switch ,main 60 amp each 975 975 975 975 263 Switch , Surface each 65 65 65 65 65 264 Wiring clips 1 1/4" to 2" in 100/pkt pkt 10 10 10 10 12 265 Plastic casing and cover (1" to 2" ) ft 12.14 12.14 12.14 12.14 266 Fller each 2500 2500 2500 2500 Source: DOI(2007), JICA Study Team

F-31 Table F.1.14 Unit Construction Costs of Major Works (1/2)

Bill No. Pay Item Unit Rs USD 1 Cleaning and Grubbing light Jungle ha 54,500 491 2 Ripping for land leveling ha 48,400 436 3 Stripping top soil m3 294 3 4 Earth excavation m3 419 4 5 Common excavation m3 445 4 6 Gravel excavation m3 452 4 7 Soft rock excavation m3 572 5 8 Rock excavation m3 1,151 10 9 Earthfill in enbankements and around structure m3 480 4 10 Rockfill of dam (selected material) m3 1,667 15 11 Turf m3 236 2 12 gravel bedding m3 540 5 13 Concrete m3 16,515 149 14 Re-bar ton 124,250 1,118 15 Rubble masonary m3 7,533 68 16 Demolotion Work m3 2,230 20 17 Hoist Deck LS 78,065 703 18 Steel sheet pile m2 35,000 315 19 Concrete pile (600x600) m 19,000 171 20 Concrete pile (1000x1000) m 40,000 360 21 Gabion mattress m3 5,500 50 22 Geotextile m2 400 4 23 Wheep hole m 110.0 1 24 Lifting gate (for sluice) m2 296,000 2,664 25 Bank Protection (1:0.5) (H=3.0m) m 420 26 Bank Protection (1:0.5) (H=4.0m) m 491 27 Bank Protection (1:0.5) (H=5.0m) m 563 28 Bank Protection (1:0.5) (H=6.0m) m 635 29 Bank Protection (1:1.0) (H=3.0m) m 393 30 Bank Protection (1:1.0) (H=4.0m) m 467 31 Bank Protection (1:1.0) (H=5.0m) m 540 32 Bank Protection (1:1.0) (H=6.0m) m 613 33 Bank Protection (1:2.0) (H=1.0m) with sheet pile(L=3.0m) m 1,467 34 Bank Protection (1:2.0) (H=2.0m) with sheet pile(L=3.0m) m 1,549 35 Bank Protection (1:2.0) (H=3.0m) with sheet pile(L=3.0m) m 1,631 36 Bank Protection (1:2.0) (H=4.0m) with sheet pile(L=3.0m) m 1,713 37 Bank Protection (1:2.0) (H=5.0m) with sheet pile(L=3.0m) m 1,981 38 Bank Protection (1:2.0) (H=5.5m) with sheet pile(L=3.0m) m 2,028 39 Bank Protection (1:2.0) (H=6.0m) with sheet pile(L=3.0m) m 2,075 40 Bank Protection (1:2.0) (H=6.5m) with sheet pile(L=3.0m) m 2,121 41 Flood bund (H=0.5m) m 23 42 Flood bund (H=1.0m) m 48 43 Flood bund (H=1.5m) m 79 44 Flood bund (H=2.0m) m 114 45 Flood bund (H=2.5m) m 160 46 Flood bund (H=3.0m) m 186 47 Flood bund (H=3.5m) m 232 48 Flood bund (H=4.0m) m 282 49 Flood bund (H=4.5m) m 338 50 Flood bund (H=5.0m) m 399 51 Flood bund (H=5.5m) m 536 52 Flood bund (H=6.0m) m 610 53 Flood bund (H=6.5m) m 688 54 Flood bund (H=7.0m) m 772

F-32 Table F.1.14 Unit Construction Costs of Major Works (2/2)

Bill No. Pay Item Unit Rs USD 55 Flood bund (H=7.5m) m 860 56 Flood bund (H=8.0m) m 952 57 Flood bund (H=0.5m) on soft foundation m54 58 Flood bund (H=1.0m) on soft foundation m93 59 Flood bund (H=1.5m) on soft foundation m 140 60 Flood bund (H=2.0m) on soft foundation m 193 61 Flood bund (H=2.5m) on soft foundation m 254 62 Flood bund (H=3.0m) on soft foundation m 290 63 Flood bund (H=3.5m) on soft foundation m 358 64 Flood bund (H=4.0m) on soft foundation m 432 65 Flood bund (H=4.5m) on soft foundation m 513 66 Flood bund (H=5.0m) on soft foundation m 601 67 Flood bund (H=5.5m) on soft foundation m 804 68 Flood bund (H=6.0m) on soft foundation m 911 69 Flood bund (H=6.5m) on soft foundation m 1,024 70 Flood bund (H=7.0m) on soft foundation m 1,144 71 Flood bund (H=7.5m) on soft foundation m 1,271 72 Flood bund (H=8.0m) on soft foundation m 1,403 73 Heightening (H=0.15m) m 219 74 Heightening (H=0.30m) m 232 75 Heightening (H=0.50m) m 250 76 Heightening (H=0.75m) m 274 77 Heightening (H=1.00m) m 299 78 Flood bund (Concrete Wall, H=1.0m) m 3,816 79 Flood bund (Concrete Wall, H=2.0m) m 3,994 80 Flood bund (Concrete Wall, H=2.9m) m 4,320 81 Flood bund (Concrete Wall, H=4.0m) m 4,530 82 Flood bund (Concrete Wall, H=5.0m) m 4,866 Source: DOI (2007), JICA Study Team

F-33 Table F.1.15 (a) Breakdown of Construction Cost in the Kelani River (Alternative I)

Alternative I (Flood bund system + Heightening of flood bund) Unit : US$

A Improvement of existing sluices Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks dewatering+( 1 Temporaryl works LS 1 25,034 2.+3.+4.)x0.0 2 Main works (1) Demolishing LS 1 3,200 (2) Concrete m3 40 149 5,960 (3) Reinforcing bar t 1.6 1,118 1,789 (4) Gates nos 25 135,222 (5) Hoist Deck nos 14.1 703 9,912 3 Bank Protection (1) Bank Protection (H=5m,s=1:0.5) m 200 563 112,600 4 Canal Lining (1) Canal Lining (H=5.0m, s=1:1.0) m 400 545 218,000 5 Other Works LS 1 48,668 10% of 2. 6 Sub Total 560,000

B New sluices Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks dewatering+( 1 Temporary works LS 1 62,078 2.+3.+4.)x0.0 2 Main works (1) Demolishing LS 1 4,860 (2) Excavation m3 4,258 4 17,032 (3) Backfill m3 2,896 4 11,583 (4) Concrete m3 673 149 100,277 (5) Reinforcing bar t 26.9 1118 30074.2 (6) Gates nos 46 277,893 (7) Concrete Piling nos 1,200 360 432,000 (8) Steel Sheet Piling m2 831 315 261,765 (8) Bunk Protection m 160 563 90,080 3 Other Works LS 1 122,556 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 1,410,000

C Bank protection Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 69,513 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) Bank Protection of Right Bund m 670 1,390,250 3 Other works LS 1 139,025 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 1,599,000

D Flood bund (T= 5year) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 551,175 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) Right Bund m 19,645 334 6,559,420 (2) Left Bund m 15,060 296 4,464,083 3 Other works LS 1 1,102,350 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 12,677,000

E Heightening of flood bund (T= 20 year) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 385,868 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) Right Bund m 19,645 228 4,483,726 (2) Left Bund m 15,060 215 3,233,627 3 Other works LS 1 771,735 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 8,875,000

H Early Warning Monitoring System Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Equipment for observation station Rain gauging station (including (1) Nos. 9 10,303 92,727 transportation) Water level station (including (2) Nos. 3 10,224 30,672 transportation) 2 Installation Installation for rain gauging station (1) Nos. 9 1,672 15,048 (including civil works) Installation for water level station (2) Nos. 3 8,358 25,074 (including civil works) 3 Adjustment of equipment and training (1) Adjustment of equipment and basin 1 20,341 20,341 4 Miscellaneous (20%) LS 1 36,772 5 Sub Total 220,634

F-34 Table F.1.15 (b) Breakdown of Construction Cost in the Kelani River (Alternative II)

Alternative II (Flood bund system + Dam) Unit : US$ A Improvement of existing sluices Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks dewatering+( 1 Temporaryl works LS 1 25,034 2.+3.+4.)x0.0 2Main works (1) Demolishing LS 1 3,200 (2) Concrete m3 40 149 5,960 (3) Reinforcing bar t 1.6 1,118 1,789 (4) Gates nos 25 135,222 (5) Hoist Deck nos 14.1 703 9,912 3 Bank Protection (1) Bank Protection (H=5m,s=1:0.5) m 200 563 112,600 4 Canal Lining (1) Canal Lining (H=5.0m, s=1:1.0) m 400 545 218,000 5 Other Works LS 1 48,668 10% of 2. 6 Sub Total 560,000

B New sluices Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks dewatering+( 1 Temporary works LS 1 62,078 2.+3.+4.)x0.0 2Main works (1) Demolishing LS 1 4,860 (2) Excavation m3 4,258 4 17,032 (3) Backfill m3 2,896 4 11,583 (4) Concrete m3 673 149 100,277 (5) Reinforcing bar t 26.9 1118 30074.2 (6) Gates nos 46 277,893 (7) Concrete Piling nos 1,200 360 432,000 (8) Steel Sheet Piling m2 831 315 261,765 (8) Bunk Protection m 160 563 90,080 3 Other Works LS 1 122,556 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 1,410,000

C Bank protection Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 69,513 5% of 2. 2Main works (1) Bank Protection of Right Bund m 670 1,390,250 3 Other works LS 1 139,025 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 1,599,000

D Flood bund (T= 5year) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 551,175 5% of 2. 2Main works (1) Right Bund m 19,645 334 6,559,420 (2) Left Bund m 15,060 296 4,464,083 3 Other works LS 1 1,102,350 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 12,677,000

F Dam and reservoir Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks Nawata Dam (CFR,H=59.0m,Qd=1,100m3/s) 1 Preparation Work Access road/Replaced of (1) LS 1 3,000,000 existing road (2) Facilitis on construction sites LS 1 978,460

2 Civil Works (1) Dam LS 1 28,391,000 (2) Intake LS 1 12,594,000 (3) Headrace tunnel LS 1 1,633,000 (4) Surge tank LS 1 1,016,000 (5) Penstock LS 1 823,000 (6) Powerhouse LS 1 1,571,000 (7) Tailrace channel LS 1 203,000 (8) Outlet LS 1 380,000 (9) Others LS 1 2,312,000

3 Metal/Equipment (1) Spillway gate LS 1 3,300,000 (2) Intake gate & screen LS 1 1,040,000 (3) penstock LS 1 3,560,000 (4) Outlet LS 1 0 (5) Others 1,580,000

4 Electric facilities LS 1 13,896,225 5 Transmittal Line LS 1 3,697,000 6 Sub Total 79,974,685

H Early Warning Monitoring System Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Equipment for observation station Rain gauging station (including (1) Nos. 9 10,303 92,727 transportation) Water level station (including (2) Nos. 3 10,224 30,672 transportation) 2 Installation Installation for rain gauging station (1) Nos. 9 1,672 15,048 (including civil works) Installation for water level station (2) Nos. 3 8,358 25,074 (including civil works) 3 Adjustment of equipment and training Adjustment of equipment and (1) basin 1 20,341 20,341 training 4 Miscellaneous (20%) LS 1 36,772 5 Sub Total 220,634

F-35 Table F.1.15 (c) Breakdown of Construction Cost in the Kelani River (Alternative III)

Alternative III (Flood bund system + Retarding basins) Unit : US$

E Heightening of flood bund (T= 20 year) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 270,537 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) Right Bund m 19,645 164 3,226,704 (2) Left Bund m 15,060 145 2,184,043 3 Other works LS 1 541,075 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 6,222,000

G Retarding basin Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 3,213,950 2 Civil Work (1) Overflow dike nos 7 13,297,000 (2) Intake nos 7 5,982,000 (3) Headrace channel nos 7 1,421,000 (4) Outlet nos 7 689,000 (5) Ring dike nos 7 39,828,000 (6) Others nos 7 3,062,000 3 Metal (1) Intake gate nos 7 2,850,000 (2) Outlet gate nos 7 506,000 (3) Others nos 7 671,000 4 Other works LS 1 6,830,600 10% of 2.3 5 Sub Total 78,350,550

F-36 Table F.1.16 (a) Breakdown of Construction Cost in the Kalu River (Alternative I)

Alternative I (Flood bund system + Heightening of flood bund) Unit: US$ A New sluice Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 2,900 dewatering 2 Main works (1) Demolishing LS 1 4,560 (2) Excavation m3 11,008 4 44,032 (3) Backfill m3 8,677 4 34,709 (4) Concrete m3 1,473 149 219,477 (5) Reinforcing bar t 58.9 1118 65850.2 (6) Gates nos 58 472,816 (7) Concrete Piling nos 319 2,500 797,500 (8) Steel Sheet Piling m2 1,549 315 487,809 (8) Bunk Protection m 580 563 326,540 3 Other Works LS 1 245,329 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 2,702,000

B Ring levee (Ratnapura) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 1,548,453 5% of 2 and 3 2 Main works (1) Concrete wall m 6,200 4,575 28,365,000 (2) Embankement m 6,400 288 1,843,200 3 New Sluice nos 18 760,853 4 Other works LS 1 3,096,905 10% of 2 and 3 5 Sub Total 35,614,000

C Flood bund (short-term) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 307,170 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) Right Bund m 11,730 3,286,975 (2) Left Bund m 9,625 2,856,425 3 Other works LS 1 614,340 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 7,065,000

D Flood bund (long-term: heightening) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 154,285 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) Right Bund m 11,730 1,600,821 (2) Left Bund m 9,625 1,484,887 3 Other works LS 1 308,571 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 3,549,000

E Newe pump house Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 946,400 5% of 2 and 3 2 Pump house (1) Civil works for pumping house nos 13 554,000 7,202,000 (2) Equipments nos 13 832,000 10,816,000 (3) Miscellaneous nos 13 70,000 910,000 3 Other works LS 1 1,892,800 10% of 2 and 3. 4 Sub Total 21,767,000

H Early Warning Monitoring System Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Equipment for observation station Rain gauging station (including (1) Nos. 6 10,303 61,818 transportation) Water level station (including (2) Nos. 3 10,224 30,672 transportation) 2 Installation Installation for rain gauging (1) Nos. 6 1,672 10,032 station (including civil works) Installation for water level (2) Nos. 3 8,358 25,074 station (including civil works) 3 Adjustment of equipment and training Adjustment of equipment and (1) basin 1 20,341 20,341 training 4 Miscellaneous (20%) LS 29,587 5 Sub Total 177,524

F-37 Table F.1.16 (b) Breakdown of Construction Cost in the Kalu River (Alternative II)

Alternative II (Flood bund system + Bypass (in Ratnapura)) Unit: US$ A New sluice Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 2,900 dewatering 2 Main works (1) Demolishing LS 1 4,560 (2) Excavation m3 11,008 4 44,032 (3) Backfill m3 8,677 4 34,709 (4) Concrete m3 1,473 149 219,477 (5) Reinforcing bar t 59 1,118 65,850 (6) Gates nos 58 8,152 472,816 (7) Concrete Piling nos 319 2,500 797,500 (8) Steel Sheet Piling m2 1,549 315 487,809 (8) Bunk Protection m 580 563 326,540 3 Other Works LS 1 245,329 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 2,702,000

B Ring levee (Ratnapura) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 1,451,053 5% of 2 and 3 2 Main works (1) Concrete wall m 6,200 4,363 27,050,600 (2) Embankement m 6,400 189 1,209,600 3 New Sluice nos 18 760,853 4 Other works LS 1 2,902,105 10% of 2 and 3 5 Sub Total 33,374,000

G Bypass canal Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 1,468,103 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) Bypass Canal m 9,000 2,316 20,843,635 (2) Replacement of existing bridge nos 8 1,064,803 8,518,426 3 Other works LS 1 2,936,206 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 33,766,000

F-38 Table F.1.16 (c) Breakdown of Construction Cost in the Kalu River (Alternative III)

Alternative II (Flood bund system + Dam (multipurpose)) Unit: US$ A New sluice Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 2,900 dewatering 2 Main works (1) Demolishing LS 1 4,560 (2) Excavation m3 11,008 4 44,032 (3) Backfill m3 8,677 4 34,709 (4) Concrete m3 1,473 149 219,477 (5) Reinforcing bar t 58.9 1118 65,850 (6) Gates nos 58 472,816 (7) Concrete Piling nos 319 2,500 797,500 (8) Steel Sheet Piling m2 1,549 315 487,809 (8) Bunk Protection m 580 563 326,540 3 Other Works LS 1 245,329 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 2,702,000

D Flood bund (long-term: heightening) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 123,225 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) Right Bund m 11,730 1,240,944 (2) Left Bund m 9,625 1,223,557 3 Other works LS 1 246,450 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 2,834,000

F Dam and reservoir (Malwala Dam) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks Malwala Dam (CFR,H=70.8m,Qd=2,200m3/s) 1 Preparation Work LS 1 10% of 2. (1) Access road/Replaced of existing road 3,000,000 (2) Facilitis on construction sites 1,063,140

2Civil Works (1) Dam 33,802,000 (2) Intake 10,821,000 (3) Headrace tunnel 894,000 (4) Surge tank 1,560,000 (5) Penstock 410,000 (6) Powerhouse 2,754,000 (7) Tailrace channel 43,000 (8) Outlet 359,000 (9) Others 2,514,000

3 Metal/Equipment (1) Spillway gate 4,840,000 (2) Intake gate & screen 1,740,000 (3) Penstock 1,860,000 (4) Outlets 0 (5) Others 1,688,000

4 Electric facilities 19,167,000 5 Transmittal Line 3,697,000 6 Sub Total 90,212,000

F-39 Table F.1.16 (d) Breakdown of Construction Cost in the Kalu River (Alternative IV)

Alternative II (Flood bund system + Dam (flood control)) Unit: US$ A New sluice Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 2,900 dewatering 2Main works (1) Demolishing LS 1 4,560 (2) Excavation m3 11,008 4 44,032 (3) Backfill m3 8,677 4 34,709 (4) Concrete m3 1,473 149 219,477 (5) Reinforcing bar t 58.9 1118 65,850 (6) Gates nos 58 472,816 (7) Concrete Piling nos 319 2,500 797,500 (8) Steel Sheet Piling m2 1,549 315 487,809 (8) Bunk Protection m 580 563 326,540 3 Other Works LS 1 245,329 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 2,702,000

C Flood bund (short-term) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 307,170 5% of 2. 2Main works (1) Right Bund m 11,730 3,286,975 (2) Left Bund m 9,625 2,856,425 3 Other works LS 1 614,340 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 7,065,000

D Flood bund (long-term: heightening) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 154,285 5% of 2. 2Main works (1) Right Bund m 11,730 1,600,821 (2) Left Bund m 9,625 1,484,887 3 Other works LS 1 308,571 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 3,549,000

2 Civil Works (1) Dam 27,970,000 (2) Intake 10,821,000 (3) Headrace tunnel 894,000 (4) Surge tank 1,560,000 (5) Penstock 410,000 (6) Powerhouse 2,466,000 (7) Tailrace channel 43,000 (8) Outlet 359,000 (9) Others 2,208,000

3 Metal/Equipment (1) Spillway gate 4,840,000 (2) Intake gate & screen 1,740,000 (3) Penstock 1,590,000 (4) Outlets 0 (5) Others 1,634,000

4 Electric facilities 19,167,000 5 Transmittal Line 3,697,000 6 Sub Total 83,334,000

F-40 Table F.1.17 (a) Breakdown of Construction Cost in the Gin River (Alternative I)

Alternative I (Dam (high))

B Rehabilitation of existing pump Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 2,341,494 5% of 2 and 3 2 Pump house (1) Civil works for pumping house nos 3 9,240,000 (2) Equipments nos 3 34,700,000 (3) Miscellaneous nos 3 2,210,000 3 New Sluice nos 3 679,880 4 Other works LS 1 4,682,988 10% of 2 and 3. 5 Sub Total 53,854,000

C Mound Dike Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 90,596 5% of 2. 2Main works (1) MD-1(Bataketiya) LS 1 634,417 (2) MD-2(Ganegama West) LS 1 638,237 (3) MD-3(Dodangoda) LS 1 539,275 3 Other works LS 1 181,193 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 2,084,000

D Flood bund (short term) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 67,843 5% of 2. 2Main works (1) Right Bund m 7,620 568,605 (2) Left Bund m 8,360 788,255 3 Other works LS 1 135,686 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 1,560,000

F Flood bund (long term: heightening) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 370,864 5% of 2. 2Main works (1) Right Bund m 7,620 3,406,709 (2) Left Bund m 8,360 4,010,568 3 Other works LS 1 741,728 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 8,530,000

H Dam and reservoir Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks Jasmin Dam (CFR,H=60m,Qd=600m3/s) 1 Preparation Work LS 1 10% of 2. (1) Access road/Replaced of existing road 3,000,000 (2) Facilitis on construction sites 1,077,460 0 2 Civil Works 0 (1) Dam 32,962,000 (2) Intake 14,315,000 (3) Headrace tunnel 214,000 (4) Surge tank 1,017,000 (5) Penstock 537,000 (6) Powerhouse 1,637,000 (7) Tailrace channel 203,000 (8) Outlet 444,000 (9) Others 2,544,000 0 3 Metal/Equipment 0 (1) Spillway gate 1,320,000 (2) Intake gate & screen 1,250,000 (3) Penstock 2,280,000 (4) Outlets 0 (5) Others 970,000 0 4 Electric facilities 6,893,498 5 Transmittal Line 3,697,000 6 Sub Total 74,361,000

I Early Warning Monitoring System Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Equipment for observation station Rain gauging station (including (1) Nos. 8 10,303 82,424 transportation) Water level station (including (2) Nos. 5 10,224 51,120 transportation) 2 Installation Installation for rain gauging (1) Nos. 8 1,672 13,376 station (including civil works) Installation for water level (2) Nos. 5 8,358 41,790 station (including civil works) 3 Adjustment of equipment and training Adjustment of equipment and (1) basin 1 20,341 20,341 training 4 Miscellaneous (20%) LS 41,810 5 Sub Total 250,861

F-41 Table F.1.17 (b) Breakdown of Construction Cost in the Gin River (Alternative II)

Alternative II (Flood bund systam + Dam (low))

A New sluice Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 900 dewatering 2 Main works (1) Demolishing LS 1 1,420 (2) Excavation m3 3,416 4 13,664 (3) Backfill m3 2,693 4 10,772 (4) Concrete m3 457 149 68,093 (5) Reinforcing bar t 18.3 1,118 20,459 (6) Gates nos 18 146,736 (7) Concrete Piling nos 99 360 35,640 (8) Steel Sheet Piling m2 481 315 151,389 (8) Bunk Protection m 180 563 101,340 3 Other Works LS 1 54,951 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 605,000

C Mound Dike Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 90,596 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) MD-1(Bataketiya) LS 1 634,417 (2) MD-2(Ganegama West) LS 1 638,237 (3) MD-3(Dodangoda) LS 1 539,275 3 Other works LS 1 181,193 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 2,084,000

D Flood bund (short term) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 558,760 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) Right Bund m 7,620 5,310,510 (2) Left Bund m 8,360 5,864,685 3 Other works LS 1 1,117,520 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 12,851,000

G New pump house Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 582,400 5% of 2 and 3 2 Pump house (1) Civil works for pumping house nos 3 1,477,333 4,432,000 (2) Equipments nos 3 2,218,667 6,656,000 (3) Miscellaneous nos 3 186,667 560,000 3 Other works LS 1 1,164,800 10% of 2 and 3. 4 Sub Total 13,395,000

H Dam and reservoir Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks Jasmin Dam (CFR,H=28m) 1 Preparation Work LS 1 10% of 2. (1) Access road/Replaced of existing road 3,000,000 (2) Facilitis on construction sites 326,700 0 2 Civil Works 0 (1) Dam 7,906,000 (2) Intake 5,712,000 (3) Headrace tunnel 164,000 (4) Surge tank 441,000 (5) Penstock 204,000 (6) Powerhouse 707,000 (7) Tailrace channel 203,000 (8) Outlet 231,000 (9) Others 767,000 0 3 Metal/Equipment 0 (1) Spillway gate 1,320,000 (2) Intake gate & screen 590,000 (3) Penstock 680,000 (4) Outlets 0 (5) Others 518,000 0 4 Electric facilities 1,930,179 5 Transmittal Line 3,697,000 6 Sub Total 28,397,000

F-42 Table F.1.17(c) Breakdown of Construction Cost in the Gin River (Alternative III)

Alternative II (Flood bund systam + Dam (lowGN3-P01-C01

C Mound Dike Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 90,596 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) MD-1(Bataketiya) LS 1 634,417 (2) MD-2(Ganegama West) LS 1 638,237 (3) MD-3(Dodangoda) LS 1 539,275 3 Other works LS 1 181,193 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 2,084,000

D Flood bund (short term) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 43,632 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) Right Bund m 1,830 756,810 (2) Left Bund m 390 115,830 3 Other works LS 1 87,264 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 1,004,000

E Flood bund (long term: extention) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 616,136 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) Right Bund m 5,790 5,049,360 (2) Left Bund m 7,970 7,273,360 3 Other works LS 1 1,232,272 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 14,171,000

F Flood bund (long term: heightening) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 16,765 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) Right Bund m 1,830 285,847 (2) Left Bund m 390 49,453 3 Other works LS 1 33,530 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 386,000

F-43 Table F.1.17 (d) Breakdown of Construction Cost in the Gin River (Alternative IV)

Alternative Gine-Case IV (Flood Bund (long))GN4-P01-C01

C Mound Dike Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 90,596 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) MD-1(Bataketiya) LS 1 634,417 (2) MD-2(Ganegama West) LS 1 638,237 (3) MD-3(Dodangoda) LS 1 539,275 3 Other works LS 1 181,193 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 2,084,000

D Flood bund (short term) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 500,902 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) Right Bund m 7,620 4,635,800 (2) Left Bund m 8,360 5,382,245 3 Other works LS 1 1,001,805 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 11,521,000

E Flood bund (long term: extention) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 684,831 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) Right Bund m 7,620 6,255,945 (2) Left Bund m 8,360 7,440,670 3 Other works LS 1 1,369,662 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 15,751,000

F Flood bund (long term: heightening) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 152,346 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) Right Bund m 7,620 1,356,819 (2) Left Bund m 8,360 1,690,111 3 Other works LS 1 304,693 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 3,504,000

G New pump house Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 582,400 5% of 2 and 3 2 Pump house (1) Civil works for pumping house nos 3 4,432,000 (2) Equipments nos 3 6,656,000 (3) Miscellaneous nos 3 560,000 3 Other works LS 1 1,164,800 10% of 2 and 3. 4 Sub Total 13,395,000

F-44 Table F.1.18 (a) Breakdown of Construction Cost in the Nilwala River (Alternative I)

Alternative Nilwala-Case I (Flood Bund(H)) NW1-P01-C01 Unit : US$ A New sluice Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 1,100 dewatering 2 Main works (1) Demolishing LS 1 1,720 (2) Excavation m3 4,175 4 16,700 (3) Backfill m3 3,291 4 13,166 (4) Concrete m3 559 149 83,291 (5) Reinforcing bar t 22.4 1118 25043.2 (6) Gates nos 22 179,344 (7) Concrete Piling nos 121 360 43,560 (8) Steel Sheet Piling m2 587 315 185,031 (8) Bunk Protection m 220 563 123,860 3 Other Works LS 1 67,171 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 740,000

B Rehabilitation of existing pump Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 1,991,796 5% of 2 and 3 2 Pump house (1) Civil works for pumping house nos 3 9,900,000 (2) Equipments nos 3 27,840,000 (3) Miscellaneous nos 3 1,890,000 3 New Sluice nos 3 205,915 4 Other works LS 1 3,983,591 10% of 2 and 3. 5 Sub Total 45,811,000

C Mound dike Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 149,281 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) MD-1(Bataketiya) LS 1 1,811,929 (2) MD-2(Ganegama West) LS 1 634,417 (3) MD-3(Dodangoda) LS 1 539,275 3 Other works LS 1 298,562 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 3,433,000

D Flood bund (short term) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 446,547 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) Right Bund m 8,470 3,965,580 (2) Left Bund m 9,570 4,965,350 3 Other works LS 1 893,093 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 10,271,000

E Flood bund (long term: heightening) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 159,156 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) Right Bund m 8,470 1,461,820 (2) Left Bund m 9,570 1,721,301 3 Other works LS 1 318,312 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 3,661,000

F New pump house Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 145,600 5% of 2 and 3 2 Pump house (1) Civil works for pumping house nos 3 369,333 1,108,000 (2) Equipments nos 3 554,667 1,664,000 (3) Miscellaneous nos 3 46,667 140,000 3 Other works LS 1 291,200 10% of 2 and 3. 4 Sub Total 3,349,000

I Early warning monitoring system Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Equipment for observation station Rain gauging station (including (1) Nos. 8 10,303 82,424 transportation) Water level station (including (2) Nos. 6 10,224 61,344 transportation) 2 Installation Installation for rain gauging (1) Nos. 8 1,672 13,376 station (including civil works) Installation for water level (2) Nos. 6 8,358 50,148 station (including civil works) 3 Adjustment of equipment and training Adjustment of equipment and (1) basin 1 20,341 20,341 training 4 Miscellaneous (20%) LS 45,527 5 Sub Total 273,160

F-45 Table F.1.18 (b) Breakdown of Construction Cost in the Nilwala River (Alternative II)

Alternative Nilwala II (Flood Bund + Bypa NW2-P01-C01

A New sluice Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 1,100 dewatering 2 Main works (1) Demolishing LS 1 1,720 (2) Excavation m3 4,175 4 16,700 (3) Backfill m3 3,291 4 13,166 (4) Concrete m3 559 149 83,291 (5) Reinforcing bar t 22.4 1,118 25,043 (6) Gates nos 22 179,344 (7) Concrete Piling nos 121 360 43,560 (8) Steel Sheet Piling m2 587 315 185,031 (8) Bunk Protection m 220 563 123,860 3 Other Works LS 1 67,171 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 740,000

E Flood bund (long term: heightening) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 139,226 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) Right Bund m 8,470 1,263,899 (2) Left Bund m 9,570 1,520,625 3 Other works LS 1 278,452 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 3,202,000

H Bypass canal (Akuressa) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 500,293 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) Bypass Canal m 3,150 2,957 9,314,808 (2) Replacement of existing bridge nos 8 86,382 691,056 3 Other works LS 1 1,000,586 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 11,507,000

F-46 Table F.1.18 (c) Breakdown of Construction Cost in the Nilwala River (Alternative III)

Alternative Nilwala III (High Dam) NW3-P01-C01

D Flood bund (short term) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 359,185 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) Right Bund m 8,470 3,115,060 (2) Left Bund m 9,570 4,068,648 3 Other works LS 1 718,371 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 8,261,000

F New pump house Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 145,600 5% of 2 and 3 2 Pump house (1) Civil works for pumping house nos 3 369,333 1,108,000 (2) Equipments nos 3 554,667 1,664,000 (3) Miscellaneous nos 3 46,667 140,000 4 Other works LS 1 291,200 10% of 2 and 3. 5 Sub Total 3,349,000

G Dam and reservoir (Siyambalagoda Dam) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks Siyambalagoda Dam (CFR,H=74m) 1 Preparation Work LS 1 10% of 2. (1) Access road/Replaced of existing road 3,000,000 (2) Facilitis on construction sites 1,833,660 0 2 Civil Works 0 (1) Dam 68,588,000 (2) Intake 14,315,000 (3) Headrace tunnel 214,000 (4) Surge tank 1,017,000 (5) Penstock 537,000 (6) Powerhouse 2,020,000 (7) Tailrace channel 203,000 (8) Outlet 444,000 (9) Others 4,345,000 0 3 Metal/Equipment 0 (1) Spillway gate 2,200,000 (2) Intake gate & screen 1,250,000 (3) Penstock 3,060,000 (4) Outlets 0 (5) Others 1,302,000 0 4 Electric facilities 8,161,902 5 Transmittal Line 3,697,000 6 Sub Total 116,188,000

I Early warning monitoring system Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Equipment for observation station Rain gauging station (including (1) Nos. 8 10,303 82,424 transportation) Water level station (including (2) Nos. 6 10,224 61,344 transportation) 2Installation Installation for rain gauging (1) Nos. 8 1,672 13,376 station (including civil works) Installation for water level (2) Nos. 6 8,358 50,148 station (including civil works) 3 Adjustment of equipment and training Adjustment of equipment and (1) basin 1 20,341 20,341 training 4 Miscellaneous (20%) LS 45,527 5 Sub Total 273,160

F-47 Table F.1.18 (d) Breakdown of Construction Cost in the Nilwala River (Alternative IV)

Alternative Nilwala IV (Low Dam) NW4-P01-C01

D Flood bund (short term) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Temporary works LS 1 448,041 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) Right Bund m 8,470 3,995,470 (2) Left Bund m 9,570 4,965,350 3 Other works LS 1 896,082 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 10,305,000

G Dam and reservoir (Siyambalagoda Dam) Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks Siyambalagoda Dam (CFR,H=62m) 1 Preparation Work LS 1 10% of 2. (1) Access road/Replaced of existing road 3,000,000 (2) Facilitis on construction sites 1,435,700

2 Civil Works (1) Dam 49,799,000 (2) Intake 14,315,000 (3) Headrace tunnel 214,000 (4) Surge tank 1,017,000 (5) Penstock 537,000 (6) Powerhouse 1,859,000 (7) Tailrace channel 203,000 (8) Outlet 444,000 (9) Others 3,397,000

3 Metal/Equipment (1) Spillway gate 2,200,000 (2) Intake gate & screen 1,250,000 (3) Penstock 2,670,000 (4) Outlets 0 (5) Others 1,224,000

4 Electric facilities 6,838,350 5 Transmittal Line 3,697,000 6 Sub Total 94,100,000

I Early warning monitoring system Item Unit Q'ty Unit Price Amount Remarks 1 Equipment for observation station Rain gauging station (including (1) Nos. 8 10,303 82,424 transportation) Water level station (including (2) Nos. 6 10,224 61,344 transportation) 2Installation Installation for rain gauging (1) Nos. 8 1,672 13,376 station (including civil works) Installation for water level (2) Nos. 6 8,358 50,148 station (including civil works) 3 Adjustment of equipment and training Adjustment of equipment and (1) basin 1 20,341 20,341 training 4 Miscellaneous (20%) LS 45,527 5 Sub Total 273,160

F-48 Table F.1.19 Project Cost by Alternative Plans in Kelani River

Project Features Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III Flood bund system Alternatives Flood bund system +Dam Flood bund system +Heightening of flood (Nawata Dam) +Retarding basins bund Dam none High Dam none

Retarding Basin none none Area =46.5km2 20 yr 5 yr 5 -20 yr Flood Bund (Q=3,400m3/s) (Q=2,300m3/s) (Q=2,300-3,400m3/s) A Improvement of existing sluices Replace existing Replace existing Replace existing gates(6nos),Canal gates(6nos),Canal gates(6nos),Canal Short Term lining(L=200m), Bank lining(L=200m), Bank lining(L=200m), Bank protection (L=200m) protection (L=200m) protection (L=200m)

BNew sluice 8 nos. 8 nos. 8 nos.

C Bank protection L=670m L=670m L=670m

D Flood bund (short term) Left(L=15,060m, H=3.4m), Left(L=15,060m, H=3.4m), Left(L=15,060m, H=3.4m), Right(L=19,640m,H=3.8m) Right(L=19,640m,H=3.8m) Right(L=19,640m,H=3.8m) E Early warning monitoring system 9 raingauge stations 9 raingauge stations 9 raingauge stations 3 hydrometric stations 3 hydrometric stations 3 hydrometric stations Mid-Long F Flood bund (long term: heightening) Left(L=15,060m, H=5.5m), none Left(L=15,060m, H=4.6m), Term Right(L=19,640m,H=5.8m) Right(L=19,640m,H=5.1m) G Dam and reservoir none Fill Dam(center core), H=59m none (Nagata Dam) H Retarding Basin none none 7nos, Area=46.5km2

Financial Project Cost in US$ Unit: US$, thousand Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III Flood bund system Item Flood bund system +Dam Flood bund system +Heightening of flood (Nawata Dam) +Retarding basins bund I. Construction cost A Improvement of existing sluices 560 560 560 B New sluices 1,410 1,410 1,410 C Bank protection 1,599 1,599 1,599 D Flood bund (short term) 12,677 12,677 12,677 E Early warning monitoring system 221 221 221 Sub Total (short term) 16,467 16,467 16,467 F Flood bund (long term: heightening) 8,875 - 6,222 G Dam and reservoir (Nagata Dam) - 79,975 - H Retarding basin - - 78,351 Sub Total (long-term) 8,875 79,975 84,573 Sub Total 25,342 96,442 101,040 II. Land acquisition cost 78,774 81,718 43,954 III. Engineering service cost 3,801 14,466 15,156 IV. Administrative expenses 2,158 3,853 3,203 V. Price Contingencies 70,550 202,130 182,873 VI. Physical Contingencies 11,008 19,648 16,335 VII. Tax and duty 4,371 16,636 17,429 Grand Total 196,004 434,893 379,990

1US$= 111.11 Rs. Financial Project Cost in Rupee Unit: Rs. Million Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III Flood Bund (low) Item Flood Bund (low) +Heightening of Flood Flood Bund (low) +Dam +Retarding Basin Bund I. Construction cost A Improvement of existing sluices 62 62 62 B New sluices 157 157 157 C Bank protection 178 178 178 D Flood bund (short term) 1,409 1,409 1,409 E Early warning monitoring system 25 25 25 Sub Total (short term) 1,830 1,830 1,830 F Flood bund (long term: heightening) 986 - 691 G Dam and reservoir (Nagata Dam) - 8,886 - H Retarding basin - - 8,706 Sub Total (long-term) 986 8,886 9,397 Sub Total 2,816 10,716 11,227 II. Land acquisition cost 8,753 9,080 4,884 III. Engineering service cost 422 1,607 1,684 IV. Administrative expenses 240 428 356 V. Price Contingencies 7,839 22,459 20,319 VI. Physical Contingencies 1,223 2,183 1,815 VII. Tax and duty 486 1,848 1,937 Grand Total 21,778 48,321 42,221

Conversion factor 0.9 Economic Project Cost in Rupee Unit: Rs. Million Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III Flood Bund (low) Item Flood Bund (low) +Heightening of Flood Flood Bund (low) +Dam +Retarding Basin Bund I. Construction cost A Improvement of existing sluices 56 56 56 B New sluices 141 141 141 C Bank protection 160 160 160 D Flood bund (short term) 1,268 1,268 1,268 E Early warning monitoring system 22 22 22 Sub Total (short term) 1,647 1,647 1,647 F Flood bund (long term: heightening) 887 - 622 G Dam and reservoir (Nagata Dam) - 7,997 - H Retarding basin - - 7,835 Sub Total (long-term) 887 7,997 8,457 Sub Total 2,534 9,644 10,104 II. Land acquisition cost 7,877 8,172 4,395 III. Engineering service cost 380 1,447 1,516 IV. Administrative expenses 216 385 320 V. Price Contingencies VI. Physical Contingencies 1,101 1,965 1,633 VII. Tax and duty

F-49 Table F.1.20 Project Cost by Alternative Plans in Kalu River

Project Features Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III Alternative IV W/O Malwala Dam W/ Malwala Dam Alternatives Flood bund system Flood bund system Flood bund system Flood bund system + Bypass (in Ratnapura) + + Dam (multipurpose) + Dam (Flood control) + Heightening of flood bund Heightening of flood bund (Malwala Dam) (Malwala Dam)

Dam None None Multi-purpose (High) Flood Control (Low) 30 yr 10 yr 10 yr Ring Levee (Ratnapura) None (Q=1,150m3/s) (Q=850m3/s) (Q=950m3/s) Bypass (Ratnapura) None Qb=200m3/s None None Flood Bund 10 yr 10 yr 10 yr 10 yr (short-term) (Q=1,300-1,700m3/s) (Q=1,300-1,700m3/s) (Q=1,300-1,700m3/s) (Q=1,300-1,700m3/s) Flood Bund 30 yr 30 yr 20 yr None (long term: heightening) (Q=1,800-2,300m3/s) (Q=1,800-2,300m3/s) (Q=1,600-2,050m3/s) Short ANew sluice 29 nos. 29 nos. 29 nos. 29 nos. Term B Ring levee (Ratnapura) Concrete wall (L=6.2km,H=4.0m), Concrete wall (L=6.2km,H=2.9m), Concrete wall (L=6.2km,H=2.9m), none Embankment(L=6.4km,H=4.0m) Embankment(L=6.4km,H=2.9m) Embankment(L=6.4km,H=2.9m)

C Flood bund (short term) Left(L=9,625m, H=3.3m), Left(L=9,625m, H=3.3m), Left(L=9,625m, H=3.3m), Left(L=9,625m, H=3.3m), Right(L=11,730,H=3.2m) Right(L=11,730,H=3.2m) Right(L=11,730,H=3.2m) Right(L=11,730,H=3.2m) D Early warning monitoring system 6 raingauging stations 6 raingauging stations 6 raingauging stations 6 raingauging stations 3 hydrometric stations 3 hydrometric stations 3 hydrometric stations 3 hydrometric stations Mid-Long E Flood bund (long term: heightening) Left(L=9,625m, H=4.7m), Left(L=9,625m, H=4.7m), Left(L=9,625m, H=4.4m), none Right(L=11,730,H=4.4m) Right(L=11,730,H=4.4m) Right(L=11,730,H=4.0m) Term F New pump house 13 nos. (Q=3.0m3/s, H=5.0m) 13 nos. (Q=3.0m3/s, H=5.0m) 13 nos. (Q=3.0m3/s, H=5.0m) 13 nos. (Q=3.0m3/s, H=5.0m)

G Dam and reservoir none CFD, H=70.8m CFD, H=63m (Malwala) H Ratnapura Bypass canal none L=9,000m, Q=300m3/s none none

Financial Project Cost in US$ Unit: US$, thousand Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III Alternative IV

Flood bund system Flood bund system Flood bund system Item Flood bund system + Bypass (in Ratnapura) + + Dam (multipurpose) + Dam (Flood control) + Heightening of flood bund Heightening of flood bund (Malwala Dam) (Malwala Dam)

I. Construction cost A New sluice 2,702 2,702 2,702 2,702 E Ring levee (Ratnapura) 35,614 33,374 33,374 - C Flood bund (short term) 7,065 7,065 7,065 7,065 DEarly warning monitoring system 178 178 178 178 Sub Total (short term) 45,559 43,319 43,319 9,945 E Flood bund (long term: heightening) 3,549 3,549 2,834 - F New pump house 21,767 21,767 21,767 21,767 G Dam and reservoir (Malwala Dam) - - 90,212 83,334 H Bypass canal - 33,766 - - Sub Total (long-term) 25,316 59,082 114,813 105,101 Sub Total 70,875 102,401 158,132 115,046 II. Land acquisition cost 24,397 24,740 45,568 26,835 III. Engineering service cost 10,631 15,360 23,720 17,257 IV. Administrative expenses 2,118 2,850 4,548 3,183 V. Price Contingencies 68,955 116,577 306,521 266,189 VI. Physical contingencies 10,802 14,535 23,197 16,232 VII. Tax and duty (for I and III) 12,226 17,664 27,278 19,845 Grand Total 200,004 294,127 588,964 464,587

1US$= 111.11 Rs. Financial Project Cost in Rupee Unit: Rs., million Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III Alternative IV Flood bund system Flood bund system Flood bund system Item Flood bund system + Bypass (in Ratnapura) + + Dam (multipurpose) + Dam (Flood control) + Heightening of flood bund Heightening of flood bund (Malwala Dam) (Malwala Dam)

I. Construction cost A New sluice 300 300 300 300 E Ring levee (Ratnapura) 3,957 3,708 3,708 - C Flood bund (short term) 785 785 785 785 DEarly warning monitoring system 20 20 20 20 Sub Total (short term) 5,062 4,813 4,813 1,105 E Flood bund (long term: heightening) 394 394 315 - F New pump house 2,419 2,419 2,419 2,419 G Dam and reservoir (Malwala Dam) - - 10,023 9,259 H Bypass canal - 3,752 - - Sub Total (long-term) 2,813 6,565 12,757 11,678 Sub Total 7,875 11,378 17,570 12,783 II. Land acquisition cost 2,711 2,749 5,063 2,982 III. Engineering service cost 1,181 1,707 2,636 1,917 IV. Administrative expenses 235 317 505 354 V. Price Contingencies 7,662 12,953 34,058 29,576 VI. Physical contingencies 1,200 1,615 2,577 1,804 VII. Tax and duty (for I and III) 1,358 1,963 3,031 2,205 Grand Total 22,222 32,680 65,440 51,620

Conversion factor 0.9 Economic Project Cost in Rupee Unit: Rs., million Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III Alternative IV Flood bund system Flood bund system Flood bund system Item Flood bund system + Bypass (in Ratnapura) + + Dam (multipurpose) + Dam (Flood control) + Heightening of flood bund Heightening of flood bund (Malwala Dam) (Malwala Dam)

I. Construction cost A New sluice 270 270 270 270 E Ring levee (Ratnapura) 3,561 3,337 3,337 - C Flood bund (short term) 706 706 706 706 DEarly warning monitoring system 18 18 18 18 Sub Total (short term) 4,556 4,332 4,332 994 E Flood bund (long term: heightening) 355 355 283 - F New pump house 2,177 2,177 2,177 2,177 G Dam and reservoir (Malwala Dam) - - 9,021 8,333 H Bypass canal - 3,377 - - Sub Total (long-term) 2,532 5,908 11,481 10,510 Sub Total 7,087 10,240 15,813 11,504 II. Land acquisition cost 2,440 2,474 4,557 2,683 III. Engineering service cost 1,063 1,536 2,372 1,726 IV. Administrative expenses 212 285 455 318 V. Price Contingencies 6,895 11,658 30,652 26,619 VI. Physical contingencies 1,080 1,453 2,320 1,623 VII. Tax and duty (for I and III)

F-50 Table F.1.21 Project Cost by Alternative Plans in Gin River

Project Features Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III Alternative IV W/ Jasmin Dam W/O Jasmin Dam Alternatives Flood bund system (short Flood bund system (short Flood bund system (long Dam (high) distance) distance) distance) (Jasmin Dam) + Dam (low) + Heightening of flood bund + Heightening of flood bund (Jasmin Dam) Dam High Dam Low Dam none none 10 yr 10 yr 10 yr Flood Bund (short-term) none (Q=1,100-1,450m3/s) (Q=1,100-1,450m3/s) (Q=1,100-1,450m3/s) 30 yr 30 yr Flood Bund (long-term:extention/heightening) none none (Q=1,400-1,950m3/s) (Q=1,400-1,950m3/s) Short A New sluice none 9 nos. 9 nos. 9 nos. Term B Rehabilitation of existing pump 10 pump houses 10 pump houses 10 pump houses 10 pump houses

C Mound dike A=51,000m2 (3 nos.) A=51,000m2 (3 nos.) A=51,000m2 (3 nos.) A=51,000m2 (3 nos.)

D Flood bund (short term) none Left(L=8,360m, H=5.7m), Left(L=390m, H=5.4m), Left(L=8,360m, H=5.4m), Right(L=7,620m,H=5.7m) Right(L=1,830m,H=5.3m) Right(L=7,620m,H=5.3m)

E Early warning monitoring system 8 raingauge stations 8 raingauge stations 8 raingauge stations 8 raingauge stations 5 hydrometric stations 5 hydrometric stations 5 hydrometric stations 5 hydrometric stations

Mid-Long F Flood bund (long term: extention) none none Left(L=7,970m, H=6.6m), none Term Right(L=5,790m,H=6.3m) G Flood bund (long term:heightening) none none Left(L=390m, h=6.6m), Left(L=8,360m, h=6.6m), Right(L=1,830m, h=6.3m) Right(L=7,620, h=6.3m) H New pump house none 8 nos. 8 nos. 8 nos.

I Dam and reservoir Fill Dam(center core), H=50m Fill Dam(center core), H=28m none none (Jasmin Dam)

Financial Project Cost in US$ Unit: US$, thousand Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III Alternative IV Flood bund system (short Flood bund system (short Flood bund system (long Item Dam (high) distance) distance) distance) (Jasmin Dam) + Dam (low) + Heightening of flood bund + Heightening of flood bund (Jasmin Dam) I. Construction cost A New sluices - 605 605 605 B Rehabilitation of existing pump 53,854 53,854 53,854 53,854 C Mound dike 2,084 2,084 2,084 2,084 D Flood bund (short term) 1,560 12,851 1,004 11,521 E Early warning monitoring system 251 251 251 251 Sub Total (short term) 57,749 69,645 57,798 68,315 F Flood bund (long term: extention) - - 14,171 - G Flood bund (long term: heightening) 8,530 - 386 3,504 H New Pump House - 13,395 13,395 13,395 I Dam and reservoir (Jasmin Dam) 74,361 28,397 - - Sub Total (long term) 82,891 41,792 27,952 16,899 Sub Total 140,640 111,437 85,750 85,214 II. Land acquisition cost 69,504 43,201 3,241 3,241 III. Engineering service cost 21,096 16,716 12,863 12,782 IV. Administrative expenses 4,625 3,427 2,037 2,025 V. Price contingencies 207,825 114,615 64,471 54,498 VI. Physical contingencies 23,587 17,478 10,389 10,326 VII. Tax and duty 24,260 19,223 14,792 14,699 Grand Total 491,537 326,097 193,543 182,785

1US$= 111.11 Rs. Financial Project Cost in Rupee Unit: Rs., million Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III Alternative IV Flood bund system (short Flood bund system (short Flood bund system (long Item Dam (high) distance) distance) distance) (Jasmin Dam) + Dam (low) + Heightening of flood bund + Heightening of flood bund (Jasmin Dam) I. Construction cost A New sluices - 67 67 67 B Rehabilitation of existing pump 5,984 5,984 5,984 5,984 C Mound dike 232 232 232 232 D Flood bund (short term) 173 1,428 112 1,280 E Early warning monitoring system 28 28 28 28 Sub Total (short term) 6,416 7,738 6,422 7,590 F Flood bund (long term: extention) - - 1,575 - G Flood bund (long term: heightening) 948 - 43 389 H New Pump House - 1,488 1,488 1,488 I Dam and reservoir (Jasmin Dam) 8,262 3,155 - - Sub Total (long term) 9,210 4,644 3,106 1,878 Sub Total 15,627 12,382 9,528 9,468 II. Land acquisition cost 7,723 4,800 360 360 III. Engineering service cost 2,344 1,857 1,429 1,420 IV. Administrative expenses 514 381 226 225 V. Price contingencies 23,091 12,735 7,163 6,055 VI. Physical contingencies 2,621 1,942 1,154 1,147 VII. Tax and duty 2,696 2,136 1,644 1,633 Grand Total 54,615 36,233 21,505 20,309

Conversion factor 0.9 Economic Project Cost in Rupee Unit: Rs., million Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III Alternative IV Flood bund system (short Flood bund system (short Flood bund system (long Item Dam (high) distance) distance) distance) (Jasmin Dam) + Dam (low) + Heightening of flood bund + Heightening of flood bund (Jasmin Dam) I. Construction cost A New sluices - 60 60 60 B Rehabilitation of existing pump 5,385 5,385 5,385 5,385 C Mound dike 208 208 208 208 D Flood bund (short term) 156 1,285 100 1,152 E Early warning monitoring system 25 25 25 25 Sub Total (short term) 5,775 6,964 5,780 6,831 F Flood bund (long term: extention) - - 1,417 - G Flood bund (long term: heightening) 853 - 39 350 H New Pump House - 1,339 1,339 1,339 I Dam and reservoir (Jasmin Dam) 7,436 2,840 - - Sub Total (long term) 8,289 4,179 2,795 1,690 Sub Total 14,064 11,144 8,575 8,521 II. Land acquisition cost 6,950 4,320 324 324 III. Engineering service cost 2,110 1,672 1,286 1,278 IV. Administrative expenses 462 343 204 202 V. Price contingencies VI. Physical contingencies 2,359 1,748 1,039 1,033 VII. Tax and duty

F-51 Table F.1.22 Project Cost by Alternative Plans in Nilwala River

Project Features Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III Alternative IV W/O Siyambalagoda Dam W/ Siyambalagoda Dam Alternatives Flood bund system Flood bund system Flood bund system Flood bund system + Dam (high) (Siyambalagoda + Dam (low) (Siyambalagoda + Heightening of flood bund + Bypass (in Akuressa) Dam) Dam)

Dam None None High Dam Low Dam

Bypass Canal (Akuressa) None Qb=500m3/s None None

Flood Bund 10 yr 10 yr 5 yr 10 yr (short-term) (Q=1,400-1,650m3/s) (Q=1,400-1,650m3/s) (Q=1,150-1,450m3/s) (Q=1,400-1,650m3/s) Flood Bund 30 yr 30 yr None None (long-term:heightening) (Q=1,900-2,200m3/s) (Q=1,900-2,200m3/s) Short A New sluice 11 nos. 11 nos. 11 nos. 11 nos. Term B Rehabilitation of existing pump 3 pump houses 3 pump houses 3 pump houses 3 pump houses

C Mound dike A=62,000m2 (3 nos.) A=62,000m2 (3 nos.) A=62,000m2 (3 nos.) A=62,000m2 (3 nos.)

D Flood bund Left(L=9,570m, H=4.7m), Left(L=9,570m, H=4.7m), Left(L=9,570m, H=4.2m), Left(L=9,570m, H=4.7m), (short term) Right(L=7,460m,H=4.4m) Right(L=7,460m,H=4.4m) Right(L=7,460m,H=3.7m) Right(L=7,460m,H=4.4m) E Early warning monitoring system 7 raingauge stations 7 raingauge stations 7 raingauge stations 7 raingauge stations 5 hydrometric stations 5 hydrometric stations 5 hydrometric stations 5 hydrometric stations Mid-Long F Flood bund Left(L=9,570m, H=5.9m), Left(L=9,570m, H=5.7m), none none Right(L=7,460m,H=5.5m) Right(L=7,460m,H=5.3m) Term (long term: heightening) G New pump house 2 nos. (Q=3.0m3/s, H=5.0m) 2 nos. (Q=3.0m3/s, H=5.0m) 2 nos. (Q=3.0m3/s, H=5.0m) 2 nos. (Q=3.0m3/s, H=5.0m)

H Dam and reservoir none none Fill Dam(center core), H=74m Fill Dam(center core), H=62m (Siyambalagoda Dam) I Bypass canal (Akuressa) none L=3,200m, Q=400m3/s none none

Financial Project Cost in US$ Unit: US$, thousand Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III Alternative IV Flood bund system Flood bund system Item Flood bund system Flood bund system + Dam (high) + Dam (low) (Siyambalagoda + Heightening of flood bund + Bypass (in Akuressa) (Siyambalagoda Dam) Dam) I. Construction cost A New sluice 740 740 740 740 B Rehabilitation of existing pump 45,811 45,811 45,811 45,811 C Mound dike 3,433 3,433 3,433 3,433 D Flood bund (short term) 8,931 8,931 7,184 8,961 E Early warning monitoring system 273 273 273 273 Sub Total (short term) 59,188 59,188 57,441 59,218 F Flood bund (long term: heightening) 3,661 3,202 - - G New pump house 3,349 3,349 3,349 3,349 H Dam and reservoir (Siyambalagoda Dam) - - 116,188 94,100 I Bypass canal (Akuressa) - 11,507 - - Sub Total (long term) 7,010 18,058 119,537 97,449 Sub Total 66,198 77,246 176,978 156,667 II. Land acquisition cost 7,767 9,726 17,912 16,056 III. Engineering service cost 9,930 11,587 26,547 23,500 IV. Administrative expenses 1,678 1,971 4,429 3,924 V. Price contingencies 37,844 51,813 228,731 175,022 VI. Physical contingencies 8,557 10,053 22,587 20,015 VII. Tax and duty 11,419 13,325 30,529 27,025 Grand Total 143,393 175,721 507,713 422,209

1US$= 111.11 Rs. Financial Project Cost in Rupee Unit: Rs., million Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III Alternative IV Flood bund system Flood bund system Item Flood bund system Flood bund system + Dam (high) + Dam (low) (Siyambalagoda + Heightening of flood bund + Bypass (in Akuressa) (Siyambalagoda Dam) Dam) I. Construction cost A New sluice 82 82 82 82 B Rehabilitation of existing pump 5,090 5,090 5,090 5,090 C Mound dike 381 381 381 381 D Flood bund (short term) 992 992 798 996 E Early warning monitoring system 30 30 30 30 Sub Total (short term) 6,576 6,576 6,382 6,580 F Flood bund (long term: heightening) 407 356 - - G New pump house 372 372 372 372 H Dam and reservoir (Siyambalagoda Dam) - - 12,910 10,455 I Bypass canal (Akuressa) - 1,279 - - Sub Total (long term) 779 2,006 13,282 10,828 Sub Total 7,355 8,583 19,664 17,407 II. Land acquisition cost 863 1,081 1,990 1,784 III. Engineering service cost 1,103 1,287 2,950 2,611 IV. Administrative expenses 186 219 492 436 V. Price contingencies 4,205 5,757 25,414 19,447 VI. Physical contingencies 951 1,117 2,510 2,224 VII. Tax and duty 1,269 1,481 3,392 3,003 Grand Total 15,932 19,524 56,412 46,912

Conversion factor 0.9 Economic Project Cost in Rupee Unit: Rs., million Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III Alternative IV Flood bund system Flood bund system Item Flood bund system Flood bund system + Dam (high) + Dam (low) (Siyambalagoda + Heightening of flood bund + Bypass (in Akuressa) (Siyambalagoda Dam) Dam) I. Construction cost A New sluice 74 74 74 74 B Rehabilitation of existing pump 4,581 4,581 4,581 4,581 C Mound dike 343 343 343 343 D Flood bund (short term) 893 893 718 896 E Early warning monitoring system 27 27 27 27 Sub Total (short term) 5,919 5,919 5,744 5,922 F Flood bund (long term: heightening) 366 320 - - G New pump house 335 335 335 335 H Dam and reservoir (Siyambalagoda Dam) - - 11,619 9,410 I Bypass canal (Akuressa) - 1,151 - - Sub Total (long term) 701 1,806 11,954 9,745 Sub Total 6,620 7,725 17,698 15,667 II. Land acquisition cost 777 973 1,791 1,606 III. Engineering service cost 993 1,159 2,655 2,350 IV. Administrative expenses 168 197 443 392 V. Price contingencies VI. Physical contingencies 856 1,005 2,259 2,001 VII. Tax and duty

F-52 Table F.1.23 Annual O&M Allocations for Gin and Nilwala Rivers in 2007 Item O&M Cost (Rs.) Gin River -Ginganga Scheme (10 P/S) 3,300,000 -Overheads 225,000 - Electricity bills 13,000,000 Sub Total 16,525000 Nilwala River -Kiralakale Sector (Tudawa P/S) 90,000 -Kadduwa Sector (Thalgahagada P/S) 598,568 -Akuressa Sector (Akuressa P/S – movable) 200,000 -Kadawedduwa Sector (Magallaoda P/S) 1,600,000 -Overheads 231,000 -Fuel & Lubricants (P/S) 5,000,000 Sub Total 8,529,568 Source: DOI (2007)

F-53 Table F.1.24 Annual Disbursement of Financial Cost of Alternatives

Unit: US$, thousand Annual Cost Short Term Long Term

Short Long Item Sub-total 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th term term Kelani Case I Direct construction cost 16,467 8,875 25,342 0 0 7,081 5,269 4,117 0 0 1,331 1,331 1,331 1,331 1,331 1,331 888 0 Land acquisition cost 23,164 55,610 78,7749,2666,9494,6332,316022,24416,68311,1225,561000000 Engineering services 3,801 190 760 190 190 190 570 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 Administration cost 2,158 216 216 216 216 216 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 Physical contingency 11,008 734 734 734 734 734 734 734 734 734 734 734 734 734 734 734 Price escalation 70,550 0 793 2,545 2,645 2,099 13,994 13,102 12,097 8,223 2,212 2,597 3,019 3,484 2,907 834 Total 191,634 10,405 9,452 15,399 11,371 7,355 37,650 30,817 25,582 16,147 4,575 4,960 5,382 5,847 4,826 1,865 Case II Direct construction cost 16,467 79,975 96,442 0 0 7,081 5,269 4,117 0 0 11,996 11,996 11,996 11,996 11,996 11,996 7,998 0 Land acquisition cost 16,918 64,800 81,7186,7675,0763,3841,692025,92019,44012,9606,480000000 Engineering services 14,466 723 2,893 723 723 723 2,170 723 723 723 723 723 723 723 723 723 Administration cost 3,853 385 385 385 385 385 193 193 193 193 193 193 193 193 193 193 Physical contingency 19,648 1,310 1,310 1,310 1,310 1,310 1,310 1,310 1,310 1,310 1,310 1,310 1,310 1,310 1,310 1,310 Price escalation 202,130 0 835 2,430 2,671 2,425 17,267 15,706 24,545 22,177 17,534 20,579 23,928 27,612 21,858 2,562 Total 418,257 9,186 10,499 15,313 12,051 8,960 46,859 37,372 51,727 42,879 31,756 34,801 38,150 41,834 32,082 4,788 Case III Direct construction cost 16,467 84,573 101,040 0 0 7,081 5,269 4,117 0 10,149 9,303 9,303 9,303 9,303 9,303 9,303 9,303 9,303 Land acquisition cost 20,744 23,210 43,9548,2986,2234,1492,07409,2846,9634,6422,321000000 Engineering services 15,156 758 3,031 758 758 758 2,273 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 Administration cost 3,203 320 320 320 320 320 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 Physical contingency 16,335 1,089 1,089 1,089 1,089 1,089 1,089 1,089 1,089 1,089 1,089 1,089 1,089 1,089 1,089 1,089 Price escalation 182,873 0 957 2,585 2,788 2,411 7,154 13,911 14,101 14,343 13,880 16,290 18,941 21,857 25,065 28,593 Total 362,562 10,465 11,621 15,981 12,299 8,695 19,960 33,030 30,053 27,974 25,190 27,600 30,251 33,167 36,375 39,903 Kalu Case I Direct construction cost 45,559 25,316 70,875 0 0 19,590 14,579 11,390 0 0 3,797 3,797 3,797 3,797 3,797 3,797 2,532 0 Land acquisition cost 24,355 42 24,397 9,7427,3074,8712,4360171384000000 Engineering services 10,631 532 2,126 532 532 532 1,595 532 532 532 532 532 532 532 532 532 Administration cost 2,118 212 212 212 212 212 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 Physical contingency 10,802 720 720 720 720 720 720 720 720 720 720 720 720 720 720 720 Price escalation 68,955 0 964 5,293 5,878 5,631 1,048 502 4,215 5,076 6,022 7,068 8,218 9,484 7,771 1,783 Total 187,778 11,205 11,329 31,218 24,356 18,484 3,486 1,872 9,379 10,236 11,177 12,223 13,373 14,639 11,661 3,141 Case II Direct construction cost 43,319 59,082 102,401 0 0 18,627 13,862 10,830 0 0 8,862 8,862 8,862 8,862 8,862 8,862 5,908 0 Land acquisition cost 21,405 3,335 4,248 8,5626,4214,2812,14001,3341,001667334000000 Engineering services 3,385 169 677 169 169 169 508 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 Administration cost 604 60 60 60 60 60 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Physical contingency 3,080 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 Price escalation 116,577 0 716 4,859 5,373 5,133 1,143 926 9,230 10,744 12,305 14,442 16,792 19,378 14,978 558 Total 230,295 8,997 8,080 28,202 21,810 16,397 3,220 2,331 19,164 20,345 21,572 23,709 26,060 28,645 21,291 963 Case III Direct construction cost 43,319 114,813 158,132 0 0 18,627 13,862 10,830 0 0 17,222 17,222 17,222 17,222 17,222 17,222 17,222 17,222 Land acquisition cost 21,225 24,342 45,5688,4906,3684,2452,12309,7377,3034,8682,434000000 Engineering services 23,720 1,186 4,744 1,186 1,186 1,186 3,558 1,186 1,186 1,186 1,186 1,186 1,186 1,186 1,186 1,186 Administration cost 4,548 455 455 455 455 455 227 227 227 227 227 227 227 227 227 227 Physical contingency 23,197 1,546 1,546 1,546 1,546 1,546 1,546 1,546 1,546 1,546 1,546 1,546 1,546 1,546 1,546 1,546 Price escalation 306,521 0 1,157 5,148 5,834 5,788 8,255 6,725 22,298 24,095 25,306 29,700 34,533 39,850 45,699 52,132 Total 561,685 11,677 14,270 31,207 25,006 19,805 23,324 16,987 47,349 46,711 45,488 49,882 54,715 60,032 65,881 72,314 Case IV Direct construction cost 9,945 105,101 115,046 0 0 4,276 3,182 2,486 0 0 15,765 15,765 15,765 15,765 15,765 15,765 15,765 15,765 Land acquisition cost 2,493 24,342 26,83599774849924909,7377,3034,8682,434000000 Engineering services 17,257 863 3,451 863 863 863 2,589 863 863 863 863 863 863 863 863 863 Administration cost 3,183 318 318 318 318 318 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 Physical contingency 16,232 1,082 1,082 1,082 1,082 1,082 1,082 1,082 1,082 1,082 1,082 1,082 1,082 1,082 1,082 1,082 Price escalation 266,189 0 452 1,251 1,527 1,702 7,622 6,423 20,545 21,981 22,796 26,754 31,109 35,898 41,167 46,962 Total 444,742 3,261 6,052 8,289 7,222 6,452 21,189 15,830 43,283 42,285 40,665 44,624 48,978 53,767 59,036 64,831 Gin Case I Direct construction cost 57,749 82,891 140,640 0 0 19,635 19,057 19,057 0 12,434 12,434 12,434 12,434 12,434 12,434 8,289 0 0 Land acquisition cost 3,192 66,312 69,5041,277958638319026,52519,89413,2626,631000000 Engineering services 21,096 1,055 4,219 1,055 1,055 1,055 3,164 1,055 1,055 1,055 1,055 1,055 1,055 1,055 1,055 1,055 Administration cost 4,625 463 463 463 463 463 231 231 231 231 231 231 231 231 231 231 Physical contingency 23,587 1,572 1,572 1,572 1,572 1,572 1,572 1,572 1,572 1,572 1,572 1,572 1,572 1,572 1,572 1,572 Price escalation 207,825 0 564 4,576 6,916 9,549 18,267 25,935 25,598 23,273 18,631 21,866 25,424 20,476 3,154 3,598 Total 467,277 4,367 7,776 27,939 29,382 31,696 49,760 61,120 54,153 45,196 33,923 37,158 40,716 31,623 6,012 6,456 Case II Direct construction cost 69,645 41,792 111,4370023,67922,98322,983013,79113,7917,1057,10500000 Land acquisition cost 3,215 39,986 43,2011,286965643322015,99411,9967,9973,999000000 Engineering services 16,716 836 3,343 836 836 836 2,507 836 836 836 836 836 836 836 836 836 Administration cost 3,427 343 343 343 343 343 171 171 171 171 171 171 171 171 171 171 Physical contingency 17,478 1,165 1,165 1,165 1,165 1,165 1,165 1,165 1,165 1,165 1,165 1,165 1,165 1,165 1,165 1,165 Price escalation 114,615 0 465 5,355 8,104 11,213 11,400 20,673 21,627 13,849 11,015 1,605 1,866 2,154 2,470 2,818 Total 306,874 3,630 6,281 32,021 33,752 36,540 31,238 48,633 45,588 27,125 20,292 3,777 4,039 4,326 4,642 4,990 Case III Direct construction cost 57,798 27,952 85,7500019,65119,07319,07306,9886,9886,9886,98800000 Land acquisition cost 647 2,594 3,2412591941296501,038778519259000000 Engineering services 12,863 643 2,573 643 643 643 1,929 643 643 643 643 643 643 643 643 643 Administration cost 2,037 204 204 204 204 204 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 Physical contingency 10,389 693 693 693 693 693 693 693 693 693 693 693 693 693 693 693 Price escalation 64,471 0 297 4,332 6,615 9,245 1,874 6,567 7,829 9,140 10,501 1,187 1,381 1,593 1,827 2,084 Total 178,752 1,798 3,960 25,652 27,293 29,858 5,635 15,771 16,773 17,825 18,927 2,625 2,818 3,031 3,265 3,522 Case IV Direct construction cost 68,315 16,899 85,2140023,22722,54422,54404,2254,2254,2254,22500000 Land acquisition cost 3,215 26 3,2411,286965643322010853000000 Engineering services 12,782 639 2,556 639 639 639 1,917 639 639 639 639 639 639 639 639 639 Administration cost 2,025 203 203 203 203 203 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 Physical contingency 10,326 688 688 688 688 688 688 688 688 688 688 688 688 688 688 688 Price escalation 54,498 0 372 5,189 7,847 10,853 1,239 3,837 4,715 5,681 6,742 1,180 1,372 1,583 1,816 2,071 Total 168,087 2,816 4,784 30,590 32,243 34,927 3,956 9,498 10,374 11,337 12,396 2,609 2,801 3,012 3,244 3,500 Nilwala Case I Direct construction cost 59,188 7,010 66,1980020,12419,53219,53202,3832,3132,313000000 Land acquisition cost 7,753 14 7,7673,1012,3261,55177506431000000 Engineering services 9,930 497 1,986 497 497 497 1,490 497 497 497 497 497 497 497 497 497 Administration cost 1,678 168 168 168 168 168 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 Physical contingency 8,557 570 570 570 570 570 570 570 570 570 570 570 570 570 570 570 Price escalation 37,844 0 448 4,691 6,942 9,373 964 2,290 2,748 3,311 788 925 1,076 1,241 1,423 1,624 Total 131,974 4,336 5,498 27,600 28,484 30,140 3,114 5,829 6,215 6,776 1,939 2,076 2,226 2,392 2,574 2,775 Case II Direct construction cost 59,188 18,058 77,2460020,12419,53219,53206,1405,9595,959000000 Land acquisition cost 7,548 2,178 9,7263,0192,2651,5107550871653436218000000 Engineering services 11,587 579 2,317 579 579 579 1,738 579 579 579 579 579 579 579 579 579 Administration cost 1,971 197 197 197 197 197 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Physical contingency 10,053 670 670 670 670 670 670 670 670 670 670 670 670 670 670 670 Price escalation 51,813 0 478 4,706 6,972 9,425 1,653 5,764 6,710 7,839 921 1,080 1,256 1,450 1,662 1,896 Total 162,397 4,466 5,927 27,786 28,706 30,404 5,031 13,906 14,453 15,364 2,269 2,428 2,604 2,798 3,010 3,245 Case III Direct construction cost 57,441 119,537 176,978 0 0 19,530 18,956 18,956 0 11,954 23,907 23,907 11,954 11,954 11,954 11,954 11,954 0 Land acquisition cost 6,233 11,678 17,9122,4931,8701,24762304,6713,5032,3361,168000000 Engineering services 26,547 1,327 5,309 1,327 1,327 1,327 3,982 1,327 1,327 1,327 1,327 1,327 1,327 1,327 1,327 1,327 Administration cost 4,429 443 443 443 443 443 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 Physical contingency 22,587 1,506 1,506 1,506 1,506 1,506 1,506 1,506 1,506 1,506 1,506 1,506 1,506 1,506 1,506 1,506 Price escalation 228,731 0 762 4,735 7,067 9,619 5,418 13,121 26,367 30,447 18,336 21,520 25,022 28,874 33,112 4,333 Total 477,184 5,769 9,890 28,788 29,921 31,850 15,799 31,633 55,664 58,577 33,344 36,528 40,030 43,882 48,120 7,387 Case IV Direct construction cost 59,218 97,449 156,6670020,13419,54219,542014,61719,49019,49014,61714,61714,617000 Land acquisition cost 6,754 9,302 16,056 2,7012,0261,35167503,7212,7911,860930000000 Engineering services 23,500 1,175 4,700 1,175 1,175 1,175 3,525 1,175 1,175 1,175 1,175 1,175 1,175 1,175 1,175 1,175 Administration cost 3,924 392 392 392 392 392 196 196 196 196 196 196 196 196 196 196 Physical contingency 20,015 1,334 1,334 1,334 1,334 1,334 1,334 1,334 1,334 1,334 1,334 1,334 1,334 1,334 1,334 1,334 Price escalation 175,022 0 712 4,841 7,211 9,797 4,543 14,489 21,556 24,920 21,712 25,482 29,629 2,932 3,363 3,836 Total 395,184 5,603 9,165 29,228 30,330 32,241 13,320 34,603 45,612 48,046 39,034 42,805 46,952 5,638 6,068 6,541

F-54 Unit Construction Cost of Bank Protection

6,000

5,000 Bank Proection (1:2.0 ) with sheet pile (L=3.0m) 4,000 Bank Protection (1:0.5)

3,000 Bank Protection (1:1.0)

2,000 Flood wall with sheet Unit Cost (US$/m) pile(L=9.0m)

1,000

0 01234567 Height of Bank (m)

Figure F.1.1 Relation between Unit Construction Cost of Bank Protection and Bank Height

Unit Construction Cost of Flood Bund (Earth Levee)

1,600

1,400

1,200 Flood Bund 1,000 Flood Bund (on Soft 800 Foundation) 600 Unit Cost (US$/m) 400

200

0 0123456789 Height of Bund (m)

Figure F.1.2 Relation between Unit Construction Cost of Flood Bund and Bund Height

F-55 F.2 Construction Plan and Cost Estimation for Priority Project

F.2.1 Outline of Priority Project

Configuration of the priority project is shown in Chapter 9 in Part II of Main Report. Summary of the structure measures is presented in Table F.2.1. This section presents the result of preliminary study on construction plan and cost estimation for the priority project in connection with the modification of the structural design and updating of the price level.

F.2.2 Construction Plan for Priority Project

(1) Natural Conditions

1) Location

The project area covers the Kalu River basins in the south-western region of Sri Lanka, i.e. It extends approximately between lat. 6°22’ N and 6°50’ N and between long. 79°57’ E and 80°40’ E.

2) Climate

3) General Topography

The project area consists of marsh, lowlands and hilly areas. The marshes lie in the downstream end and have an elevation of 0 m to 2 m above MSL. The lowlands extend along the river course and have an elevation of 2 m to 5 m above MSL. On the other hand, the hilly areas are located at an elevation of more than 10 m above MSL. The ground in the marshes and lowlands is too soft to permit heavy vehicular traffic.

(2) General Working Conditions

1) Workable days

The annual net workable days for construction work are determined based on the daily rainfall records in 1985 to 2005, number of national holidays in Sri Lanka, and the following criteria.

i) Work is suspended on Sunday and national holidays.

ii) Work is suspended by rainfall as follows: 10 mm - 20 mm/day : 0.5 days More than 20 mm/day : 1 day The workable days in Kalu River Basin are shown in Table F.2.2. The average value of four river basins is applied for construction plan.

2) Access to the sites

Major roads (A and B classes) are connected from the downstream basin to the upstream basin in each river. The access routes basically reach to each construction site from major roads. Some of the

F-56 access routes do not have sufficient width (less than 6 m) and their pavement conditions are not sufficient for heavy vehicles. Traffic density on urban area is very high in the daytime.

Access to the site in the Kalu River basin is shown in Table F.2.3.

3) Availability of Construction Resources

Availability of labor, construction material and construction equipment in the Kalu River basin are described below and summarized in Table F.2.4.

(A) Labor

There are many contractors in the main cities that can supply all fields of skilled workers and common workers. Labor force can be procured through such local contractors.

(B) Construction Material

C) Sand River sand of the Kalu River and its tributaries can be used for construction. They are usually purchased from local sand suppliers.

D) Cement Cement is produced in the local factories and is readily available through private traders in the main cities in each basin. Imported cement is also available in the local market.

G) Steel Materials Steel sheet pile, reinforcing bar, and other steel materials are usually imported from foreign countries. Only reinforcing bar and small steel gates are available in the local market. However, reinforcing bar will have to be required imported for a large-scale civil construction project.

F-57 (C) Construction Equipment

Major equipment such as excavators, bulldozers, loaders, trucks, mobile cranes, pile drivers, graders, rollers, and generators can be rented from private companies.

(2) Mode of Construction

(3) Land Acquisition

Land acquisition is necessary for the construction works. The Ministry of Land is responsible for land acquisition and both DOI and DMC will cooperate with the Ministry.

(4) Progress Rate of Works

Monthly progress rates or unit construction periods of the major work items are assumed as shown in Table F.2.5 referring to the criteria of the Department of Irrigation in 2007 and actual results of similar works.

(5) Construction Period

Construction period of the priority project proposed is estimated to be five years including the financial arrangement and design works as presented in Table F.2.6. Implementation schedule of the priority project is shown in Table F.2.7.

F.2.3 Cost Estimate for Priority Project

(1) Conditions of Cost Estimate

1) Criteria and Reference Documents

The project cost is estimated based on the preliminary design, current prices of construction resources and the construction plan. In addition to the criteria and reports collected in the course of the master plan study, the latest information of the price level for construction materials and works listed in Table F.2.8 were collected for the purpose to update cost estimation.

2) Composition of Project Cost

The financial project cost comprises the following cost items.

A) Construction cost

B) Land acquisition and compensation cost

C) Engineering service cost

D) Administration expenses

E) Price escalation

F-58 F) Physical contingency

G) Tax and duty

3) Price Level and Foreign Exchange Rate

All costs are estimated at the price level on June, 2008.

The exchange rate is estimated as average of the exchange rate between January and May 2008 as shown in Table F.2.9 and set as follows:

US$1.0 = Rs. 107.90

4) Foreign and Local Currency Portion

All costs are estimated by separating the foreign currency portion (FC) and local currency portion (LC) based on the ratio of the imported and local materials and equipment and also by referring to similar projects such as “The Study on Storm Water Drainage Plan for the Colombo Metropolitan region (March 2003)”.

The ratio of foreign currency and local currency for major works adopted in this estimation is shown in Table F.2.10.

5) Conditions of Cost Estimate for Construction Cost

(A) General

The construction costs of major structures are estimated in consideration of the followings:

- If above method could not be applied, the construction cost are estimated by lump sum basis referring to the actual cost of similar projects considering the price escalation.

(B) New Sluice

Objective structures are new sluiceways provided along the Kalu River in connection with the construction of new flood bunds. Preparatory work is assumed to be the dewatering for main works. Main works are composed of demolishing, concrete works, installation of gates, bank protection and canal lining. The cost of miscellaneous is assumed to be 10% of the main works. Each unit cost is estimated referring to the criteria of DOI and current market prices.

Objective structures are new flood bunds embanked by earth materials. Main works are light jungle cleaning, stripping top soil, earth filling for embankment and turfing. The unit construction cost of the flood bund is estimated on the unit length basis. They are also derived by the different heights of the flood bund as shown in Figure F.2.1.

Marsh and lowlands lie in the downstream end and widely spreading out in the construction site of the flood bunds. The foundation condition of each construction site is assumed to be 50% of normal

F-59 condition and 50% of soft foundation. The cost for preparatory works is assumed to be 5% of the main works. The cost of miscellaneous is assumed to be 10% of the main works.

(D) Heightening Flood Bund

(E) Ring Levee

Main works are concrete works and steel sheet piling for concrete wall and earth filling for embankment. As the same as the unit cost of the bank protection, the unit construction costs of the flood wall and earth levee are estimated on the unit length basis. They are also derived by the different heights of the flood wall as shown in Figure F.2.2. The cost for preparatory works is assumed to be 5% of the main works. The cost of miscellaneous is assumed to be 10% of the main works.

(F) New Pump House

Objective structures are drainage pump houses to mitigate the inundation damage caused by the construction of new flood bunds. To simplify the cost estimation of the pump houses, there is a conventional way to assume that the construction cost of pump house is in proportion to the drainage discharge of the pump. A relation between drainage discharge and the construction cost of the pump house was referred to “The Study on Storm Water Drainage Plan for the Colombo Metropolitan Region in the Democratic Socialist of Sri Lanka ,Final Report”. Applying this relation and considering the site conditions, the construction cost of each pump house is obtained. The rate of civil work costs is estimated at 40% of the sum of the costs and the rate of equipment costs is estimated at 60% of the sum of the costs.

6) Land Acquisition and Compensation Cost

(A) Land Acquisition

F-60 The unit cost of land is estimated based on the data from the Valuation Department of the Ministry of Finance. The applied unit costs are shown in Table F.2.11.

(B) Compensation

7) Engineering Service Cost

The engineering service cost includes costs for field investigations, basic and detailed design including preparation of pre-qualification documents and tender documents, assistance for prequalification and tendering, and construction supervision. The engineering service cost is assumed to be 15% of the construction cost referring to the similar projects.

8) Administration Expenses

9) Price Escalation

The following price escalation rates are applied for the cost estimation.

1) 4.6% per annum for foreign currency (FC) 2) 10.0% per annum for local currency (LC)

The above price escalation rate for local currency was determined based on the consumer price index of Sri Lanka between 1996 and 2005 as described in F.1. The price escalation rate for foreign currency is set at 4.6% based on the world’s inflation index between 1997 and 2006 as shown in Table F.2.12.

10) Physical Contingency

11) Tax and Duty

This item includes value-added tax (VAT), customs duty; and all other taxes to be imposed in Sri Lanka. The value-added tax (VAT) is estimated for the costs of the construction works and the consulting services. The tax rate of 15% is applied for the computation based on the current tax system of Sri Lanka.

F-61 (2) Unit Cost/Construction Cost

Unit costs of construction resources and materials, and unit construction costs for flood control structures and drainage facilities were updated from those estimated in the master plan study taking into account that commodity prices in Sri Lanka have been rising steeply under the worldwide inflation on the fuel prices. According to the information from local authorities, the price escalation for construction resources in Sri Lanka from January 2008 to June 2008 was assumed to be about 30%. Referring to this information and the latest criteria of Sri Lanka published on January 2008 (see Table F.2.8), unit costs as of June 2008 are derived from following manners and presented in Table F.2.14.

Price Escalation from January 2007 to January 2008: price escalations of unit costs for each item are estimated referring to the criteria of Sri Lanka published in Jan. 2007 and Jan. 2008. (see Table F.2.13) from January 2008 to June 2008: assumed to be 30% for all items The construction cost for flood control structures and drainage facilities are estimated as presented in Table F.2.15.

(3) Project Cost

The project costs of the alternative cases of each basin are summarized below, and details are presented in Table F.2.16. Project Costs of Priority Project (unit: US$, thousand)

Amount Item FC LC Total I. Construction cost A New sluice 3,003 1,153 4,157 B Ring levee (Ratnapura) 9,025 3,467 12,492 C Flood bund (short term) 8,954 3,020 11,974 D Early warning monitoring system 185 46 231 Sub Total (short term) 21,167 7,686 28,854 II. Land acquisition cost 0 17,920 17,920 III. Engineering service cost 3,175 1,153 4,328 IV. Administrative expenses 0 1,022 1,022 V. Price escalation 3,290 4,751 8,041 VI. Physical contingencies 2,434 2,778 5,212 VII. Tax and duty - 4,977 4,977 Grand Total 30,067 40,287 70,354

(4) Operation and Maintenance Cost

1) Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Cost of the Pumping Stations

F-62 2) Maintenance Cost of the Other Civil Structures

The annual operation and maintenance costs for the other civil structures are also assumed to be 1% of the construction cost.

3) Operation and Maintenance Cost

Operation and maintenance costs for alternatives are presented as below:

Annual O&M Costs (Kalu River) Priority Project O&M costs Flood bund system＋Heightening of flood bund For short tern measures 289,000 For long tern measures 761,000 Total 1,050,000

F-63 Table F.2.1 Outline of Priority Project

Name of River Basin Selected Alternative Component of Structural Measures Kalu River Flood bund system i) Flood bund in lower reach (L=21,355m) (short term) - left(L=9,625m, H=3.3m) - right(L=11,730,H=3.2m) - new sluiceway (29 nos) ii) Flood bund in upper reach (L=6,400m) - earth levee (L=5,350m, H=2.1-3.5m), - concrete wall (L=1,050,H=3.1m) - new sluiceway (11 nos) iii) Early warning monitoring system - 6 rain gauging stations - 3 hydrometric stations Kalu River Heightening of flood i) Heightening of flood bund in lower reach (L=21,355m) (long term) bund - left(L=9,625m, H=4.7m) - right(L=11,730,H=4.4m) ii) New pump house - 13 nos. (Q=3.0m3/s, H=5.0m) Source: JICA Study Team

Table F.2.2 Workable Days in Kalu River Basin

(Unit: days) Item Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

F-64 Table F.2.3 Access to the Sites

River Access Major Roads Colombo-Kalutara (46 km) Route No.2 (Galle Road) Kalutara-Horana Class B Kalu Horana-Ratnapura (46 km) Route No.8 Colombo-Avisawella-Ratnapura (103 km)- Route No.4 Ratnapura-Balangoda(upper reaches of Kalu River) Source: Name of route and distance between major cities are referred to “Country Map of Sri Lanka”.

Table F.2.4 Availability of Construction Resources

KALU ITEM d/s u/s Labor Kalutara Ratnapura Earth Kalutara Ratnapura Rubble stone and crushed stone Galle Ratnapura Sand Kalutara Ratnapura Cement Kalutara Ratnapura Ready-mixed concrete Colombo Colombo Construction equipment Kalutara Ratnapura Source: Results of market researches by JICA Study Team

Table F.2.5 Progress Rates of Works

Table F.2.6 Assumed Construction Periods of the Proposed Projects

Component Project Period i) Flood bund in lower reach (L=21,355m) - left(L=9,625m, H=3.3m) 5 years - right(L=11,730,H=3.2m) - new sluiceway (29 nos) ii) Flood bund in upper reach (L=6,400m) Kalu - earth levee (L=5,350m, H=2.1-3.5m), 5 years - concrete wall (L=1,050,H=3.1m) - new sluiceway (11 nos) iii) Early warning monitoring system - 6 rain gauging stations 1 years - 3 hydrometric stations

F-65 Table F.2.7 Implementation Schedule of Alternatives in Kalu River

Implementation Schedule (Priority Project: Flood bund system + Heightening of flood bund in Kalu River Basin) 20092010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV

A Enhancement Program of Disaster Management System in Sri Lanka B Urgent Rehabilitation Works B.1 Kelani River Basin Improement Project B.2 Gin and Nilwala River Basin Improement Project

C Priority Project (Kalu River Basin Flood Management Project) C.1 Feasibility Study for Project C.2 Social & Environmental Assessment (by GOSL) C.3 Funding for Project C.4 Procurement of Consulting Services C4.1 Selection of Consultants C4.2 Detailed Field Survey and Investigation C4.3 Basic Design/Detail Design C4.4 Preparation of Tender Documents C4.5 Detailed Environmental Survey and Approval Clearance C4.6 Assistance for Prequalification, Tender and Contract C4.7 Construction Supervision C5 Main Civil Works C5.1 Prequalification for Tender C5.2 Tender and Contract C5.3 Preparatory Works C5.4 Flood bund system in lower reach C5.5 Flood bund system in upper reach (Ratnapura) C6 Land Acquisition C6.1 Site for flood bund system in lower reach C6.2 Site for flood bund system in upper reach (Ratnapura)

D Early Warning Monitoring System D.1 Application D.2 Enhancement of Pilot Project

Table F.2.8 List of Collected Criteria for Cost Estimation

Published Published No. Name of documents year organization 1 RATES-2008(JANUARY) Colombo 2008.1 DOI 2 RATES-2008(JANUARY) Ratnapura 2008.1 DOI 3 RATES-2008(JANUARY) Gampaha 2008.1 DOI 4 RATES-2008(JANUARY) Kalutara 2008.1 DOI Source: JICA Study Team

F-66 Table F.2.9 Exchange Rates (between January 2008 to May 2008)

2008/1/1 108.65 LKR 2008/4/1 107.75 LKR 2008/1/2 108.53 LKR 2008/4/2 107.81 LKR 2008/1/3 108.66 LKR 2008/4/3 107.8 LKR 2008/1/4 108.6 LKR 2008/4/4 107.55 LKR 2008/1/7 108.5 LKR 2008/4/7 107.6 LKR 2008/1/8 108.4 LKR 2008/4/8 107.58 LKR 2008/1/9 108.3 LKR 2008/4/9 107.55 LKR 2008/1/10 108.33 LKR 2008/4/10 107.76 LKR 2008/1/11 108.1 LKR 2008/4/11 107.84 LKR 2008/1/14 108.2 LKR 2008/4/14 107.9 LKR 2008/1/15 108.24 LKR 2008/4/15 107.82 LKR 2008/1/16 108.05 LKR 2008/4/16 107.84 LKR 2008/1/17 108 LKR 2008/4/17 107.8 LKR 2008/1/18 108 LKR 2008/4/18 107.88 LKR 2008/1/21 108 LKR 2008/4/21 107.85 LKR 2008/1/22 107.93 LKR 2008/4/22 107.8 LKR 2008/1/23 107.9 LKR 2008/4/23 107.74 LKR 2008/1/24 107.88 LKR 2008/4/24 107.8 LKR 2008/1/25 107.95 LKR 2008/4/25 107.83 LKR 2008/1/28 108 LKR 2008/4/28 107.88 LKR 2008/1/29 108.05 LKR 2008/4/29 107.88 LKR 2008/1/30 107.85 LKR 2008/4/30 107.88 LKR 2008/1/31 107.8 LKR 2008/5/1 107.88 LKR 2008/2/1 107.65 LKR 2008/5/2 107.85 LKR 2008/2/4 107.68 LKR 2008/5/5 107.84 LKR 2008/2/5 107.75 LKR 2008/5/6 107.75 LKR 2008/2/6 107.75 LKR 2008/5/7 107.87 LKR 2008/2/7 107.8 LKR 2008/5/8 107.7 LKR 2008/2/8 107.82 LKR 2008/5/9 107.6 LKR 2008/2/11 107.83 LKR 2008/5/12 107.6 LKR 2008/2/12 107.95 LKR 2008/5/13 107.65 LKR 2008/2/13 107.85 LKR 2008/5/14 107.64 LKR 2008/2/14 107.85 LKR 2008/5/15 107.72 LKR 2008/2/15 107.8 LKR 2008/5/16 107.85 LKR 2008/2/18 107.8 LKR 2008/5/19 107.82 LKR 2008/2/19 107.85 LKR 2008/5/20 107.82 LKR 2008/2/20 107.85 LKR 2008/5/21 107.72 LKR 2008/2/21 107.95 LKR 2008/5/22 107.75 LKR 2008/2/22 107.95 LKR 2008/5/23 107.8 LKR 2008/2/25 107.83 LKR 2008/5/26 107.8 LKR 2008/2/26 107.82 LKR 2008/5/27 107.82 LKR 2008/2/27 107.82 LKR 2008/5/28 107.85 LKR 2008/2/28 107.8 LKR 2008/5/29 107.83 LKR 2008/2/29 107.82 LKR 2008/5/30 107.82 LKR 2008/3/3 107.83 LKR Average 107.90 LKR 2008/3/4 107.82 LKR (Jan.2008-May-2008) 2008/3/5 107.8 LKR 2008/3/6 107.8 LKR 2008/3/7 107.65 LKR Source: The World's Favorite Currency Site 2008/3/10 107.45 LKR 2008/3/11 107.48 LKR 2008/3/12 107.55 LKR 2008/3/13 107.75 LKR 2008/3/14 107.65 LKR 2008/3/17 107.64 LKR 2008/3/18 107.6 LKR 2008/3/19 107.58 LKR 2008/3/20 107.63 LKR 2008/3/21 107.63 LKR 2008/3/24 107.7 LKR 2008/3/25 107.8 LKR 2008/3/26 107.72 LKR 2008/3/27 107.75 LKR 2008/3/28 107.73 LKR 2008/3/31 107.8 LKR

F-67 Table F.2.10 Ratio of Foreign Currency and Local Currency for Major Works

Item Foreign Currency Local Currency Temporary Works 0.70 0.30 Earth Works 0.75 0.25 Concrete Works 0.70 0.30 Reinforcement bar 0.70 0.30 Steel Sheet Piling 0.80 0.20 Bank Protection 0.70 0.30 Pump House 0.85 0.15 Water Level Gauging Station 0.80 0.20 Source: Refer to the data on “The Study on Storm Water Drainage Plan for the Colombo Metropolitan Region in the Democratic Socialist of Sri Lanka 2003”

Table F.2.11 Unit Cost of Land

River Unit rate Component Location basin (Rs/m2) Flood bund, New sluice, New pump house Kalutarala 500 Ratnapura ring levee Ratnapura(rural) 9,700 Kalu Ratnapura bypass canal Ratnapura(Urban) 700 Malwala Dam (Malwala dam site) 150 Source: Unit Cost is derived from the data of the Valuation Department

Table F.2.12 World’s Inflation, GDP deflator (1997-2006)

Year World’s Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %) 1997 4.83 1998 4.71 1999 3.98 2000 4.77 2001 3.55 2002 3.59 2003 4.09 2004 5.32 2005 5.44 2006 5.72 Ave. 4.60 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

F-68 Table F.2.13 Price Escalation of Major Works (between Jan.2007 and Jan.2008)

Unit: % of increase Jan.2007 Jan.2008 Main Item (Applied in M/P) Colombo Ratnapura Gampaha Kaluthara Average Cleaning and Grubbing light Jungle 1.00 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.17 1.17 Ripping for land leveling 1.00 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 Stripping top soil 1.00 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 Earth excavation 1.00 1.14 1.13 1.15 1.14 1.14 Common excavation 1.00 1.15 1.14 1.15 1.14 1.14 Gravel excavation 1.00 1.15 1.14 1.15 1.14 1.14 Soft Rock excavation 1.00 1.15 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.15 Rock excavation 1.00 1.10 1.05 1.10 1.08 1.08 Earthfill om embankments and around structures 1.00 1.17 1.16 1.17 1.16 1.16 Turf 1.00 0.93 1.16 1.05 1.09 1.05 gravel bedding 1.00 1.36 1.10 1.11 1.13 1.18 Concrete 1.00 1.07 1.15 1.12 1.11 1.11 Re-bar 1.00 1.55 1.55 1.52 1.52 1.53 Rubble masonary 1.00 1.03 1.13 1.10 1.08 1.08 Hoist deck 1.00 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 Average 1.00 1.16 1.16 1.15 1.15 1.15

Unit: % of increase Main Item Average Earth Works 1.14 Concrete Works 1.11 Re-bar 1.53 Steel Sheet Pile 1.10

Source: DOI (2007, 2008), JICA Study Team

F-69 Table F.2.14 Unit Construction Costs of Major Works

Exchange Rate 1$= 111.11 Rs 1$= 107.90 Rs as of 2007 as of 2008 June Jan-07Jan-08 Jun-08 Bill No. Pay Item Unit Rs USD Rs Rs USD

1 Cleaning and Grubbing light Jungle ha 54,500 491 63,765 82,895 768 2 Ripping for land leveling ha 48,400 436 57,112 74,246 688 3 Stripping top soil m3 294 3 344 447 4 4 Earth excavation m3 419 4 478 621 6 5 Common excavation m3 445 4 507 659 6 6 Gravel excavation m3 452 4 515 670 6 7 Soft rock excavation m3 572 5 658 855 8 8 Rock excavation m3 1,151 10 1,243 1,616 15 9 Earthfill in enbankements and around structure m3 480 4 557 724 7 10 Rockfill of dam (selected material) m3 1,667 15 1,800 2,340 22 11 Turf m3 236 2 248 322 3 12 gravel bedding m3 540 5 637 828 8 13 Concrete m3 16,515 149 18,332 23,831 221 14 Re-bar ton 124,250 1,118 190,103 247,133 2,290 15 Rubble masonary m3 7,533 68 8,136 10,576 98 16 Demolotion Work m3 2,230 20 2,475 3,218 30 17 Hoist Deck LS 78,065 703 79,626 103,514 959 18 Steel sheet pile m2 35,000 315 38,500 50,050 464 19 Concrete pile (600x600) m 19,000 171 21,090 27,417 254 20 Concrete pile (1000x1000) m 40,000 360 44,400 57,720 535 21 Gabion mattress m3 5,500 50 6,270 8,151 76 22 Geotextile m2 400 4 456 593 5 23 Wheep hole m 110 1 125 163 2 24 Lifting Gate (for Sluice) m2 296,000 2,664 366,741 477,000 4,421 25 Bank Protection (1:0.5) (H=3.0m) m 420 619 26 Bank Protection (1:0.5) (H=4.0m) m 491 724 27 Bank Protection (1:0.5) (H=5.0m) m 563 830 28 Bank Protection (1:0.5) (H=6.0m) m 635 935 29 Bank Protection (1:1.0) (H=3.0m) m 393 579 30 Bank Protection (1:1.0) (H=4.0m) m 467 687 31 Bank Protection (1:1.0) (H=5.0m) m 540 795 32 Bank Protection (1:1.0) (H=6.0m) m 613 903 33 Bank Protection (1:2.0) (H=1.0m) with sheet pile(L=3.0m) m 1,467 2,170 34 Bank Protection (1:2.0) (H=2.0m) with sheet pile(L=3.0m) m 1,549 2,293 35 Bank Protection (1:2.0) (H=3.0m) with sheet pile(L=3.0m) m 1,631 2,416 36 Bank Protection (1:2.0) (H=4.0m) with sheet pile(L=3.0m) m 1,713 2,539 37 Bank Protection (1:2.0) (H=5.0m) with sheet pile(L=3.0m) m 1,981 2,941 38 Bank Protection (1:2.0) (H=5.5m) with sheet pile(L=3.0m) m 2,028 3,012 39 Bank Protection (1:2.0) (H=6.0m) with sheet pile(L=3.0m) m 2,075 3,082 40 Bank Protection (1:2.0) (H=6.5m) with sheet pile(L=3.0m) m 2,121 3,152 41 Flood bund (earth,H=0.5m) m 23 47 42 Flood bund (earth,H=1.0m) m 48 98 43 Flood bund (earth,H=1.5m) m 79 157 44 Flood bund (earth,H=2.0m) m 114 224 45 Flood bund (earth,H=2.5m) m 160 307 46 Flood bund (earth,H=3.0m) m 186 362 47 Flood bund (earth,H=3.5m) m 232 446 48 Flood bund (earth,H=4.0m) m 282 538 49 Flood bund (earth,H=4.5m) m 338 638 50 Flood bund (earth,H=5.0m) m 399 746 51 Flood bund (earth,H=5.5m) m 536 1,015 52 Flood bund (earth,H=6.0m) m 610 1,145 53 Flood bund (earth,H=6.5m) m 688 1,281 54 Flood bund (earth,H=7.0m) m 772 1,426 55 Flood bund (earth,H=7.5m) m 860 1,577 56 Flood bund (earth,H=8.0m) m 952 1,735 57 Flood bund (earth,H=0.5m) on soft foundation m5483 58 Flood bund (earth,H=1.0m) on soft foundation m93142 59 Flood bund (earth,H=1.5m) on soft foundation m140213 60 Flood bund (earth,H=2.0m) on soft foundation m193295 61 Flood bund (earth,H=2.5m) on soft foundation m254389 62 Flood bund (earth,H=3.0m) on soft foundation m290457 63 Flood bund (earth,H=3.5m) on soft foundation m358565 64 Flood bund (earth,H=4.0m) on soft foundation m432683 65 Flood bund (earth,H=4.5m) on soft foundation m513811 66 Flood bund (earth,H=5.0m) on soft foundation m601951 67 Flood bund (earth,H=5.5m) on soft foundation m 804 1,271 68 Flood bund (earth,H=6.0m) on soft foundation m 911 1,441 69 Flood bund (earth,H=6.5m) on soft foundation m 1,024 1,621 70 Flood bund (earth,H=7.0m) on soft foundation m 1,144 1,812 71 Flood bund (earth,H=7.5m) on soft foundation m 1,271 2,014 72 Flood bund (earth,H=8.0m) on soft foundation m 1,403 2,224 73 Heightening flood bund, (earth,H=0.15m) m 219 329 74 Heightening flood bund, (earth,H=0.30m) m 232 350 75 Heightening flood bund, (earth,H=0.50m) m 250 378 76 Heightening flood bund, (earth,H=0.75m) m 274 416 77 Heightening flood bund, (earth,H=1.00m) m 299 455 78 Flood bund (Concrete Wall, H=1.0m) with sheet pile(L=9.0m) m 3,816 5,680 79 Flood bund (Concrete Wall, H=2.0m) with sheet pile(L=9.0m) m 3,994 5,972 80 Flood bund (Concrete Wall, H=2.9m) with sheet pile(L=9.0m) m 4,320 6,505 81 Flood bund (Concrete Wall, H=4.0m) with sheet pile(L=9.0m) m 4,530 6,849 82 Flood bund (Concrete Wall, H=5.0m) with sheet pile(L=9.0m) m 4,866 7,401 Source: DOI (2007), JICA Study Team

F-70 Table F.2.15 Breakdown of Construction Cost of Priority Project

Unit: US$ A New sluice Unit Price Amount Item Unit Q'ty Remarks Total FC LC Total 1 Temporary works LS 1 3,045 1,305 4,350 dewatering 2 Main works (1) Demolishing LS 1 5,130 1,710 6,840 (2) Excavation m3 11,008 6 49,536 16,512 66,048 (3) Backfill m3 8,677 7 45,556 15,185 60,741 (4) Concrete m3 1,473 221 227,873 97,660 325,533 (5) Reinforcing bar t 58.9 2290 94,417 40,464 134881 (6) Gates nos 58 627,699 156,925 784,624 (7) Concrete Piling nos 319 3,750 837,375 358,875 1,196,250 (8) Steel Sheet Piling m2 1,549 464 502,985 215,565 718,550 (8) Bunk Protection m 580 830 336,980 144,420 481,400 3 Other Works LS 1 272,755 104,732 377,487 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 3,003,351 1,153,353 4,157,000

B Ring levee (Ratnapura) Unit Price Amount Item Unit Q'ty Remarks Total FC LC Total 1 Temporary works LS 1 380,194 162,940 543,135 5% of 2 and 3 2 Main works (1) Concrete wall m 1,050 6,849 5,034,015 2,157,435 7,191,450 (2) Embankement m 5,350 419 1,680,113 560,038 2,240,150 3 New Sluice nos 22 1,144,876 286,219 1,431,094 4 Other works LS 1 785,900 300,369 1,086,269 10% of 2 and 3 5 Sub Total 9,025,098 3,467,001 12,492,000

C Flood bund (short-term) Unit Price Amount Item Unit Q'ty Remarks Total FC LC Total 1 Temporary works LS 1 364,424 156,182 520,606 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) Right Bund m 11,730 4,177,958 1,392,653 5,570,611 (2) Left Bund m 9,625 3,631,133 1,210,378 4,841,511 3 Other works LS 1 780,909 260,303 1,041,212 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 8,954,425 3,019,515 11,974,000

E Flood bund (long-term: heightening) Unit Price Amount Item Unit Q'ty Remarks Total FC LC Total 1 Temporary works LS 1 164,889 70,667 235,556 5% of 2. 2 Main works (1) Right Bund m 11,730 1,832,201 610,734 2,442,934 (2) Left Bund m 9,625 1,701,142 567,047 2,268,189 3 Other works LS 1 353,334 117,778 471,112 10% of 2. 4 Sub Total 4,051,566 1,366,226 5,418,000

F New pump house Unit Price Amount Item Unit Q'ty Remarks Total FC LC Total 1 Temporary works LS 1 859,950 368,550 1,228,500 5% of 2 and 3 2 Pump house (1) Civil works for pumping house nos 13 720,000 7,020,000 2,340,000 9,360,000 (2) Equipments nos 13 1,080,000 11,232,000 2,808,000 14,040,000 (3) Miscellaneous nos 13 90,000 936,000 234,000 1,170,000 3 Other works LS 1 1,918,800 538,200 2,457,000 10% of 2 and 3. 4 Sub Total 21,966,750 6,288,750 28,256,000

D Early Warning Monitoring System Unit Price Amount Item Unit Q'ty Remarks Total FC LC Total 1 Equipment for observation station Rain gauging station (including (1) Nos. 6 13,394 64,290 16,073 80,363 transportation) Water level station (including (2) Nos. 3 13,291 31,899 7,975 39,874 transportation) 2 Installation Installation for rain gauging station (1) Nos. 6 2,174 10,434 2,608 13,042 (including civil works) Installation for water level station (2) Nos. 3 10,865 26,077 6,519 32,596 (including civil works) 3 Adjustment of equipment and training (1) Adjustment of equipment and basin 1 26,443 21,154 5,289 26,443 4 Miscellaneous (20%) LS 30,771 7,693 38,464 5 Sub Total 184,625 46,156 230,782

F-71 Table F.2.16 Project Cost of Priority Project

Project Cost inUS$ Unit US$, thousand Amount Item Remarks FC LC Total I. Construction cost A New sluice 3,003 1,153 4,157 Ref. KA1-P01 B Ring levee (Ratnapura) 9,025 3,467 12,492 Ref. KA1-P01 C Flood bund (short-term) 8,954 3,020 11,974 Ref. KA1-P01 D Early warning monitoring system 185 46 231 Ref. KA1-P01 Sub Total (short-term) 21,167 7,686 28,854 II. Land acquisition cost 0 17,920 17,920 Ref. KA1-P02 III. Engineering service cost 3,175 1,153 4,328 15 % of I IV. Administrative expenses 0 1,022 1,022 2 % of I,II and III V. Price contingencies 3,290 4,751 8,041 for I, II, III and IV VI. Physical contingencies 2,434 2,778 5,212 10 % of I,II,III and IV VII. Tax and duty (for I and III) - 4,977 4,977 15 % of I and III Grand Total 30,067 40,287 70,354

1US$= 107.90 Rs.

Project Cost in Rs. Unit Rs. Million Amount Item Remarks FC LC Total I. Construction cost A New sluice 324 124 449 Ref. KA1-P01 B Ring levee (Ratnapura) 974 374 1,348 Ref. KA1-P01 C Flood bund (short-term) 966 326 1,292 Ref. KA1-P01 D Early warning monitoring system 20 5 25 Ref. KA1-P01 Sub Total (short-term) 2,284 829 3,113 II. Land acquisition cost 0 1,934 1,934 Ref. KA1-P02 III. Engineering service cost 343 124 467 15 % of I IV. Administrative expenses 0 110 110 2 % of I,II and III V. Price contingencies 355 513 868 for I, II, III and IV VI. Physical contingencies 263 300 562 10 % of I,II,III and IV VII. Tax and duty (for I and III) - 537 537 15 % of I and III Grand Total 3,244 4,347 7,591

Conversion FC.= 0.90

Project Cost(Economic) in Rs. Unit Rs. Million Amount Item Remarks FC LC Total I. Construction cost A New sluice 292 112 404 Ref. KA1-P01 B Ring levee (Ratnapura) 876 337 1,213 Ref. KA1-P01 C Flood bund (short-term) 870 293 1,163 Ref. KA1-P01 D Early warning monitoring system 18 4 22 Ref. KA1-P01 Sub Total (short-term) 2,056 746 2,802 II. Land acquisition cost 0 1,740 1,740 Ref. KA1-P02 III. Engineering service cost 308 112 420 15 % of I IV. Administrative expenses 0 99 99 2 % of I,II and III V. Price contingencies VI. Physical contingencies 236 270 506 10 % of I,II,III and IV VII. Tax and duty (for I and III) Grand Total 2,600 2,968 5,568

F-72 Table F.2.17 Annual Disbursement of Project Cost (Economic Cost)

Unit: Rs. Million Rs. Unit:

Long Term Long Annual Cost Annual of Project Cost (Economic Cost) Cost) (Economic Cost of Project Short Term Short 0%0% 0%7% 0%7%7% 34% 7% 34% 7% 7% 33% 33% 7% 7% 33% 7% 33% 7% 0% 7% 0% 7% 15% 7% 15% 7% 15% 7% 7% 15% 7% 15% 7% 15% 7% 7% 15% 7% 15% 7% 15% 7% 15% 7% 7% 15% 7% 15% 7% 10% 7% 10% 7% 7% 0% 7% 0% 7% 7% 0% 7% 0% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 363 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 175 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 223 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 527 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 687 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 1,490 0 0 254 246 246 0 112 112 112 112 112 112 74 0 0 1,744 696 522 348 174 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,582 0 0 699 678 678 0 379 379 379 379 379 379 253 0 0 Table F.2.17 Annual Disbursement Annual Disbursement Table F.2.17 Sub-total 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th Sub-total 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th term term Long Long 000000000000000000 00 00 000000000000000000 99 75 270 93 746 743 112 111 236 291 308 379 1,740 4 2,056 2,527 term term Short Short Item Item Land acquisition cost acquisition Land cost Administration contingency Physical Engineering services TotalProportion 2,968 1,028 3,995 747 573 653 471 297 52 163 163 163 162 162 162 125 51 51 Physical contingency Physical Price escalation Price Land acquisition cost acquisition Land Administration cost Administration Engineering services Total 2,600 3,196 5,796 81 81 780 759 759 81 460 460 460 460 460 460 334 81 81 Land acquisition cost acquisition Land contingency Physical Engineering services cost Administration escalation Price LC cost construction Direct Kalu FC cost construction Direct Kalu FC cost construction Direct LC cost construction Direct

F-73 Unit Construction Cost of Flood Bund (JUN. 2008)

2,500

2,000

1,500 Flood bund

Flood bund (on 1,000 soft foundation) Unit Cost (US$/m) Cost Unit 500

0 0123456789 Height of Bund (m)

Figure F.2.1 Relation between Bund Height and Unit Construction Cost (Earth Levee)

Unit Construction Cost of Flood Wall (JUN. 2008)

8,000

7,000

6,000 Bank protection(1:2.0) 5,000 with sheet pile (L=3.0m)" 4,000 Concrete wall with 3,000 sheet pile (L=9.0m) Unit Cost (US$/m) Cost Unit 2,000

1,000

0 01234567 Height of Bund (m)

Figure F.2.2 Relation between Bund Height and Unit Construction Cost (Concrete wall and Bank protection)

F-74

Supporting Report G

Environmental and Social Consideration

Supporting Report G Environmental and Social Consideration

G.1 Description of the Project Site

G.1.1 The Study Area Flood management planning covers four river basins (namely Kelani, Kalu, Gin and Nilwala), which are mainly in the Western Province and Southern Provinces. The locations of the four river basins are indicated in Figure G.1.1.

Figure G.1.1 Map showing the four River Basins among others

G.1.2 Environmental and Social Condition

(1) Physical Environment

The target river basins consisting of the Kelani, Kalu, Gin, and Nilwala are located in the wet zone of Sri Lanka. During the two major rainy seasons, the southwest monsoon period from May to September and inter-monsoon period from October to November, tropical storms pass over the basins which bring high intensity downpour resulting in some of the highest annual rainfall depths received

G-1 by the island. Some areas in the central highland receive more than 4,000 mm annual rainfall. Because of their geographic locations, river characteristics and nature, frequent flooding is a common in the target river basins. The main characteristics of the four river basins are summarized in Table G.1.1 . Table G.1.1 Main Characteristics of the Four Target River Basins

Item Kelani Kalu Gin Nilwara Catchment Area 2,292 2,719 932 971 (km2) River Length (km) 150 101 113 78 Annual Rainfall 3,800 4,040 3,290 2,890 (mm) Discharge Volume at 3,417 4,032 1,268 1,152 River Mounth (MCM) (108.4) (127.9) (40.2) (36.5) (m3/s) Maskeliya Oya, Kuda Ganaga, Maguru Kepuela, Holuwagoda Kirama Ara, Keheigamu Oya, We Ganga, Kukule Ganga, Ela, Kimbiya Ela, Kaddaweduwa Ela, Oya, Ritigana Oya, Way Ganga Galagoda Ela, Divitura Badulla Oya, Major Tributaries Gurugoda Ganga, ElaMaben Ela Digili Ela Seetawaka Ganga,Wak Oya Kitulgala, Ratnapura, Dela, Agaliya, Tawalama Pitabeddara, Bopagoda Principal Water Level Deraniyagala, Ellagawa, Kukulegama, Gauging Stations Glencourse, Kalawellawa, Holombuwa, Hanwella, Millakanda, Putupaula Gampaha, Colombo, Kalutara, Ratnapura Galle, Ratnapura Matara, Galle Districts Kegalle, Ratnapura, Nuwala Eliya Population 2,773,000 1,127,000 490,000 459,000 Population in Flood 150,000 132,600 32,000 100,000 Prone Area (% in total population) (5.4%) (11.8%) (6.5%) (21.8%) Source: Prepared by the Study Team based on information provided by DOI and other agencies concerned. More detailed information about the river basins is individually presented in the following subsections.

Kelani River

The Kelani River is the second largest river in the country. The river originates in the central hill of the island and flows mainly to west until it reaches the sea at the northern boundary of the city of Colombo. The river basin, which is located entirely in the wet zone of the country, has an area of 2,292 km2 and an annual runoff of 3,417 million m3.

The Kelani River basin has two distinct types of topography: a mountainous upper region and a flat coastal plain. Approximately two-thirds of the entire catchment is occupied by the mountainous region where the peaks and ridges rise to over 2,000 m MSL. Valley slope is very steep and the mountain streams are characterized by numerous waterfalls and rapids. Vegetation in this region is mainly tea, rubber and grass. Exposed bedrocks can also be seen in many places. On the other hand, the coastal plain is very flat with scattered low hills rising to about 100 m MSL. The vegetation in this area is a mixture of rubber, coconut, paddy, and tea gardens. Downstream of Pugoda, the riverbed slope flattens considerably and river valleys open out revealing wide flood plains. The river in this area is also intersected by several small streams with flat wide valleys. In order to control inundation of these lands during minor floods, several minor flood protection systems (MFPs) have been

G-2 constructed by DOI. The city of Colombo and its suburbs adjacent to the north and south banks of the river are protected by flood bunds acting as major flood protection system. The riverbed material in the lower reaches is composed of fine sand, and between Hanwella and Colombo, the bed profile becomes very irregular due to sand mining activities in the river. Recently, DOI is constructing bank protection works at the existing North Bund to stabilize the river banks and the Bund against erosion.

Kalu River

The Kalu River, originating in the central hills of Sri Lanka, flows through Ratnapura and Horana and empties into the Indian Ocean at Kalutara with a total length of about 100 km and catchment area of 2,690 km2. Between the source of the river and Ratnapura town, the river stretch is characterized by a narrow bed and high banks on both sides and river drops from 2,250 m MSL to 14 m within its first 36 km before it reaches Ratunapura town. It joins Wey River at Ratnapura and then travels 75 km to meet the sea at Kalutara.

There is no significant development of water resources in the Kalu River basin aside from rural drinking water supply and minor irrigation schemes. The only notable development is across Kukule River, which is a tributary of the Kuda River where 80 MW hydro power scheme is functioning. The low dam at Kukule is 16 m height and 110 m long. It has a storage capacity of 1.6 MCM and generates 317 GWh of energy annually.

The Kalu River is the third longest river in the country; however, it discharges the largest volume of water to the sea. Magnitude of the annual flow volume is approximately 4,032 MCM. The river basin lies entirely within the wet zone of the country and average annual rainfall in the basin is 4,040 mm, which ranges from 6,000 mm in the mountainous areas and 2,000 mm in the low plain areas.

The main cause of flooding in Ratnapura town is the very high annual rainfall that goes into the catchment of 604 km2 above Ratnapura. The riverbed elevation at Ratnapura is only 11.70 m (38.4 ft) MSL and the length of the river course up to Kalutara is 76.5 km from Ratnapura. The gradient of the riverbed is only 0.15 m per km (1/6,700). This shows its inadequacy to create higher velocities to discharge floods. In addition, there is a bottleneck at Ellagawa, which is about 30 km downstream of Ratnapura town and 47 km upstream from Kalutara. It was said that this narrow gap had retained the water for several days in the Ratnapura District before it releases water to Kalutara District.

Gin River

Gin River originates from the mountainous region in the southern side of Sinharaja forest and runs through Tawalama, Neluwa and Agaliya, then meeting the sea at Gintota, Galle. The basin area of the river is 932 km2 with an average annual runoff of 1,268 MCM. The catchment, which covers with a variety of types of vegetation, has an estimated average annual rainfall of around 3,290 mm. The river provides irrigation water mainly for paddy cultivation and also for tea, rubber, subsidiary crops and vegetable plantations.

As flooding was a major hazard in lower reaches of the river, a flood protection scheme which included a levee system and some pumping stations was implemented in 1970s. In addition, the bypass canal Kapu Ela connected to the main stream at Holuagoda also discharges water flow into sea

G-3 at Galle. However, although the construction of levee system at most downstream area has been undertaken, the area upstream of Agaliya experiences more flooding than before.

Nilwala River

The Nilwala River has a catchment area of 960 km2 and its length is 78 km. The basin is located adjacent to the Gin River basin in the south and is entirely in the wet zone of the country. The annual mean rainfall is approximately 2,890 mm, but varies from 2,000 mm at the coast to 4,500 mm in the upstream mountainous area. The river originates at 1,050 m MSL near Deniyaya Hills and drops to 12 m MSL within the first 36 km and reaches Pitabeddara. It has a gentle slope down to the sea in the last 42 km downstream reaches from Pitabeddara to Matara. Annual mean discharge to the sea has been estimated as 1,152 MCM.

Nilwala River is characterized by excessive flows during wet season which causes flooding, but considerably drying out during dry season. The river flow is not sufficient during the dry season to meet the irrigation requirement.

North of Matara City and its suburbs often get flooded during the rainy season. To cope with this problem, a flood protection scheme was initiated by DOI in 1979 with the assistance from the Government of France. This flood protection scheme included a levee system and three pumping stations.

(2) Biological Environment

The four target basin areas mainly lies within the wet zone, while a small part of the upper stretches of the Kalu and Nilwala basins are defined as intermediate (between wet and dry) zones. The agro- ecological regions of the four basins are indicated in the following.

Table G.1.2 Agro-ecological regions of the four target basins

Expectancy Agro-ecological Basin of rainfall Terrain Major soil groups Land Use zones (mm) Kelani WL1a Low >3200 Rolling, Red yellow podzolic, red yellow Tea, rubber, mixed home country undulating and podozolic soils with semi prominent gardens, paddy, export hilly A1 horizon & low humic grey soils agricultural crops (cinnamon) WL1b Low >2800 Undulating and Red yellow podzolic & low humic Rubber, mixed home country rolling grey soils gardens, paddy WL3 Low >1700 Rolling and Red yellow podzolic soils with soft Coconut, fruit crops, mixed country undulating and hard laterite, low humic grey home gardens, paddy soils & regosol soils WM1a Mid >3300 Mountainous, Red yellow podzolic soils with semi Tea, natural forest country steep dissected, prominent A1 horizon & lithosol soils hilly and rolling WM1b Mid >2900 Steep Red yellow podzolic soils with semi Tea, natural forest, mixed country dissected, hilly prominent A1 horizon & lithosol soils home gardens and rolling WU1 Up >3100 Mountainious, Red yellow podzolic, mountain Tea, forest plantation, natural country steep dissected, regosol & lithosol soils forest hilly and rolling WU2a Up >2400 Steep Red yellow podzolic soils Tea, forest plantation country dissected, hilly and rolling WU2b Up >2200 Mountainous, Red yellow podzolic, mountain Tea, forest plantation, country steep dissected, regosol & lithosol soils vegetables hilly and rolling Kalu WL1a Low >3200 Rolling, Red yellow podzolic, red yellow Tea, rubber, mixed home country undulating and podozolic soils with semi prominent gardens, paddy, export hilly A1 horizon & low humic grey soils agricultural crops (cinnamon)

G-4 Expectancy Agro-ecological Basin of rainfall Terrain Major soil groups Land Use zones (mm) WL1b Low >2800 Undulating and Red yellow podzolic & low humic Rubber, mixed home country rolling grey soils gardens, paddy WL2a Low >2400 Rolling, Red yellow podzolic, red yellow Rubber, tea, coconut, mixed country undulating and podzolic soils with strongly mottled home garden,paddy, export flat sub-soil, low humic grey & bog & agricultural crops (cinnamon) half-bog soils WM1a Mid >3300 Mountainous, Red yellow podzolic soils with semi Tea, natural forest country steep dissected, prominent A1 horizon & lithosol soils hilly and rolling WM1b Mid >2900 Steep Red yellow podzolic soils with semi Tea, natural forest, mixed country dissected, hilly prominent A1 horizon & lithosol soils home gardens and rolling WU1 Up >3100 Mountainous, Red yellow podzolic, mountain Tea, forest plantation, natural country steep dissected, regosol & lithosol soils forest hilly and rolling IM2a Mid >1800 Steep, hilly and Reddish brownlatosolic & red yellow Export agricultural crops, country rolling podzolic soils mixed home gardens, tea, vegetables Gin WL1a Low >3200 Rolling, Red yellow podzolic, red yellow Tea, rubber, mixed home country undulating and podozolic soils with semi prominent gardens, paddy, export hilly A1 horizon & low humic grey soils agricultural crops (cinnamon) WL2a Low >2400 Rolling, Red yellow podzolic, red yellow Rubber, tea, coconut, mixed country undulating and podzolic soils with strongly mottled home garden,paddy, export flat sub-soil, low humic grey & bog & agricultural crops (cinnamon) half-bog soils WM1a Mid >3300 Mountainous, Red yellow podzolic soils with semi Tea, natural forest country steep dissected, prominent A1 horizon & lithosol soils hilly and rolling Nilwala WL1a Low >3200 Rolling, Red yellow podzolic, red yellow Tea, rubber, mixed home country undulating and podozolic soils with semi prominent gardens, paddy, export hilly A1 horizon & low humic grey soils agricultural crops (cinnamon) WL2a Low >2400 Rolling, Red yellow podzolic, red yellow Rubber, tea, coconut, mixed country undulating and podzolic soils with strongly mottled home garden,paddy, export flat sub-soil, low humic grey & bog & agricultural crops (cinnamon) half-bog soils WM1b Mid >2900 Steep Red yellow podzolic soils with semi Tea, natural forest, mixed country dissected, hilly prominent A1 horizon & lithosol soils home gardens and rolling IL1a Low >1400 Rolling, Red yellow podzolic soils with Coconut, mixed home country undulating and strongly mottled sub-soil, red yellow gardens, export agricultural flat podzolic, low humic grey, reddish crops, paddy, rubber brown latosolic & regosol soils IM2a Mid >1800 Steep, hilly and Reddish brownlatosolic & red yellow Export agricultural crops, country rolling podzolic soils mixed home gardens, tea, vegetables

Although the lowlands of the four target basins are relatively developed, there are considerable amounts of natural and planted forests in the mid to upper reaches of the rivers. The following indicates the area of Natural forests as of 1994. Major forest areas in the target basins consist of low land rain forest. And sub-mountain forests. Forest areas are more prominent in the districts of Ratnapura and Nuwala Eliya.

Table G.1.3 Natural forest areas by district (1994) Unit: ha Sub- Low Moist Dry Riverin Mountain Sparse Grand Basin District mountai land rain monsoo monsoo dry Mangrove forest forest total n forest forest n forest n forest forest Kelani Gampaha 27314 122 20 429 Colombo 1832 36 1868 Kegalle 3655 11791 492 15938 Ratnapura 48 15816 38194 4755 3545 4491 66849 Nuwala Eliya 1943 31078 3977 2649 3273 42920

G-5 Sub- Low Moist Dry Riverin Mountain Sparse Grand Basin District mountai land rain monsoo monsoo dry Mangrove forest forest total n forest forest n forest n forest forest Kalu Kalutara 20240 70 1266 21576 Ratnapura 48 15816 38194 4755 3545 4491 66849 Gin Galle 18903 187 1699 20789 Ratnapura 48 15816 38194 4755 3545 4491 66849 Nilwala Matara 519 166862174 516 6 2076 21977 Galle 18903 187 1699 20789 Sri Lanka Total 3108 68839 141549 24877 1094287 22411 8687 463842 2046599 Source: statistical compendium on natural resources management Sri Lanka – 2000, Ministry of Forestry and Environment

There are no national parks, strict nature reserves or important wetlands designated by the Central Environmental Authority in the four target basins. Protected costal areas are also not seen in the mouths of the four rivers. In addition, there are no eco-tourism areas designated by the Tourist board.

As for other protected areas, the basins include the following.

Table G.1.4 Protected areas in the four target basins

Basin Name of protected area Extent (ha) Date gazetted Sri Jayawaerdhenapura sanctuary 449.4 1985.01.09 Kelani Welhella-Katagilla sanctuary 134.4 1949.02.18 Peak wilderness sancturay 22379.9 1940.10.25 Kalu Peak wilderness sancturay 22379.9 1940.10.25 Gin None - - Nilwala Kiralakele N.D N.D Source: statistical compendium on natural resources management Sri Lanka – 2000, Ministry of Forestry and Environment (3) Social Environment

On site survey was conducted to obtain information on the social environment and livelihoods in the four target basins. Based on possible interventions for flood protection, 6 sites were selected for the survey.

Table G.1.5 Sites where on-site socio-economic surveys were conducted

District / River Site Proposed Measure Town Kelani Hanwella Pusweli Oya river basin Flood retarding basin Kalu Ratnapura Ratnapura (Reservoir area) Malwala dam and reservoir Kalu Ratnapura Ratnapura (town proper) Ring levee Kalu Kalutara Kalutara Flood bund Gin Agaliya Agaliya Flood bund (or river training works) Nilwala Akuressa Akuressa Flood bund (or river training works

Kelani River

Basic information

Kelani is one of 4 major rivers, Mahaweli, Kelani, Kalu and Walwe originated from Samanala Kanda (One of the hills in the central part of the city). The Kelani basin is not intensively used for agriculture as in the case of other basins such as Mahaweli and Walawe in the country . The upper portion of the Kalani river is used for bathing and other purposes by local people from small streams of the basin. The middle and lower portion of the river is used for industries and domestic use. The water supply schemes such as Ambatale and Kalatuwawe have been established in the lower section of the river.

G-6 Kelani River creates floods in its lower portion. The locations such as Kaduwela, Hanwella, and Kelaniya etc get flooded frequently.

There are no permanently established human settlements in the area close to the project site.

The people in the area are not activity involved in fishing of the river. Some members in the community catch fish for home consumption only during flooding of the river. The occasionally caught fish species include Hirikanaya, Pethiya, Moda and Teliya (these are common names used by local people). No one in the area involved in fishing in the river on commercial basis.

The most dominant livelihood activity in the area is brick making. About 50-75 locations of brick making are found in the area close to the project site. The land used for brick making is government. About 150 families in the area are involved in brick making in 50 -75 locations. A large number of labourers from the area itself and other places in Hanwella DS division work in these brick making sites. A brick making site with 3 laborers can earn about Rs. 62,500/- per month from the industry.

Hanwella / Flood retarding basin Site

There are no permanently established human settlements in the area close to the project site.

Kalu River

Basic Information

Kalu is one of the main four rivers originating from hill country. About 80% of the Kalu Ganga basin lies within Sabaragamuwa province and the balance is located in Western province. Four main tributaries carries water to the main stump of Kalu Ganga, these four tributaries include way Ganga, Kuru Ganga, Galturu Ganga and Kuda Ganga.

Kalu Ganga is not significantly used for agriculture compared to some other rivers that are predominantly agricultural. Small agriculture schemes can be observed in Kalu Ganga basin. The Kalu Ganga has been mainly used for three livelihood activities: sand mining, gem mining and domestic water.

Ratnapura in Sabaragamuwa province and Kalutara in Western province are the main administrative districts of Kalu Ganga basin. Seven divisional secretariat Divisions of Ratnapura and six divisional secretariats divisions in Kalutara can be categorized as second administrative divisions located within Kalu Ganga basin. The Kalu Ganga can be categorized into four zones in-terms of main land use pattern.

G-7 Ratnapura / Malwala dam and reservoir

Although the designated project area is not populated, the 10 GN divisions located around the project site have about 2,613 families, according to the calculations done by the sociologist with the community at a focus groups discussion. The population in the project neighboring area is about 9,289.

The areas close to the project site are mainly grown with tea and rubber, small patches of paddy land, coconut, cinnamon and other perennial crops.

About 80% to 90% of the houses in the immediate environment of project sites (10 GN divisions) are permanent structures. Most of the people in the area have access to drinking water and electricity and sanitary latrine facilities.

The communities living in the immediate environment of the project site are traditional farmers living in the area from generation to generation. Some of the second generation families have encroached river reservations and established their households. The lands in other areas far from the river reservations are freehold properties.

Nearly 50% of the families in 10 GN divisions are involved in different types of farming activities. The following income generation activities are performed by the rest of the families:

• Employment in government and private sector. • Sand mining • Gem mining • Other income generation activities such as daily paid labor, self employment, etc.

Ratnapura / Ring levee

Area is a plain-land and it can be categorized as lowest low-line area of Ratnapura DS division. The houses in this area are close to each other and its looks like a low income slum and shanty community. Some scattered large and multistory houses are also can be seen in the area.

According to the discussions held with the community leaders about 2,600 families can be found within 7 GN divisions. The headcount of these 2,600 families are about 8,963.

The main crops observed in the 7 GN division areas are tea and rubber, scattered patches of paddy, coconut and cinnamon.

Nearly 80% of the houses are permanent and the balance is temporary structures constructed close to each other. Even some of these temporary structures do not have sanitary latrine facilities.

Since the area is close to Ratnapura urban center people have access to facilities in Ratnapura town. The two roads, Gangaboda road and Muwagama road are located within the area. Muwagama road is rehabilitated but not others. The houses close to the Ratnapura town area have access to pipe water, but other houses are depending on natural streams for drinking water.

Nearly 40% of the employable people are involved in business activities in Ratnapura town, the others perform the following income generation activities:

• Sand mining • Gem mining • Government & private sector employment

G-8 Majority of the communities living in this area are Sinhala, but about 10% Muslim and 5% Tamil families also can be found.

Kalutara / Flood bund

According to the community leaders about 2,500 families are living in the seven GN divisions. The headcount of these families would be about 8,900.

The main crops observed in the area are coconut and paddy. A significant percentage of wetland and other unutilized lands with small bushes can be observed. Nearly 75% to 80% of the houses are permanent and significant number of temporary huts also can be observed in the area.

Nearly 50% of the employable persons are involved in private sector and other tourism related activities. The other income generation activities reported from the area include:

• Farming • Sand mining • Fishing

About 75% of the households can be categorized as urban people. Most of the householders located near river bank are poor. Their houses and household properties get affected due to frequent flood.

Colombo and Matara main road lies within the area close to the project site. Ethana Madala and Nagoda road is also another access that can be used by the people in the area. These two roads are in good condition but other interior roads used to reach houses are dilapidated mainly due to frequent storm water stagnation and river floods.

Nearly 905 of households have access to pipe-water provided by the water supply project established based on Kalu Ganga. Since the communities in the area are residing close to Kalutara town they have access to facilities available in Kalutara.

Gin Ganga

Basic Information

This river also originates from the area that Nilwala River originates, Sinharaja forest. Matara and Galle are the main administrative districts located within Gin Ganga basin. There are seven DS divisions are located within Gin Ganga basin in Matara and Galle district.

The main features of Gin River include:

• From Deniyaya to Tawalama the river flows through forest and river reservations is not encroached or developed by anybody. Certain locations of the river are used for bathing and washing by people. • The same features are observed from Tawalama to Hiniduma. • From Hiniduma to Baddegama some tea grown patches of lands are observed, some people have been encroached the river reservations for cultivation and construction of houses. • From Baddegama to Gintota is the section where river floods are reported. The water of the river of this section is polluted due to various reasons. The houses are located close to the river in this section. The river is wide and also some flood protection bunds constructed are observed. Coconut is the main crop grown in this area.

G-9 Agaliya / Flood bund site

The proposed flood bund in Gin Ganga is located in Agaliya GN division. The other GN divisions located around the proposed project area includes, Nugawelayaya, Obaragikada, Welihitiya, Elaudawela, Kuppiyawatta and Polganawela.

There had been few flood bunds constructed by one Chinese contractor according to the local communities but these bunds are not adequate to protect the entire flood affected area. According to the communities in the area there had been flood retention reservoir proposed but it had not been materialized.

Matara- Colombo highway also lies in the area near the proposed project.

The proposed project area mainly comprise of neglected paddy lands. The paddy lands are now neglected mainly due to frequent floods. About 8,500 people living in 2427 families in 7 GN divisions located near the project site are observed. Small tea grown lands are located in higher elevation areas in these 7 GN divisions.

The project area has access to electricity. Most of the people depend on shallow wells (ground water) for dinking water. The area has no access to pipe water facilitates. Except about 15% to 20% most of the other houses are permanent. The nearest town centre is Baddegama that is located about 10-12 km away from the proposed site. The people in the project area need to travel to Baddegama for various services such as health, education, marketing, etc.

Nearly 40%-45% of the families in the area can be categorized as farming communities. All others are depending on non-agriculture livelihood activities such as government and private sector employees and self employed.

Nilwala Ganga

Basic Information

Nilwala is the main river except famous four rivers of the country (Mahaweli, Kelani, Kalu and Walawe Ganga). This river basin is also not being heavily used for agriculture. Drinking water and sand mining are the main uses. Three main tributaries carry water to the main stump of Nilwala: Digili Oya, Kirama Ela and Hulanda Oya.

The main portion of Nilwala River is located within Matara district of Southern province. Seven divisional Secretariate divisions of Matara district lie within Nilwala basin.

The main features of Nilwala River include:

• From up-stream area up to Deniyaya, the river flows through tea and other forest land. Human settlements are not observed in the areas close to river bank. The section of the basin from Morawaka to Akuressa is mainly used for tea plantation. • The section from Akuressa to Malimboda is also used for tea and other perennial crops. Scattered locations close to the river are used for human settlements. • From Malimboda to Thihagoda scattered tea plantations can be seen and most of the lands close to the river are neglected due to frequent floods. • From Thihagoda to Matara the river is wide and due to frequent floods human settlement cannot

G-10 be seen in the area close to the river.

Akuressa / Flood bund site

The proposed project area in general is low lying area that gets inundated due to frequent floods. The river in this area flows through Akurassa-Matara road and Akurassa- Kadduwe road.

About 3,290 people in 1,038 families are reported from the project area. Most of the houses (more than 85%) are permanent. Almost all these permanent houses have access to electricity and latrine facilities. The people depend on ground water for drinking (shallow wells).

Matara –Akurassa road and Akurassa- Kadduwe road are near the proposed project site. These two roads are in good physical condition. But most of the interior roads are dilapidated.

The area has easy access to all main services available in Matara and Akurassa. All basic facilities are available in Matara and Akurassa townships (hospitals, schools and other facilities).

Most of the families are involved in non-agriculture income generation activities. Only about 25%- 30% of the families can be categorized as farming communities in the area.

The area is rural but, majority of the people in employable ages are involved in government or private sector employments. Flooding is a frequent problem for most of the families.

The lands near the river banks have been encroached by people for creating homesteads. Reservation of the river can not be seen in this area. The perennial crops such as jak, coconut, etc. are generally grown in home gardens.

G.1.3 Current Issues The “State of Environment in Sri Lanka” (MENR, 2002) identifies the following key environmental issues as the current concerns in Sri Lanka.

1) Land Degradation 2) Loss of Biological Diversity 3) Problems due to Poor Management of Inland Water Resources 4) Water Pollution 5) Problems Concerned with Waster Disposal 6) Loss of Forests and Wildlife 7) Costal Erosion

G.2 Legal Framework of Environmental and Social Considerations Laws, Regulations and Standards Related to Environmental and Social Issues Including Requirements and Procedures of Environmental Impact Assessment, Stakeholder Participation, and Information Disclosure

G.2.1 Introduction An Environmental Impact Assessment ensures that possible environmental impacts caused by various project activities of a proposed developmental project are identified at the planning stages and are taken into consideration. An Environmental Impact Assessment also evaluates potential alternatives to the

G-11 proposed project in order to select the best possible alternative to meet the project objectives and assists the project planners to make decisions that are based on understanding the environmental consequences of the project and on ways to minimize these damages.

In Sri Lanka, environmental protection and management is governed by National Environmental Act No.47 of 1980 (NEA) which was enacted in 1980 and subsequently amended in 1988 (Amendment Act No.56). The Central Environmental Authority (CEA), the primary agency in charge of implementing the regulations of the NEA was established in 1981 through the Part IV C of the statute entitled “Approval of Projects” of NEA. This part was later on amended by Act no 53 of 2000.

Act No 56 requires that development projects as prescribed by the Minister in charge of the subject of Environment and as given in NEA receive environmental clearance prior to been approved for implementation. In addition NEA also states the Agencies who are authorized to evaluate the project for compliance with regulations as “Project Approving Agencies –PAA”. The list of PAA as prescribed by the Minister under Section 23 Y of NEA in Gazette Extra – Ordinary No/ 978/ 13 of 4th June 1997.

CEA helps PAAs to performance its functions with respect to the EIA process through an EIA/PAA Inter- Agency Committee, which is convened by CEA and established under the chairmanship of the Secretary of the Ministry in charge of the subject of Environment. PAAs are required to establish their own procedures to match its organization and its needs. Each PAA is required to establish an EIA cell and an EIA oversight committee chaired by the head of that organization within the organization for the purpose.

For each project requiring an environmental clearance, PAA is required to form a temporary Technical Evaluation Committee (TEC) comprising of technical level people charged with all technical aspects of the EIA process. This committee is expected to prepare a report, “TEC Report” which will be used for decision making. Members from the EIA oversight committee, experts from within PAA, others from governmental agencies, NGOs, academic institutions, and elsewhere who have no conflict of interest with the preparation of the EIA by the PP are generally appointed to this committee. This committee is chaired by a member of the EIA cell of PAA and all the findings of the technical evaluations are communicated by the committee to the Oversight committee. In addition, TEC also serves as a monitoring arm to ensure compliance with EIA mitigation/ monitoring requirements.

The procedures that should be followed and the applicable regulations to achieve the EIA requirements of the NEA are given under the Section 23 CC of NEA. The responsibility for implementing the above provisions provided in the NEA lies with the CEA. The CEA itself is named as a PAA and any other agency appointed as the PAA for a specific project has to get the concurrence of the CEA for its decision.

Depending on the significance of the possible environmental impacts the assessments required are of two levels, an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or an EIA. PAAs generally determine the significance of the likely impacts based on both the context and intensity of the possible impacts. The contexts are the impact on the nation as a whole, impacts on a particular region or type of activity, and impacts on a specific community. The intensity of the impact refers to the severity, magnitude or nature of the likely impacts.

Whereas an Initial Environmental Evaluation Report (IEER) is a report that assesses the possible impacts of a prescribed project for their significance and identifies mitigation measures and recommendations, an Environmental Assessment Report (EIAR) is a more comprehensive document where alternatives to the proposed project are identified and the alternative with the least environmental impacts is assessed and mitigation measures for this option are recommended.

G-12 G.2.2 Procedure for Compliance with NEA regulations Figure G.2.1 schematically shows the sequential steps of complying with the EIA regulations as stated in NEA.

Step 1 Request for Preliminary Information

As the fist step of the EIA process the lead agency of the project or the Project Proponent (PP) is required to submit to CEA the preliminary information (PI) on the proposed project as early as possible. The required information includes a description of the nature, location and possible impacts of the proposed project. CEA has prepared checklists and questionnaires for general as well as specific project categories to collect this information. In certain instances CEA requires these information to be supplemented by location maps and other details.

The preliminary information thus supplied helps PAA decide whether the project requires to undergo a detailed EIA or whether an IEE is sufficient. In some cases the PI submitted is adequate by itself to serve as an IEE provided it is comprehensive. That decision is taken by PAA.

Once the PI is submitted, PAA reviews it for adequacy and if found adequate acknowledges the receipt of the information in writing to the PP within 6 days. If on the other hand the information is found inadequate, PAA will inform of that to the PP as early as possible

Step 2 Scoping

Once adequate PI is submitted to the PAA a “Scoping Exercise” is conducted to determine the scope of issues to be addressed and to identify significant issues related to a proposed action. Scoping process involves participation of all concerned agencies (responsible for wildlife, health, water, land use, tourism etc.), the PP and other stakeholders. After the scoping exercise the PAA determines whether the project requires an IEE or an EIA; If it is an IEE whether the information already supplied suffice as an IEE; the scope of the significant issues to be analysed in the assessment report; reasonable alternatives that should be further investigated in the assessment and issues which need not be studied in detail since previous studies already contain these information.

The main outcome of scoping is the “Terms of Reference” for the IEE/EIA. Scoping also gives the format of the report to be submitted, sets page limits for the assessment report, set schedules and necessary time periods and identifies categories of expertise required.

Step 3 Report Preparation

Upon receipt of the TOR, the PP appoints a team of consultants to conduct the environmental assessment according to the requirements of the TOR and prepare the assessment report which is submitted to the PAA who will evaluate it through its TEC for adequacy. If found to be not adequate further information will be requested for and once the PAA is satisfied as to the adequacy of the report it will be open for the commenting process.

Step 4 Commenting Process

EIA process in Sri Lanka involves the public at this stage by opening the assessment report for public comments. This is a mandatory requirement in the cases of EIA, whereas in the cases of IEE it is not so. NEA specifies that a notice of availability of the EIA report for public review must be inserted in

G-13 one Sinhala, Tamil, and English newspaper, as well as the Government Gazette. The document is open for public review for 30 days. Upon receipt of the public comments the PAA decides whether the case warrants a public hearing. The public comments received during the 30 day period are sent to the project proponent for their response. The possible responses by the PP may include: modification of alternatives and mitigation measures; develop new alternatives; supplement, improve or modify the EIA analysis; make factual corrections and/or explain why the comments are not justifiable. The final statement of EIA should include all substantive comments received on the draft EIA report.

Step 5 Decision Making

PAA, in concurrence with CEA, shall grant approval for the project subject to specified conditions or refuse to approve the project giving reasons for doing so. If the clearance is rejected, the PP can appeal the decision to the Secretary of the Ministry of the Environment. A member of the public who has grievance about the decision regarding environmental clearance can seek an appeal in only in the court.

The approval must include appropriate mitigation conditions and must establish the monitoring processes and monitoring responsibilities of public/ private agencies.

Step 6 Monitoring

The EIA process continues through project implementation by way of monitoring of project environment and compliance to approval conditions.

G-14 Preliminary Information(PI)

Scoping

IEE required IEE or EIA? EIA required

No PI accepted as IEE Set TOR Set TOR

Preparation of IEE Report Preparation of EIA Report

Public Notice Yes Adequacy of Report

No Forward Comments to Project Proponent(PP) Further Information

Public Notice Response to Comments by PP Forward Comments to Project Proponent(PP)

Decision? Response to Comments by PP Approved with Not Approved Conditions

Decision? Notice to Public Appeal

Approved with Not Approved Conditions

Notice to Public Appeal

Source: Guidance for Implementing the Environmental Impact Assessment Process – No 1: A general guide for Project Approving Agencies (CEA: 1998) Figure G.2.1 Environmental Assessment Process in Sri Lanka

G.2.3 JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations For projects considered by JICA for its clearance guidelines for environmental and social considerations are given by JICA. According to these guidelines projects are categorized into three according to the extent of environmental and social impacts. The Categorization takes into consideration the outline of the project, the scale, the site condition, and the environmental impact assessment scheme in the host country. The categories are:

G-15 Category A:

Projects which are likely to cause significant adverse, complicated, unprecedented impacts which are difficult to assess, irreversible, and wide range of impacts on the environment and society fall into this category. Projects requiring a detailed environment impact assessment by environmental laws and the standards of the recipient governments also belong to Category A. Category A also includes in principle projects in sensitive sectors (i.e., characteristics that are liable to cause adverse environmental impact) and projects located in or near sensitive areas.

Category B:

Projects under this category are liable to cause less adverse impacts on the environment and society than Category A projects and are generally site-specific. Most are not irreversible and in general normal mitigation measures are adequate.

Category C:

These projects are likely to have only minimal or little adverse impacts on the environment and society.

JICA conducts EIA-level environmental and social considerations studies including a monitoring plan, an institutional arrangement, and mitigation measures to avoid, minimize or compensate for adverse impacts in line with the TOR and in collaboration with the recipient governments for Category A projects. For Category B projects in accordance with the TOR, JICA conducts IEE-level environmental and social considerations studies in which are analyzed alternatives including a “without project” situation.

JICA Guidelines requires that projects considered by them must comply with laws, ordinances and standards relating to environmental and social considerations established by the governments that have jurisdiction over the project site. Since the Sri Lanka government has own EIA system the proposed projects will be subjected to obtain environmental certificate under NEA.

G.2.4 Necessity of EIA and support for ESC through this Study The procedures for EIA in Sri Lanka aims to evaluate actual projects, in order to provide clearance together with required measures to mitigate its environmental impacts. In this regard, provisions for assessing the formulation of master plans are not indicated in the framework of EIA.

In regard of the Flood Management Plan, there is a possibility of some activities having involuntary resettlement of 100 households or more, deforestation of 1 ha or more, or activities in protected areas. If such conditions are applied, these activities will be required to undergo the EIA procedures.

Decisions on the requirements of EIA are made among individual projects based on Preliminary Information (PI) submittal to the PAAs. It is difficult to specify activities in the Flood Management Plan requiring EIA at the point of the Study, where details of the activities are not determined. Therefore, support for ESC through this Study shall be up to the level of PI preparation and proposal of necessary measures for mitigating the negative impacts of the activities in the Flood Management Plan. Furthermore, the results of ESC shall be shared among relevant agencies through explanation at meetings to share the

G-16 results of the Study. However, further consultation with public shall be done at the stage of EIA procedures based on the legislative framework of Sri Lanka.

G.3 Adverse Environmental and Social Impacts Identified Based on the contents of the structural flood protection measures, the following adverse environmental and social impacts were identified.

(1) Kelani River

Improvement of existing sluices

There are 9 existing sluice gates located in the lower reaches of the Kelani River along the populated areas of Biyagama Division. The rehabilitation and repair of existing sluice gates may have temporary impact on water quality through increased turbulence. With regards to the scale of construction, the impact is expected to be minor. Timing the construction works during seasons with less rainfall, as well as sealing of the construction site by sheet piles may be adopted to reduce such impact.

New sluices

In addition to existing sluice gates, construction of 9 new sluice gates is planned in the lower reaches of Kelani River. This will be implemented together with the extension of flood bunds and is expected to have the same level of impacts as improvement of existing sluices as stated above. On the other hand, the location of the new sluice gates shall be carefully examined so that existing houses are not left outside of the sluice gates, where inundation can worsen.

Bank protection

Bank protection works will be carried out along the lower reaches of Kelani River to prevent river bank erosion. The total length of the protection works is estimated to be 670 m. Protection works not only will secure the personal properties of people residing along the river, but will also prevent the collapse of flood bunds. Overall, the works will have a positive impact on the local society, but there is a possibility of change in the accessibility to the river. Access-ways and platforms shall be installed in bank protection areas to facilitate conventional use of river waters (washing, ferry rides, etc.). Furthermore, bank protection in certain locations may affect the hydrology of other areas and result in new riverbank erosion. Examination of hydrological changes is required at the stage of detailed design.

Construction methods and machines to be used should also be considered in order to avoid pollution at the construction stage.

Flood bund (short term)

Extension of flood bund for the total length of nearly 35 km (left bank: 15 km, right bank: 19.6 km) is planned for the lower stretches of Kelani river. This may require involuntary resettlement for a limited number of people residing along the river side. Due consideration must be given to the people to be resettled. A detailed examination of the people to be resettled is further required to identify possible measures for mitigation. Furthermore, the design of the flood bunds shall be carefully examined so that existing houses are not left outside of the flood bunds, where inundation can worsen.

G-17 Conventional use of river water may be hampered due to lowered accessibility to the river. Thus access ways and platforms shall be installed in flood bund areas to facilitate conventional use of river waters (washing, ferry rides, etc.). Construction methods and machines to be used should also be considered in order to avoid pollution at the construction stage.

Flood bund (long term)

The long term plan for flood bund only consists of heightening the flood bunds constructed in the short term plan. Thus, environmental and social factors are not likely to change by the implementation of this plan alone. However, construction methods and machines to be used should also be considered in order to avoid pollution at the construction stage.

Dam and reservoir (Nawata dam)

Due to the high rate of development in the upstream areas, as well as its requirements for in-depth studies on its benefits derived by multiple-use, implementation of dam schemes in Kelani river as concrete projects are not considered at this point. However, with regards to its high effectiveness in flood control, a preliminary examination with rough assumptions is done. Examination is done with the existing plan of Nawata dam, located upstream of Ruwanwella with the dam height of 59 m.

Depending on the location of the dam, hundreds of households may be forced to resettle, and conventional economic activities will be distorted. Other negative impacts that may be caused by implementation are: existing infrastructure, usage of local resources, cultural heritage, hydrological situation, fauna/flora/bio-diversity landscape, and pollution due to construction activities. Mitigation measures may reduce the negative impact on issues such as infrastructure and pollution. However, in consideration of the magnitude of impact, the project shall be considered to have significant impact particularly to the local society. To find out possibilities for minimizing the negative social impact by the dam, detailed socio-economic studies followed by the preparation of a resettlement action plan, including measures for compensating not only the land itself, but also the livelihoods of the local stakeholders is required. The contents of such plans must be duly informed to all stakeholders and consensus must be built to assure its viability.

Retarding basin

A total of 7 flood retarding basins (A=46.7km2) are considered in the lower stretches of the Kelani River. These are low lying areas which already have the natural function as flood retarding basins. The basic idea is to protect such areas through designation as legally protected areas. Thus the natural conditions of the basins will basically not change. However, control of land use may affect the landowners of the areas because it will prohibit them from developing their land. Measures of compensation such as land lease contracts between the stakeholders and the government should be examined to mitigate this issue.

(2) Kalu River

New sluice

There are 33 new sluice gates planned in the lower reaches of Kalu River, covering areas along the river in the divisions of Kalurtara, Millaniya and Dodangoda. The gates are of small scale, with the

G-18 purpose of protecting the areas from back water during the floods. The areas of which the gates are planned include low lying areas along the river, which may be further inundated when the gates are closed. To avoid conflict, information about the sluice shall be shared among the local residents. The actual location of the gates should be discussed among stakeholders and consensus should be built.

The construction of these gates may have temporary impact on water quality through increased turbulence. In regard of the scale of construction, the impact is expected to be minor. Timing the construction works during seasons with less rainfall, as well as sealing of the construction site by sheet piles may be adopted to reduce such impact.

Ring levee (Ratnapura)

The ring levee for the flood protection of the urban areas of Ratnapura consists of concrete walls with the total of 6.2 km and embankments with a total of 6.4 km. The height of the levee will be either 4.0 m or 2.9 m depending on the combination of the structural measures to be implemented. A part of the areas facing Kalu River is a dense commercial area, and thus the construction of levee may affect the area through possible resettlement of houses or commercial facilities. In order to avoid the impact as much as possible, concrete walls structures are applied for a part of the structure of the levee. The levees, constructed on the top of the cliffs facing the major rivers will generally not affect the hydrology of the rivers. However, at the time of floods, the existence of the levee may induce flooding in adjacent areas. To avoid conflict, information about the levee plan shall be shared not only for the residents covered, but also to the residents of the surrounding areas. The actual location of the levee should be discussed among stakeholders and consensus should be built.

Other impacts of the ring levee include hampering of access to rivers and pollution due to construction. Installation of access ways as well as construction methods and machines used should be considered to mitigate such impacts.

Flood bund (short term)

Extension of flood bund for the total length of nearly 21 km (left bank: 9.6 km, right bank: 11.7 km) is planned for the lower stretches of Kalu river. This may require involuntary resettlement for a limited number of people residing along the river side. Due consideration must be given to the people to be resettled. A detailed examination of the people to be resettled is further required to identify possible measures for mitigation. Furthermore, the design of the flood bunds shall be carefully examined so that existing houses are not left outside of the flood bunds, where inundation can worsen.

Conventional use of river water may be hampered due to lowered accessibility to the river. Thus access ways and platforms shall be installed in flood bund areas to facilitate conventional use of river waters (washing, ferry rides, etc.). Construction methods and machines to be used should also be considered in order to avoid pollution at the construction stage.

Flood bund (long term)

The long term plan for flood bund only consists of heightening the flood bunds constructed in the short term plan. Thus environmental and social factors are not likely to change by the implementation of this plan alone. However, methods and machines to be used should also be considered in order to avoid pollution at the construction stage.

G-19 New pump house

In addition to the flood bunds, the construction of new pump houses in the downstream areas of Kalu River is planned to mitigate the damage of inundation in the Kalutara area. This shall also be planned in the premises of the flood bunds to minimize the necessity of land acquisition. Construction methods and machines to be used should also be considered in order to avoid pollution at the construction stage.

Dam and reservoir (Malwala)

The Malwala dam is planned approximately 3 km upstream of the center of Ratnapura town, with the dam height of 70.8 m. The reservoir of the dam will reach as much as around 8 km northwards and 4 km eastwards. This will result in the submerging of numerous communities along the rivers as well as the agricultural areas developed in the low lying areas and in the mountain sides. Gem mining, which is one of the major economic activities in the area will also be affected. Furthermore, the area of which to be submerged by the dam also includes a portion of two “category B” national roads as well as a well known temple near Lansdowne.

Other negative impacts of the dam include: change of hydrological situation, flora / fauna / biodiversity, landscape and pollution due to construction works. Mitigation measures may reduce the negative impact on issues such as infrastructure and pollution. However, in consideration of the magnitude of impact, the project shall be considered to have significant impact particularly to the local society. To find out possibilities for minimizing the negative social impact by the dam, detailed socio-economic studies followed by the preparation of a resettlement action plan, including measures for compensating not only the land itself, but also the livelihoods of the local stakeholders is required. The contents of such plans must be duly informed to all stakeholders and consensus must be built to assure its viability.

Ratnapura bypass canal

The Ratnapura bypass canal is planned to connect the up stream of the Rarnapura urban area to Moha Ela. The planned area is mostly farmland with limited number of houses. Thus involuntary resettlement, if any, will be at a limited extent. However, the farming activities practiced in the area could be more or less hampered. Detailed examination on land use should be examined to understand the actual impact in this regard. The topographical features of the area, hydrology and landscape may change as the plan involves a considerable amount of excavation works. The area is conventionally utilized by human, and the natural features have been altered through history. However, considering that the area is relatively rich in flora, the effect on flora / fauna / biodiversity should be further evaluated at the stage of detailed planning.

(3) Gin River

New sluice

9 New sluice gates will be constructed in the lower reaches of Gin River to mitigate the damage of backwaters during floods. The areas of which the gates are planned include low lying areas along the river, which may be further inundated when the gates are closed. To avoid conflict, information about the gates shall be shared among the local residents. The actual location of the gates should be discussed among stakeholders and consensus should be built. Furthermore, the location of the new

G-20 sluice gates shall be carefully examined so that existing houses are not left outside of the sluice gates, where inundation can worsen.

The construction of sluice gates may also have temporary impact on water quality through increased turbulence. In regard of the scale of construction, the impact is expected to be minor. Construction works during seasons with less rainfall, as well as sealing of the construction site by sheet piles may be adopted to reduce such impact.

Rehabilitation of existing pump

Rehabilitation works are planned for 10 pumping stations in the lower reaches of the Gin River. Rehabilitation works will basically take place in the existing plot of the pumping stations, thus negative impact is expected to be temporary and minor. However, in some locations, houses are seen in the low flow channels of the river. The residents in such areas may be affected by the functioning of the pumps. To avoid conflict, information about the pump stations shall be shared among the local residents.

Mound dike

In order to secure evacuation grounds for residents who cannot be covered by flood bunds, 3 mound dikes with the total area of 51,000 m3 is planned in the lower reaches of the Gin River. Involuntary resettlement may not be a major issue because the mound dikes will basically be constructed on the outside of the flood bunds, where houses are not necessarily densely built. Though covered with vegetation, the areas which are partially developed, do not resemble a purely natural environment.

The construction of the mound dikes may have temporary impact on factors such as air pollution, noise and vibration, due to considerable amount of construction works. Construction methods and machines should be selected to minimize such impacts. Water quality is not likely to be affected in premise that the works will be done during the dry season.

Flood bund (short term, including extension of bunds in long term)

Extension of flood bund may reach a total length of nearly 16 km (left bank: 8.4 km, right bank: 7.6 km) in the lower stretches of Gin river, depending on the alternatives taken. This may require involuntary resettlement for a limited number of people residing along the river side. Due consideration must be given to the people to be resettled. A detailed examination of the people to be resettled is further required to identify possible measures for mitigation. Furthermore, the design of the flood bunds shall be carefully examined so that existing houses are not left outside of the flood bunds, where inundation can worsen.

Flood bund (long term, heightening)

The long term plan for flood bund only consists of heightening the flood bunds constructed in the short term plan. Thus environmental and social factors are not likely to change by the implementation

G-21 of this plan alone. However, methods and machines to be used should also be considered in order to avoid pollution at the construction stage.

New pump house

In addition to the flood bunds, the construction of 8 new pump houses is planned in the downstream areas of Gin River. This shall also be planned in the premises of the flood bunds to minimize the necessity of land acquisition. Construction methods and machines to be used should also be considered in order to avoid pollution at the construction stage.

Dam and reservoir (Jasmin dam)

The Jasmin dam is planned in the upstream of the Gin River, in the northern side of Hinduma East lhala. Construction of the dam will submerge Jasmin Valley and Habarakada East area. This will result in the submerging of numerous communities along the rivers as well as the agricultural areas developed in the mountain sides. Furthermore, the surrounding area is recently being developed as the center of Hinduma division. In considering the implementation of the plan, adjustments must be made with the newly built facilities such as the Divisional Secretary’s office. In addition, the area of which to be submerged by the dam also includes a portion of two “category B” national roads.

(4) Nilwala River

New sluice

11 New sluice gates will be constructed in the lower reaches of Nilwala River to mitigate the damage of backwaters during floods. The areas of which the gates are planned include low lying areas along the river, which may be further inundated when the gates are closed. To avoid conflict, information about the gates shall be shared among the local residents. The actual location of the gates should be discussed among stakeholders and consensus should be built. Furthermore, the location of the new sluice gates shall be carefully examined so that existing houses are not left outside of the sluice gates, where inundation can worsen.

G-22 Rehabilitation of existing pump

Rehabilitation works are planned for 3 pumping stations in the lower reaches of the Nilwala River. Rehabilitation works will basically take place in the existing plot of the pumping stations, thus negative impact for construction is expected to be temporary and minor. However, there is indication of pyrite1 widely spreading in the downstream areas of Gin River. This means that there is significant potential for the soils to become severely acidic under excessive drainage. In fact, some areas in the western side of the River are reported to have altered into acidic sulfate soils after the operation of the existing pumps. A detailed soil survey shall be conducted to identify the distribution of pyrite in the area, and water management plans taking into regard the necessity of water logging of these areas should be prepared before starting the rehabilitation works for the existing pumps.

Mound dike

In order to secure evacuation grounds for residents who cannot be covered by flood bunds, 3 mound dikes with total area of 62,000 m3 is planned in the lower reaches of the Nilwala River. Involuntary resettlement may not be a major issue because the mound dikes will basically be constructed on the outside of the flood bunds, where houses are not necessarily densely built. Though covered with vegetation, the areas, partially developed, do not resemble a purely natural environment.

The construction of the mound dikes may have temporary impact on factors such as air pollution, noise and vibration, due to considerable amount of construction works. Construction methods and machines should be selected to minimize such impacts. Water quality is not likely to be affected on the assumption that the works will be done during the dry season.

Flood bund (short term)

Extension of flood bund may reach a total length of nearly 17 km (left bank: 9.5 km, right bank: 7.5 km) in the lower stretches of Nilwala river. This may require involuntary resettlement for a limited number of people residing along the river side. Due consideration must be given to the people to be resettled. A detailed examination of the people to be resettled is further required to identify possible measures for mitigation. Furthermore, the design of the flood bunds shall be carefully examined so that existing houses are not left outside of the flood bunds, where inundation can worsen.

Flood bund (long term, heightening)

The long term plan for flood bunds only consists of heightening the flood bunds constructed in the short term plan. Thus environmental and social factors are not likely to change by the implementation of this plan alone. However, methods and machines to be used should also be considered in order to avoid pollution at the construction stage.

1 A type of mineral formed under sulfate-rich anaerobic conditions. Shows strong acidity when exposed to oxygen.

G-23 New pump house

In addition to the flood bunds, the construction of new pump houses in the downstream areas of Nilwala River is planned to mitigate the damage of inundation. This shall also be planned in the premises of the flood bunds to minimize the necessity of land acquisition. Likewise, as for the rehabilitation of existing pumps, careful examination to prevent the occurrence of acidic sulfate soils shall be conducted before implementation.

Dam and Reservoir (Siyambalagoda dam)

The Siyamgalagoda dam is planned in the upstream of the Nilwala river, near the Siyambalagoda west area. Construction of the dam will submerge the valley along Siyambagoda east, which is dominated by tea plantations. Though the magnitude of involuntary resettlement for this dam is smaller than the dams planned in the other rivers, the construction of the dam is likely to have a considerable effect on the local society, particularly in terms of livelihood. Impact to the flora / fauna / biodiversity should also be noted as the Mulatiyana forest reserve is located next to the planned reservoir.

Other negative impacts of the dam include: change of hydrological situation, landscape and pollution due to construction works. Mitigation measures may reduce the negative impact on issues such as infrastructure and pollution. To find out possibilities for minimizing the negative social impact by the dam, detailed socio-economic studies followed by the preparation of a resettlement action plan, including measures for compensating not only the land itself, but also the livelihoods of the local stakeholders is required. The contents of such plans must be duly informed to all stakeholders and consensus must be reached to assure its viability.

Bypass canal (Akuressa)

The bypass canal of Akuressa is planned to connect the mid steam portions of the Nilwala river near Panadugama and Balukwala. The planned area is mostly farmland with limited number of houses. Thus involuntary resettlement, if any, will be at a limited extent. However, the farming activities practiced in the area could be more or less hampered. Detailed examination on land use should be examined to understand the actual impact in this regard. The topographical features of the area, hydrology and landscape may be due to change as the plan involves excavation works at a considerable level. The areas are conventionally utilized by human and the natural features have been altered through history. However, since the area is relatively rich in flora, the effect on flora / fauna / biodiversity should be further considered at the stage of detailed planning.

G-24 Table G.3.1 Modified Scoping Matrix (Short Term Measures) Application Kelani ○ ○ ○ Kalu ○ ○ ○ Gin ○ ○ ○ ○ Nilwala ○ ○ ○ ○

Structural Measures

new sluice Evaluation Evaluation

Environmental Ring Levee Flood Bund Mound Dike Extension and and Extension Existing Pump Existing Pump Construction of Construction Construction of Construction Bank Protection Bank Protection Improvement of Improvement of existing sluices / / sluices existing Rehabilitation of of Rehabilitation Items of Rehabilitation Social Environment 1 Involuntary Resettlement B D B D D B D Local economy such as 2 B D B C D B D employment and livelihood, etc. Land use and utilization of local 3 C D C C D C D resources Social institutions such as social 4 infrastructure and local decision- D D D D D D D making institutions Existing social infrastructures 5 C D C D D C C and services The poor, indigenous and ethnic 6 C D D D D C D people Misdistribution of benefit and 7 C D B D D D C damage 8 Cultural heritage C D D D D C D 9 Local conflict of interests C D B D D C C Water Usage or Water Rights 10 C D C C D C D and Rights of Common 11 Sanitation C D C D D C D Hazards (Risk) Infectious 12 C C C D D C D diseases such as HIV/AIDS 13 Gender C D C C D C D Natural Environment Topography and Geographical 14 D D C D D D C features 15 Soil Erosion D D D C D C D 16 Groundwater D D D D D D D 17 Hydrological Situation C D C C D C D 18 Coastal Zone C D D C C C D 19 Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity C C C C D C C 20 Meteorology D D D D D D D 21 Landscape C D B C D D C 22 Global Warming D D D D D D D Pollution 23 Air Pollution C D C C D C C 24 Water Pollution C C C C D C C 25 Soil Contamination D D D D D D D 26 Waste D Ｄ D ＤＤＤＤ 27 Noise and Vibration C Ｄ C C D C C 28 Ground Subsidence D D D D D D D 29 Offensive Odor D D D D D D D 30 Bottom sediment D D D D D D D 31 Accidents D Ｄ D ＤＤＤＤ

G-25 Table G.3.2 Modified Scoping Matrix (Mid-Long Term Measures) Application Kelani ○ ○ ○ Kalu ○ ○ ○ ○ Gin ○ ○ ○ Nilwala ○ ○ ○ ○

Structural Measures No Dam

Basin

Environmental Evaluation Flood Bund Extension of Extension Bypass Canal Multi-purpose Construction of Construction Flood Retarding Items and Heightening New Pump House Social Environment 1 Involuntary Resettlement B B B B D C Local economy such as 2 B B C C B B employment and livelihood, etc. Land use and utilization of local 3 B C B C C B resources Social institutions such as social 4 infrastructure and local decision- D D D D D D making institutions Existing social infrastructures 5 B C C C D D and services The poor, indigenous and ethnic 6 C C C C D C people Misdistribution of benefit and 7 B D C D D B damage 8 Cultural heritage C C C C D D 9 Local conflict of interests D C C C D C Water Usage or Water Rights 10 C C C C D C and Rights of Common 11 Sanitation C D D C D D Hazards (Risk) Infectious 12 C C D D D D diseases such as HIV/AIDS 13 Gender C C D C D D Natural Environment Topography and Geographical 14 B D C C D B features 15 Soil Erosion C C C D D D 16 Groundwater D D D D D D 17 Hydrological Situation C C C C D C 18 Coastal Zone C C D C D C 19 Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity C C C C D C 20 Meteorology D D D D D D 21 Landscape C D C C D C 22 Global Warming D D D D D D Pollution 23 Air Pollution C C C C D C 24 Water Pollution C C C D D C 25 Soil Contamination B D D D D B 26 Waste C Ｄ C C D D 27 Noise and Vibration C C C C D C 28 Ground Subsidence D D D D D D 29 Offensive Odor D D D D D D 30 Bottom sediment C D D D D D 31 Accidents D ＤＤＤ D D

G-26 G.4 Mitigation Measures for Major Environmental / Social Impacts Mitigation measures for the expected negative impacts to the environmental and social factors in the four rivers are proposed in Tables G.4.1 to G.4.4

G-27

Table G.4.1 Envisioned Mitigation Measures (Kelani River)

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures Improvement C Hazards (Risk) Installation of flood protection structures may block the - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. of Existing Infectious diseases current flow pattern during flood periods and result in - Plan and execute appropriate operation and maintenance works of facilities Sluices / such as HIV/AIDS increased flood situation in certain areas. New Sluice C Flora, Fauna and Installation of flood protection structures may block the - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage Biodiversity current flow pattern during flood periods and result in - Further confirmation of important areas that may be influenced based on the results of Water Pollution disturbing ecosystems dependant on periodical flooding hydrological studies - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence protected areas - Consider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems Bank C Local economy such Though at a limited level, bank protection works may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum Protection as employment and obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering influence livelihood, etc. economic activities such as fishing and gem mining. - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds C Land use and Though at a limited level, bank protection works may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum utilization of local obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering influence resources the use of river resources - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds

G-28 C Water Usage or Though at a limited level, bank protection works may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum Water Rights and obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering influence Rights of Common the use of river resources - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds C Gender Though at a limited level, bank protection works may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering influence access for washing and water collection - Install paths to access water surfaces C Soil Erosion Bank protection may alter the current flow pattern during - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. flood periods and result in increased bank erosion in - Plan and execute appropriate operation and maintenance works of facilities unprotected areas - Implementation of bank protection works in combination with flood bunds C Hydrological Bank protection may alter the conventional flow of flood - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Situation waters and result in worsened flood situations in other - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. areas. C Coastal Zone Bank protection may alter the current flow pattern during - Further study on location of important costal ecosystems and possibility of influence flood periods and result in affecting important ecosystems - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence in the costal zones protected areas C Flora, Fauna and Bank protection may alter the current flow pattern during - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage Biodiversity flood periods and result in disturbing ecosystems - Further confirmation of important areas that may be influenced based on the results of dependant on periodical flooding hydrological studies - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence protected areas - Consider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems C Landscape Construction of new structures may affect the surrounding - Consideration on type and design of structure landscape depending on their scale and location - Consideration of vegetation cover on structure

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures Bank C Air Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines Protection the neighboring area by dust and emission gas - Appropriate management of construction sites C Water Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily bare - Apply methods to minimize turbulence (block water with sheet piles during construction, turbulence works in dry season, etc.) C Noise and Vibration Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area through noise and vibration - Appropriate management of construction sites Flood Bund B Involuntary Acquisition of land for extension and construction of new - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence (short term) Resettlement bunds may result in a number of involuntary resettlement - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of of local residents resettlement and support for the resettled households B Local economy such Extension and construction of new flood bunds may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum as employment and obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering influence livelihood, etc. economic activities such as fishing, gem mining and - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood operation of small ferries. bunds C Land use and Extension and construction of new flood bunds may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum utilization of local obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering influence resources the use of river resources. - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds C Existing social Extension and construction of new bunds may influence - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood infrastructures and access of conventional transportation services (small cargo bunds services / passenger boats, etc).

G-29 C The poor, indigenous Acquisition of land for construction of new bunds may - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence and ethnic people influence the poor through involuntary resettlement - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of resettlement and support for the resettled households C Cultural heritage Construction of new bunds may influence cultural heritage - Detailed examination of distribution of cultural heritage and sites of local importance if any - Avoid construction at locations of important cultural sites - Consider detours for cultural sites at stage of detailed design. C Local conflict of Construction of new bunds may alter the conventional flow - Detailed planning and design based on detailed hydrological studies interests of flood waters and result in worsened flood situations in - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. other areas. C Water Usage or Extension and construction of new flood bunds may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum Water Rights and obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering influence Rights of Common the use of common river resources. - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds C Sanitation Blocking of water by new structures may result in local - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. stagnation of water, which may lead to increased vector borne diseases C Hazards (Risk) Extension of Flood Bunds may block the current flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Infectious diseases pattern during flood periods and result in increased flood - Plan and execute appropriate operation and maintenance works of facilities such as HIV/AIDS situation in certain areas. C Gender Though at a limited level, bank protection works may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering influence access for washing and water collection - Install paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds C Soil Erosion Construction of new bunds may block the current flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. pattern and result in changes of hydrological situation in - Plan and execute appropriate operation and maintenance works of facilities the downstream areas - Implementation of bank protection works in combination with flood bunds

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures Flood Bund C Hydrological Construction of new bunds may alter the conventional flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. (short term) Situation of flood waters and result in worsened flood situations in - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. other areas. C Coastal Zone Construction of new bunds may have impact on the - Further study on location of important costal ecosystems and possibility of influence important ecosystems in the costal zones through the - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence change in river flow. protected areas C Flora, Fauna and Extension of Rehabilitation of Flood Bunds may block the - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage Biodiversity current flow pattern during flood periods and result in - Further confirmation of important areas that may be influenced based on the results of disturbing ecosystems dependant on periodical flooding hydrological studies - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence protected areas - Consider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems C Air Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area by dust and emission gas - Appropriate management of construction sites C Water Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily bare - Apply methods to minimize turbulence (block water with sheet piles during construction, turbulence works in dry season, etc.) C Noise and Vibration Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area through noise and vibration - Appropriate management of construction sites Flood Bund B Involuntary Acquisition of land for extension of bunds may result in a - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence

G-30 (long term) Resettlement number of involuntary resettlement of local residents - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of resettlement and support for the resettled households B Local economy such Construction of new flood bunds may obstruct easy access - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum as employment and to the river and result in hampering economic activities influence livelihood, etc. such as fishing, gem mining and operation of small ferries. - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds C Land use and Construction of new bunds may obstruct easy access to - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum utilization of local the river and result in hampering the use of river resources. influence resources - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds C Existing social Construction of new bunds may influence access of - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood infrastructures and conventional transportation services (small cargo / bunds services passenger boats, etc). C The poor, indigenous Acquisition of land for extension of bunds may influence - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence and ethnic people the poor through involuntary resettlement - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of resettlement and support for the resettled households C Cultural heritage Construction of new flood bunds may influence cultural - Detailed examination of distribution of cultural heritage and sites of local importance heritage if any - Avoid construction at locations of important cultural sites - Consider detours for cultural sites at stage of detailed design. C Local conflict of Construction of new bunds may alter the conventional flow - Detailed planning and design based on detailed hydrological studies interests of flood waters and result in worsened flood situations in - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. other areas. C Water Usage or Construction of new bunds may obstruct easy access to - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood Water Rights and common river resources bunds Rights of Common - Monitoring of fisheries resources

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures Flood Bund C Hazards (Risk) Construction of new Flood Bunds may block the current - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. (long term) Infectious diseases flow pattern during flood periods and result in increased - Plan and execute appropriate operation and maintenance works of facilities such as HIV/AIDS flood situation in certain areas. C Gender Though at a limited level, bank protection works may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering influence access for washing and water collection - Install paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds C Soil Erosion Construction of new bunds may block the current flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. pattern and result in changes of hydrological situation in - Plan and execute appropriate operation and maintenance works of facilities the downstream areas - Implementation of bank protection works in combination with flood bunds C Hydrological Construction of new bunds may alter the conventional flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Situation of flood waters and result in worsened flood situations in - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. other areas. C Coastal Zone Construction of new bunds may have impact on the - Further study on location of important costal ecosystems and possibility of influence important ecosystems in the costal zones through the - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence change in river flow. protected areas C Flora, Fauna and Construction of new Bunds may block the current flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage Biodiversity pattern during flood periods and result in disturbing - Further confirmation of important areas that may be influenced based on the results of ecosystems dependant on periodical flooding hydrological studies - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence protected areas - Consider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems G-31

C Landscape Construction of new structures may affect the surrounding - Consideration on type and design of structure landscape depending on their scale and location - Consideration of vegetation cover on structure C Air Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area by dust and emission gas - Appropriate management of construction sites C Water Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily bare - Apply methods to minimize turbulence (block water with sheet piles during construction, turbulence works in dry season, etc.) C Noise and Vibration Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area through noise and vibration - Appropriate management of construction sites Dam and B Involuntary Acquisition of land for construction of dam and reservoir - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence Reservoir Resettlement may result in a considerable number of involuntary - Conduct detailed inventory / socio-economic survey on local residents that may be affected (Nawata) resettlement of local residents - Conduct meetings to share information on the overall construction plan, procedures for resettlement, schedule and grievance redress. - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of resettlement and support for the resettled households C Local economy such Construction of dam and reservoir will alter land use for - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence as employment and conventional economic activities. - Conduct detailed inventory / socio-economic survey on local residents that may be affected livelihood, etc. - Include necessary considerations for compensation of conventional economic activities in the Resettlement Action Plan Dam and B Land use and Construction of dam and reservoir will alter land use for - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum Reservoir utilization of local conventional economic activities. influence (Nawata) resources - Conduct detailed inventory / socio-economic survey on local residents that may be affected - Include necessary considerations for compensation of conventional economic activities in the Resettlement Action Plan

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures C Existing social The reservoir of the multipurpose dam may block current - Avoid impact on existing infrastructure by selecting location of structures with minimum infrastructures and access routs and other social infrastructure influence services - Install new roads and other infrastructure as substitution C The poor, indigenous Construction of dam and reservoir may influence the poor - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence and ethnic people through involuntary resettlement and hampering of - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of economic activities resettlement and support for the resettled households and compensation of conventional economic activities C Misdistribution of Acquisition of land for construction of dam and reservoir - Select location of structures with minimum influence benefit and damage will alter the conventional land use for economic activities, - Conduct detailed inventory / socio-economic survey on local residents that may be affected while downstream areas will be benefitting from flood - Conduct meetings among stakeholders to provide information on the project and discuss protection. possible measures for mitigation / compensation - Incorporate compensation for conventional economic activities into the Resettlement Action Plan C Cultural heritage Construction of dam and reservoir may influence cultural - Detailed examination of distribution of cultural heritage and sites of local importance heritage if any - Avoid construction at locations of important cultural sites - Consider relocation / substitution of cultural heritage C Local conflict of Acquisition of land for construction of dam and reservoir - Select location of structures with minimum influence interests will alter the conventional land use for economic activities, - Conduct detailed inventory / socio-economic survey on local residents that may be affected which may lead to conflict with downstream areas - Conduct meetings among stakeholders to provide information on the project and discuss benefitting from flood protection. possible measures for mitigation / compensation - Incorporate compensation for conventional economic activities into the Resettlement Action Plan G-32 C Water Usage or Construction of dam and reservoir will obstruct access to - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum Water Rights and common river/land resources influence Rights of Common - Conduct detailed inventory / socio-economic survey on local residents that may be affected - Include necessary considerations for compensation of conventional economic activities in the Resettlement Action Plan C Topography and Construction of dam and reservoir may have negative - Further research on existence of sites of topographical / geological importance Geographical impacts to important topographical / geological sites - Avoid structure on important topographical / geological sites at the extent possible features - Consideration on scale of structure C Soil Erosion Construction of dam and reservoir may alter the current - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. flow pattern and result in changes of hydrological situation - Prepare operation plan of dam in consideration of the results of hydrological studies in the downstream areas - Conduct periodical monitoring of downstream areas before and after construction - Implement bank protection measures where required C Hydrological Construction of dam and reservoir may alter the current - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Situation flow pattern and result in changes of hydrological situation - Prepare operation plan of dam in consideration of the results of hydrological studies in the downstream areas - Conduct periodical monitoring of downstream areas before and after construction - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. C Flora, Fauna and Installation of Multi-purpose Dam may block the current - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage Biodiversity flow pattern during flood periods and result in disturbing - Further confirmation of important areas that may be influenced based on the results of ecosystems dependant on periodical flooding hydrological studies - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence protected areas - Consider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures Dam and C Landscape Construction of multi-purpose dam may affect the - Consideration on type and design of structure Reservoir surrounding landscape depending on their scale and - Consideration of vegetation / plantation near points conventionally appreciated for its (Nawata) location scenery. C Air Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Preparation of construction plan with optimized working period the neighboring area by dust and emission gas - Restriction of working time to daytime and working days - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines - Appropriate management of construction sites C Water Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily bare - Apply methods to minimize turbulence (works in dry season, prepare and implement turbulence appropriate plans for translocation of river flow, installation of sediment tank, etc.) C Waste Construction of dam is expected to bare considerable - Utilization of residual soils at the extent possible for works in dam construction and for other amounts of residual soils construction sites - Consign renunciation of residual soils to reliable contractors Dam and C Noise and Vibration Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect Preparation of construction plan with optimized working period Reservoir the neighboring area through noise and vibration - Restriction of working time to daytime and working days (Nawata) - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines - Appropriate management of construction sites Retarding B Local economy such Usage of land as flood retarding basins will alter land use - Select retarding basin prone to flooding and with minimum use for agricultural production Basin as employment and for conventional economic activities during flood seasons. - Consider compensation such as land lease contracts between the stakeholders and the livelihood, etc. government C Land use and Usage of land as flood retarding basins will alter land use - Select retarding basin prone to flooding and with minimum use for agricultural production utilization of local during flood seasons.

G-33 resources *Category of evaluation: A: Significant negative impact expected B: Considerable negative impact expected C: Minor negative impact / possibility of negative impact depending on further planning D: No or negligible negative impact

Table G.4.2 Envisioned Mitigation Measures (Kalu River)

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures Improvement C Hazards (Risk) Installation of flood protection structures may block the - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. of Existing Infectious diseases current flow pattern during flood periods and result in - Plan and execute appropriate operation and maintenance works of facilities Sluices / such as HIV/AIDS increased flood situation in certain areas. New Sluice C Flora, Fauna and Installation of flood protection structures may block the - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage Biodiversity current flow pattern during flood periods and result in - Further confirmation of important areas that may be influenced based on the results of Water Pollution disturbing ecosystems dependant on periodical flooding hydrological studies - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence protected areas - Consider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems Ring Levee B Involuntary Acquisition of land for construction of concrete walls and - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence (Ratnapura) Resettlement bunds may result in a number of involuntary resettlement - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of of local residents resettlement and support for the resettled households B Local economy such Physical consolidation of areas facing Kalu river may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum as employment and obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering influence livelihood, etc. economic activities such as fishing and gem mining. - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds C Land use and Physical consolidation of areas facing Kalu river may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum

G-34 utilization of local obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering influence resources the use of river resources - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds C Existing social Construction of concrete walls and buds may alter - Install new access routs on Ring Levee infrastructures and conventional routs to cross rivers services B Misdistribution of Construction of concrete walls and bunds may alter the - Detailed planning and design based on detailed hydrological studies benefit and damage conventional flow of flood waters and result in worsened - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. flood situations in other areas. B Local conflict of Construction of concrete walls and bunds may alter the - Detailed planning and design based on detailed hydrological studies interests conventional flow of flood waters and result in worsened - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. flood situations in other areas. C Water Usage or Construction of concrete walls and bunds may obstruct - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood Water Rights and easy access to common river resources bunds Rights of Common - Monitoring of fisheries resources C Sanitation Blocking of water by new structures may result in local - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. stagnation of water, which may lead to increased vector borne diseases C Hazards (Risk) Installation of bank levee may block the current flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Infectious diseases pattern during flood periods and result in increased flood - Plan and execute appropriate operation and maintenance works of facilities such as HIV/AIDS situation in certain areas. C Gender Construction of concrete walls and bunds may limit the - Install small platform for water collection / washing and paths to access water access of women to waters for water collection and washing

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures C Topography and Construction of concrete walls and bunds may have - Further research on existence of sites of topographical / geological importance Geographical negative impacts to important topographical / geological - Avoid structure on important topographical / geological sites at the extent possible features sites - Consideration on scale of structure C Hydrological Construction of concrete walls and bunds may alter the - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Situation conventional flow of flood waters and result in worsened - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. flood situations in other areas. C Flora, Fauna and Installation of bank levee may block the current flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage Biodiversity pattern during flood periods and result in disturbing - Further confirmation of important areas that may be influenced based on the results of ecosystems dependant on periodical flooding hydrological studies - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence protected areas - Consider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems B Landscape Construction of new structures may affect the surrounding - Consideration on type and design of structure landscape depending on their scale and location - Consideration of vegetation cover on structure Ring Levee C Air Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines (Ratnapura) the neighboring area by dust and emission gas - Appropriate management of construction sites C Water Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily bare - Apply methods to minimize turbulence (block water with sheet piles during construction, turbulence works in dry season, etc.) C Noise and Vibration Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines

G-35 the neighboring area through noise and vibration - Appropriate management of construction sites Flood Bund B Involuntary Acquisition of land for extension and construction of new - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence (short term) Resettlement bunds may result in a number of involuntary resettlement - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of of local residents resettlement and support for the resettled households B Local economy such Extension and construction of new flood bunds may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum as employment and obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering influence livelihood, etc. economic activities such as fishing, gem mining and - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood operation of small ferries. bunds C Land use and Extension and construction of new flood bunds may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum utilization of local obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering influence resources the use of river resources. - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds C Existing social Extension and construction of new bunds may influence - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood infrastructures and access of conventional transportation services (small cargo bunds services / passenger boats, etc). C The poor, indigenous Acquisition of land for construction of new bunds may - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence and ethnic people influence the poor through involuntary resettlement - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of resettlement and support for the resettled households C Cultural heritage Construction of new bunds may influence cultural heritage - Detailed examination of distribution of cultural heritage and sites of local importance if any - Avoid construction at locations of important cultural sites - Consider detours for cultural sites at stage of detailed design. C Local conflict of Construction of new bunds may alter the conventional flow - Detailed planning and design based on detailed hydrological studies interests of flood waters and result in worsened flood situations in - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. other areas.

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures C Water Usage or Extension and construction of new flood bunds may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum Water Rights and obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering influence Rights of Common the use of common river resources. - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds C Sanitation Blocking of water by new structures may result in local - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. stagnation of water, which may lead to increased vector borne diseases C Hazards (Risk) Extension of Flood Bunds may block the current flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Infectious diseases pattern during flood periods and result in increased flood - Plan and execute appropriate operation and maintenance works of facilities such as HIV/AIDS situation in certain areas. C Gender Though at a limited level, bank protection works may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering influence access for washing and water collection - Install paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds C Soil Erosion Construction of new bunds may block the current flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. pattern and result in changes of hydrological situation in - Plan and execute appropriate operation and maintenance works of facilities the downstream areas - Implementation of bank protection works in combination with flood bunds C Hydrological Construction of new bunds may alter the conventional flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Situation of flood waters and result in worsened flood situations in - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. other areas. C Coastal Zone Construction of new bunds may have impact on the - Further study on location of important costal ecosystems and possibility of influence

G-36 important ecosystems in the costal zones through the - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence change in river flow. protected areas C Flora, Fauna and Extension of Rehabilitation of Flood Bunds may block the - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage Biodiversity current flow pattern during flood periods and result in - Further confirmation of important areas that may be influenced based on the results of disturbing ecosystems dependant on periodical flooding hydrological studies - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence protected areas - Consider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems C Air Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area by dust and emission gas - Appropriate management of construction sites Flood Bund C Water Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily bare - Apply methods to minimize turbulence (block water with sheet piles during construction, (short term) turbulence works in dry season, etc.) C Noise and Vibration Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area through noise and vibration - Appropriate management of construction sites Flood Bund B Involuntary Acquisition of land for extension of bunds may result in a - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence (long term) Resettlement number of involuntary resettlement of local residents - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of resettlement and support for the resettled households B Local economy such Construction of new flood bunds may obstruct easy access - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum as employment and to the river and result in hampering economic activities influence livelihood, etc. such as fishing, gem mining and operation of small ferries. - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures C Land use and Construction of new bunds may obstruct easy access to - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum utilization of local the river and result in hampering the use of river resources. influence resources - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds C Existing social Construction of new bunds may influence access of - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood infrastructures and conventional transportation services (small cargo / bunds services passenger boats, etc). C The poor, indigenous Acquisition of land for extension of bunds may influence - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence and ethnic people the poor through involuntary resettlement - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of resettlement and support for the resettled households C Cultural heritage Construction of new flood bunds may influence cultural - Detailed examination of distribution of cultural heritage and sites of local importance heritage if any - Avoid construction at locations of important cultural sites - Consider detours for cultural sites at stage of detailed design. C Local conflict of Construction of new bunds may alter the conventional flow - Detailed planning and design based on detailed hydrological studies interests of flood waters and result in worsened flood situations in - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. other areas. C Water Usage or Construction of new bunds may obstruct easy access to - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood Water Rights and common river resources bunds Rights of Common - Monitoring of fisheries resources C Hazards (Risk) Construction of new Flood Bunds may block the current - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage.

G-37 Infectious diseases flow pattern during flood periods and result in increased - Plan and execute appropriate operation and maintenance works of facilities such as HIV/AIDS flood situation in certain areas. C Gender Though at a limited level, bank protection works may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering influence access for washing and water collection - Install paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds C Soil Erosion Construction of new bunds may block the current flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. pattern and result in changes of hydrological situation in - Plan and execute appropriate operation and maintenance works of facilities the downstream areas - Implementation of bank protection works in combination with flood bunds C Hydrological Construction of new bunds may alter the conventional flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Situation of flood waters and result in worsened flood situations in - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. other areas. C Coastal Zone Construction of new bunds may have impact on the - Further study on location of important costal ecosystems and possibility of influence important ecosystems in the costal zones through the - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence change in river flow. protected areas C Flora, Fauna and Construction of new Bunds may block the current flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage Biodiversity pattern during flood periods and result in disturbing - Further confirmation of important areas that may be influenced based on the results of ecosystems dependant on periodical flooding hydrological studies - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence protected areas - Consider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems C Landscape Construction of new structures may affect the surrounding - Consideration on type and design of structure landscape depending on their scale and location - Consideration of vegetation cover on structure C Air Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area by dust and emission gas - Appropriate management of construction sites

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures C Water Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily bare - Apply methods to minimize turbulence (block water with sheet piles during construction, turbulence works in dry season, etc.) C Noise and Vibration Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area through noise and vibration - Appropriate management of construction sites New Pump C Involuntary Acquisition of land for new pump house may result in a - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence House Resettlement number of involuntary resettlement of local residents - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of resettlement and support for the resettled households C Local economy such Acquisition of land for new pump house may alter land use - Select location with minimum use for agricultural production as employment and for conventional economic activities - Consider compensation for economic activities carried out in the site livelihood, etc. C Land use and Acquisition of land for new pump house may alter land use - Select location with minimum use for agricultural production utilization of local for conventional economic activities - Consider compensation for economic activities carried out in the site resources C The poor, indigenous Acquisition of land for new pump house may alter land use - Select location with minimum use for agricultural production and ethnic people for conventional economic activities - Consider compensation for economic activities carried out in the site C Hydrological Operation of new pumps may alter the conventional flow of - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Situation flood waters and result in worsened flood situations in - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. other areas. C Coastal Zone Operation of pumps may influence the current flow pattern - Further study on location of important costal ecosystems and possibility of influence during flood periods and result in affecting important - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence

G-38 ecosystems in the costal zones protected areas C Flora, Fauna and Operation of new pumps may alter the current flow pattern - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage Biodiversity during flood periods and result in disturbing ecosystems - Further confirmation of important areas that may be influenced based on the results of dependant on periodical flooding hydrological studies - Prepare operation plan based on hydrological studies - Consider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems C Landscape Construction of new structures may affect the surrounding - Consideration on type and design of structure landscape depending on their scale and location - Consideration of vegetation cover on structure C Air Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area by dust and emission gas - Appropriate management of construction sites C Water Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily bare - Apply methods to minimize turbulence (block water with sheet piles during construction, turbulence works in dry season, etc.) C Noise and Vibration Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area through noise and vibration - Appropriate management of construction sites Dam and B Involuntary Acquisition of land for construction of dam and reservoir - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence Reservoir Resettlement may result in a considerable number of involuntary - Conduct detailed inventory / socio-economic survey on local residents that may be affected (Malwala) resettlement of local residents - Conduct meetings to share information on the overall construction plan, procedures for resettlement, schedule and grievance redress. - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of resettlement and support for the resettled households C Local economy such Construction of dam and reservoir will alter land use for - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence as employment and conventional economic activities. - Conduct detailed inventory / socio-economic survey on local residents that may be affected livelihood, etc. - Include necessary considerations for compensation of conventional economic activities in the Resettlement Action Plan

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures B Land use and Construction of dam and reservoir will alter land use for - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum utilization of local conventional economic activities. influence resources - Conduct detailed inventory / socio-economic survey on local residents that may be affected - Include necessary considerations for compensation of conventional economic activities in the Resettlement Action Plan C Existing social The reservoir of the multipurpose dam may block current - Avoid impact on existing infrastructure by selecting location of structures with minimum infrastructures and access routs and other social infrastructure influence services - Install new roads and other infrastructure as substitution C The poor, indigenous Construction of dam and reservoir may influence the poor - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence and ethnic people through involuntary resettlement and hampering of - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of economic activities resettlement and support for the resettled households and compensation of conventional economic activities C Misdistribution of Acquisition of land for construction of dam and reservoir - Select location of structures with minimum influence benefit and damage will alter the conventional land use for economic activities, - Conduct detailed inventory / socio-economic survey on local residents that may be affected while downstream areas will be benefitting from flood - Conduct meetings among stakeholders to provide information on the project and discuss protection. possible measures for mitigation / compensation - Incorporate compensation for conventional economic activities into the Resettlement Action Plan Dam and C Cultural heritage Construction of dam and reservoir may influence cultural - Detailed examination of distribution of cultural heritage and sites of local importance Reservoir heritage if any - Avoid construction at locations of important cultural sites (Malwala) - Consider relocation / substitution of cultural heritage G-39 C Local conflict of Acquisition of land for construction of dam and reservoir - Select location of structures with minimum influence interests will alter the conventional land use for economic activities, - Conduct detailed inventory / socio-economic survey on local residents that may be affected which may lead to conflict with downstream areas - Conduct meetings among stakeholders to provide information on the project and discuss benefitting from flood protection. possible measures for mitigation / compensation - Incorporate compensation for conventional economic activities into the Resettlement Action Plan C Water Usage or Construction of dam and reservoir will obstruct access to - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum Water Rights and common river/land resources influence Rights of Common - Conduct detailed inventory / socio-economic survey on local residents that may be affected - Include necessary considerations for compensation of conventional economic activities in the Resettlement Action Plan C Topography and Construction of dam and reservoir may have negative - Further research on existence of sites of topographical / geological importance Geographical impacts to important topographical / geological sites - Avoid structure on important topographical / geological sites at the extent possible features - Consideration on scale of structure C Soil Erosion Construction of dam and reservoir may alter the current - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. flow pattern and result in changes of hydrological situation - Prepare operation plan of dam in consideration of the results of hydrological studies in the downstream areas - Conduct periodical monitoring of downstream areas before and after construction - Implement bank protection measures where required C Hydrological Construction of dam and reservoir may alter the current - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Situation flow pattern and result in changes of hydrological situation - Prepare operation plan of dam in consideration of the results of hydrological studies in the downstream areas - Conduct periodical monitoring of downstream areas before and after construction - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required.

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures C Flora, Fauna and Installation of Multi-purpose Dam may block the current - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage Biodiversity flow pattern during flood periods and result in disturbing - Further confirmation of important areas that may be influenced based on the results of ecosystems dependant on periodical flooding hydrological studies - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence protected areas - Consider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems C Landscape Construction of multi-purpose dam may affect the - Consideration on type and design of structure surrounding landscape depending on their scale and - Consideration of vegetation / plantation near points conventionally appreciated for its location scenery. C Air Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Preparation of construction plan with optimized working period the neighboring area by dust and emission gas - Restriction of working time to daytime and working days - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines - Appropriate management of construction sites C Water Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily bare - Apply methods to minimize turbulence (works in dry season, prepare and implement turbulence appropriate plans for translocation of river flow, installation of sediment tank, etc.) C Waste Construction of dam is expected to bare considerable - Utilization of residual soils at the extent possible for works in dam construction and for other amounts of residual soils construction sites - Consign renunciation of residual soils to reliable contractors C Noise and Vibration Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect Preparation of construction plan with optimized working period the neighboring area through noise and vibration - Restriction of working time to daytime and working days G-40 - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines - Appropriate management of construction sites Ratnapura B Involuntary Acquisition of land for excavation of bypass channel may - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence Bypass Resettlement result in a number of involuntary resettlement of local - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of Canal residents resettlement and support for the resettled households C Local economy such Acquisition of land for excavation of bypass channel may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum as employment and alter the land use of limited areas, as well as obstruct easy influence livelihood, etc. access to farmlands and other economic activities - Consider compensation on agricultural land to be acquired - Install bridges and culverts for crossings with conventional access routes C Land use and Acquisition of land for excavation of bypass channel may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum utilization of local alter the land use of limited areas influence resources C Existing social Excavation of bypass channel may obstruct easy access to - Install bridges and culverts for crossings with conventional access routes infrastructures and conventional roads services Ratnapura C The poor, indigenous Acquisition of land for excavation of bypass channel may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum Bypass and ethnic people influence the poor through changes in land use influence Canal - Consider compensation on agricultural land to be acquired C Cultural heritage Excavation of bypass channel may influence cultural - Detailed examination of distribution of cultural heritage and sites of local importance heritage if any - Avoid construction at locations of important cultural sites - Consider detours for cultural sites at stage of detailed design.

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures C Local conflict of Acquisition of land for excavation of bypass channel may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum interests alter the land use of limited areas, as well as obstruct easy influence access to farmlands and other economic activities - Consider compensation on agricultural land to be acquired - Install bridges and culverts for crossings with conventional access routes C Water Usage or Installation of bypass channel may obstruct easy access to - Install bridges and culverts for crossings with conventional access routes Water Rights and common land / water resources Rights of Common C Sanitation Excavation of bypass channel may lead to local stagnation - Maintaining constant flow in bypass channel of water resulting in increased vector borne diseases. - Design of canal structure to minimize stagnation. C Gender Excavation of bypass channel may obstruct easy access to - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum the river and result in hampering access for washing and influence water collection - Install bridges and culverts for crossings with conventional access routes C Topography and Excavation of bypass channel may have negative impacts - Further research on existence of sites of topographical / geological importance Geographical to important topographical / geological sites - Avoid structure on important topographical / geological sites at the extent possible features - Consideration on scale of structure C Hydrological Installation of bypass channel may alter the conventional - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Situation flow of flood waters and result in worsened flood situations - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. in other areas. C Flora, Fauna and Installation of bypass channel may alter the current flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage Biodiversity pattern during flood periods and result in disturbing - Further confirmation of important areas that may be influenced based on the results of

G-41 ecosystems dependant on periodical flooding hydrological studies - Prepare operation plan based on hydrological studies - Consider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems C Landscape Construction of new structures may affect the surrounding - Consideration on type and design of structure landscape depending on their scale and location - Consideration of vegetation cover on structure C Air Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area by dust and emission gas - Appropriate management of construction sites C Waste Excavation of bypass channel is expected to bare - Utilization of residual soils at the extent possible for works in dam construction and for other considerable amounts of residual soils construction sites - Consign renunciation of residual soils to reliable contractors C Noise and Vibration Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area through noise and vibration - Appropriate management of construction sites *Category of evaluation: A: Significant negative impact expected B: Considerable negative impact expected C: Minor negative impact / possibility of negative impact depending on further planning D: No or negligible negative impact

Table G.4.3 Envisioned Mitigation Measures (Gin River)

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures Improvement C Hazards (Risk) Installation of flood protection structures may block the - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. of Existing Infectious diseases current flow pattern during flood periods and result in - Plan and execute appropriate operation and maintenance works of facilities Sluices / New such as HIV/AIDS increased flood situation in certain areas. Sluice C Flora, Fauna and Installation of flood protection structures may block the - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage Biodiversity current flow pattern during flood periods and result in - Further confirmation of important areas that may be influenced based on the results of Water Pollution disturbing ecosystems dependant on periodical flooding hydrological studies - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence protected areas - Consider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems Rehabilitation C Coastal Zone Rehabilitation of existing pumps may influence the current - Further study on location of important costal ecosystems and possibility of influence of Existing flow pattern during flood periods and result in affecting - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence Pump important ecosystems in the costal zones protected areas Construction C Existing social Depending on the location and size of the mound dike, - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum of Mound infrastructures and easy access to rivers may be obstructed. influence Dike services - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds C Misdistribution of Depending on the location and size of the mound dike, - Detailed planning and design based on detailed hydrological studies

G-42 benefit and damage stagnation of water may locally occur. - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. C Local conflict of Depending on the location and size of the mound dike, - Detailed planning and design based on detailed hydrological studies interests stagnation of water may locally occur. - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. C Topography and Construction of mound dike may have negative impacts to - Further research on existence of sites of topographical / geological importance Geographical important topographical / geological sites - Avoid structure on important topographical / geological sites at the extent possible features - Consideration on scale of structure C Flora, Fauna and Installation of Mound Dikes may block the current flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage Biodiversity pattern during flood periods and result in disturbing - Further confirmation of important areas that may be influenced based on the results of ecosystems dependant on periodical flooding hydrological studies - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence protected areas - Consider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems C Landscape Construction of new structures may affect the surrounding - Consideration on type and design of structure landscape depending on their scale and location - Consideration of vegetation cover on structure C Air Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area by dust and emission gas - Appropriate management of construction sites C Water Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily bare - Apply methods to minimize turbulence (block water with sheet piles during construction, turbulence works in dry season, etc.) C Noise and Vibration Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area through noise and vibration - Appropriate management of construction sites Flood Bund B Involuntary Acquisition of land for extension and construction of new - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence (short term) Resettlement bunds may result in a number of involuntary resettlement - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of of local residents resettlement and support for the resettled households

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures B Local economy such Extension and construction of new flood bunds may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum as employment and obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering influence livelihood, etc. economic activities such as fishing, gem mining and - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood operation of small ferries. bunds C Land use and Extension and construction of new flood bunds may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum utilization of local obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering influence resources the use of river resources. - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds C Existing social Extension and construction of new bunds may influence - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood infrastructures and access of conventional transportation services (small cargo bunds services / passenger boats, etc). C The poor, indigenous Acquisition of land for construction of new bunds may - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence and ethnic people influence the poor through involuntary resettlement - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of resettlement and support for the resettled households C Cultural heritage Construction of new bunds may influence cultural heritage - Detailed examination of distribution of cultural heritage and sites of local importance if any - Avoid construction at locations of important cultural sites - Consider detours for cultural sites at stage of detailed design. C Local conflict of Construction of new bunds may alter the conventional flow - Detailed planning and design based on detailed hydrological studies interests of flood waters and result in worsened flood situations in - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. other areas.

G-43 C Water Usage or Extension and construction of new flood bunds may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum Water Rights and obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering influence Rights of Common the use of common river resources. - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds C Sanitation Blocking of water by new structures may result in local - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. stagnation of water, which may lead to increased vector borne diseases C Hazards (Risk) Extension of Flood Bunds may block the current flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Infectious diseases pattern during flood periods and result in increased flood - Plan and execute appropriate operation and maintenance works of facilities such as HIV/AIDS situation in certain areas. C Gender Though at a limited level, bank protection works may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering influence access for washing and water collection - Install paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds C Soil Erosion Construction of new bunds may block the current flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. pattern and result in changes of hydrological situation in - Plan and execute appropriate operation and maintenance works of facilities the downstream areas - Implementation of bank protection works in combination with flood bunds C Hydrological Construction of new bunds may alter the conventional flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Situation of flood waters and result in worsened flood situations in - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. other areas. C Coastal Zone Construction of new bunds may have impact on the - Further study on location of important costal ecosystems and possibility of influence important ecosystems in the costal zones through the - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence change in river flow. protected areas

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures Flood Bund C Flora, Fauna and Extension of Rehabilitation of Flood Bunds may block the - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage (short term) Biodiversity current flow pattern during flood periods and result in - Further confirmation of important areas that may be influenced based on the results of disturbing ecosystems dependant on periodical flooding hydrological studies - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence protected areas - Consider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems C Air Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area by dust and emission gas - Appropriate management of construction sites C Water Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily bare - Apply methods to minimize turbulence (block water with sheet piles during construction, turbulence works in dry season, etc.) C Noise and Vibration Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area through noise and vibration - Appropriate management of construction sites Flood Bund B Involuntary Acquisition of land for extension of bunds may result in a - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence (long term) Resettlement number of involuntary resettlement of local residents - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of resettlement and support for the resettled households B Local economy such Construction of new flood bunds may obstruct easy access - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum as employment and to the river and result in hampering economic activities influence livelihood, etc. such as fishing, gem mining and operation of small ferries. - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds

G-44 C Land use and Construction of new bunds may obstruct easy access to - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum utilization of local the river and result in hampering the use of river resources. influence resources - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds C Existing social Construction of new bunds may influence access of - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood infrastructures and conventional transportation services (small cargo / bunds services passenger boats, etc). C The poor, indigenous Acquisition of land for extension of bunds may influence - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence and ethnic people the poor through involuntary resettlement - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of resettlement and support for the resettled households C Cultural heritage Construction of new flood bunds may influence cultural - Detailed examination of distribution of cultural heritage and sites of local importance heritage if any - Avoid construction at locations of important cultural sites - Consider detours for cultural sites at stage of detailed design. C Local conflict of Construction of new bunds may alter the conventional flow - Detailed planning and design based on detailed hydrological studies interests of flood waters and result in worsened flood situations in - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. other areas. C Water Usage or Construction of new bunds may obstruct easy access to - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood Water Rights and common river resources bunds Rights of Common - Monitoring of fisheries resources C Hazards (Risk) Construction of new Flood Bunds may block the current - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Infectious diseases flow pattern during flood periods and result in increased - Plan and execute appropriate operation and maintenance works of facilities such as HIV/AIDS flood situation in certain areas. Flood Bund C Gender Though at a limited level, bank protection works may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum (long term) obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering influence access for washing and water collection - Install paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures C Soil Erosion Construction of new bunds may block the current flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. pattern and result in changes of hydrological situation in - Plan and execute appropriate operation and maintenance works of facilities the downstream areas - Implementation of bank protection works in combination with flood bunds C Hydrological Construction of new bunds may alter the conventional flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Situation of flood waters and result in worsened flood situations in - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. other areas. C Coastal Zone Construction of new bunds may have impact on the - Further study on location of important costal ecosystems and possibility of influence important ecosystems in the costal zones through the - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence change in river flow. protected areas C Flora, Fauna and Construction of new Bunds may block the current flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage Biodiversity pattern during flood periods and result in disturbing - Further confirmation of important areas that may be influenced based on the results of ecosystems dependant on periodical flooding hydrological studies - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence protected areas - Consider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems C Landscape Construction of new structures may affect the surrounding - Consideration on type and design of structure landscape depending on their scale and location - Consideration of vegetation cover on structure C Air Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area by dust and emission gas - Appropriate management of construction sites

G-45 C Water Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily bare - Apply methods to minimize turbulence (block water with sheet piles during construction, turbulence works in dry season, etc.) C Noise and Vibration Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area through noise and vibration - Appropriate management of construction sites Construction C Involuntary Acquisition of land for new pump house may result in a - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence of New Pump Resettlement number of involuntary resettlement of local residents - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of House resettlement and support for the resettled households B Local economy such Acquisition of land for new pump house may alter land use - Select location with minimum use for agricultural production as employment and for conventional economic activities - Consider compensation for economic activities carried out in the site livelihood, etc. Over-dehydration of soils by operation of pump house in - Preparation of water management plan based on detail soils survey to avoid occurrence of the Gin river watershed may lead to the occurrence of acid sulfate soils acidic soils, which will affect agricultural production in certain areas B Land use and Acquisition of land for new pump house may alter land use - Select location with minimum use for agricultural production utilization of local for conventional economic activities - Consider compensation for economic activities carried out in the site resources Over-dehydration of soils by operation of pump house in - Preparation of water management plan based on detail soils survey to avoid occurrence of the Gin river watershed may lead to the occurrence of acid sulfate soils acidic soils, which will affect agricultural production in certain areas Construction C The poor, indigenous Acquisition of land for new pump house may alter land use - Select location with minimum use for agricultural production of New Pump and ethnic people for conventional economic activities - Consider compensation for economic activities carried out in the site House Over-dehydration of soils by operation of pump house in - Preparation of water management plan based on detail soils survey to avoid occurrence of the Gin river watershed may lead to the occurrence of acid sulfate soils acidic soils, which will affect agricultural production in certain areas

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures B Misdistribution of Over-dehydration of soils by operation of pump house in - Preparation of water management plan based on detail soils survey to avoid occurrence of benefit and damage the Gin river watershed may lead to the occurrence of acid sulfate soils acidic soils, which will affect agricultural production in certain areas while other areas are protected from flood C Local conflict of Over-dehydration of soils by operation of pump house in - Preparation of water management plan based on detail soils survey to avoid occurrence of interests the Gin river watershed may lead to the occurrence of acid sulfate soils acidic soils, which will affect agricultural production in certain areas while other areas are protected from flood C Water Usage or Over-dehydration of soils by operation of pump house in - Preparation of water management plan based on detail soils survey to avoid occurrence of Water Rights and the Gin river watershed may lead to the occurrence of acid sulfate soils Rights of Common acidic soils, which may hamper the use of common land and water resources B Topography and Excess pumping in the Gin river watershed may over – - Preparation of water management plan based on detail soils survey to avoid occurrence of Geographical dehydrate the soil, which may lead to the occurrence of acid sulfate soils features acidic soils C Hydrological Operation of new pumps may alter the conventional flow of - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Situation flood waters and result in worsened flood situations in - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. other areas. C Coastal Zone Operation of pumps may influence the current flow pattern - Further study on location of important costal ecosystems and possibility of influence during flood periods and result in affecting important - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence ecosystems in the costal zones protected areas G-46 C Flora, Fauna and Operation of new pumps may alter the current flow pattern - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage Biodiversity during flood periods and result in disturbing ecosystems - Further confirmation of important areas that may be influenced based on the results of dependant on periodical flooding hydrological studies - Prepare operation plan based on hydrological studies - Consider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems C Landscape Construction of new structures may affect the surrounding - Consideration on type and design of structure landscape depending on their scale and location - Consideration of vegetation cover on structure C Air Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area by dust and emission gas - Appropriate management of construction sites C Water Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily bare - Apply methods to minimize turbulence (block water with sheet piles during construction, turbulence works in dry season, etc.) B Soil Contamination Excess pumping in the Gin river watershed may over – - Preparation of water management plan based on detail soils survey to avoid occurrence of dehydrate the soil, which may lead to the occurrence of acid sulfate soils acidic soils C Noise and Vibration Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area through noise and vibration - Appropriate management of construction sites Multi-purpose B Involuntary Acquisition of land for construction of dam and reservoir - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence Dam Resettlement may result in a considerable number of involuntary - Conduct detailed inventory / socio-economic survey on local residents that may be affected (Jasmine) resettlement of local residents - Conduct meetings to share information on the overall construction plan, procedures for resettlement, schedule and grievance redress. - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of resettlement and support for the resettled households

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures C Local economy such Construction of dam and reservoir will alter land use for - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence as employment and conventional economic activities. - Conduct detailed inventory / socio-economic survey on local residents that may be affected livelihood, etc. - Include necessary considerations for compensation of conventional economic activities in the Resettlement Action Plan B Land use and Construction of dam and reservoir will alter land use for - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum utilization of local conventional economic activities. influence resources - Conduct detailed inventory / socio-economic survey on local residents that may be affected - Include necessary considerations for compensation of conventional economic activities in the Resettlement Action Plan C Existing social The reservoir of the multipurpose dam may block current - Avoid impact on existing infrastructure by selecting location of structures with minimum infrastructures and access routs and other social infrastructure influence services - Install new roads and other infrastructure as substitution C The poor, indigenous Construction of dam and reservoir may influence the poor - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence and ethnic people through involuntary resettlement and hampering of - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of economic activities resettlement and support for the resettled households and compensation of conventional economic activities C Misdistribution of Acquisition of land for construction of dam and reservoir - Select location of structures with minimum influence benefit and damage will alter the conventional land use for economic activities, - Conduct detailed inventory / socio-economic survey on local residents that may be affected while downstream areas will be benefitting from flood - Conduct meetings among stakeholders to provide information on the project and discuss protection. possible measures for mitigation / compensation - Incorporate compensation for conventional economic activities into the Resettlement Action G-47 Plan C Cultural heritage Construction of dam and reservoir may influence cultural - Detailed examination of distribution of cultural heritage and sites of local importance heritage if any - Avoid construction at locations of important cultural sites - Consider relocation / substitution of cultural heritage Multi-purpose C Local conflict of Acquisition of land for construction of dam and reservoir - Select location of structures with minimum influence Dam interests will alter the conventional land use for economic activities, - Conduct detailed inventory / socio-economic survey on local residents that may be affected which may lead to conflict with downstream areas - Conduct meetings among stakeholders to provide information on the project and discuss benefitting from flood protection. possible measures for mitigation / compensation - Incorporate compensation for conventional economic activities into the Resettlement Action Plan C Water Usage or Construction of dam and reservoir will obstruct access to - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum Water Rights and common river/land resources influence Rights of Common - Conduct detailed inventory / socio-economic survey on local residents that may be affected - Include necessary considerations for compensation of conventional economic activities in the Resettlement Action Plan C Topography and Construction of dam and reservoir may have negative - Further research on existence of sites of topographical / geological importance Geographical impacts to important topographical / geological sites - Avoid structure on important topographical / geological sites at the extent possible features - Consideration on scale of structure Multi-purpose C Soil Erosion Construction of dam and reservoir may alter the current - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Dam flow pattern and result in changes of hydrological situation - Prepare operation plan of dam in consideration of the results of hydrological studies in the downstream areas - Conduct periodical monitoring of downstream areas before and after construction - Implement bank protection measures where required

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures C Hydrological Construction of dam and reservoir may alter the current - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Situation flow pattern and result in changes of hydrological situation - Prepare operation plan of dam in consideration of the results of hydrological studies in the downstream areas - Conduct periodical monitoring of downstream areas before and after construction - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. C Flora, Fauna and Installation of Multi-purpose Dam may block the current - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage Biodiversity flow pattern during flood periods and result in disturbing - Further confirmation of important areas that may be influenced based on the results of ecosystems dependant on periodical flooding hydrological studies - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence protected areas - Consider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems C Landscape Construction of multi-purpose dam may affect the - Consideration on type and design of structure surrounding landscape depending on their scale and - Consideration of vegetation / plantation near points conventionally appreciated for its location scenery. C Air Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Preparation of construction plan with optimized working period the neighboring area by dust and emission gas - Restriction of working time to daytime and working days - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines - Appropriate management of construction sites C Water Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily bare - Apply methods to minimize turbulence (works in dry season, prepare and implement turbulence appropriate plans for translocation of river flow, installation of sediment tank, etc.) C Waste Construction of dam is expected to bare considerable - Utilization of residual soils at the extent possible for works in dam construction and for other G-48 amounts of residual soils construction sites - Consign renunciation of residual soils to reliable contractors C Noise and Vibration Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect Preparation of construction plan with optimized working period the neighboring area through noise and vibration - Restriction of working time to daytime and working days - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines - Appropriate management of construction sites *Category of evaluation: A: Significant negative impact expected B: Considerable negative impact expected C: Minor negative impact / possibility of negative impact depending on further planning D: No or negligible negative impact

Table G.4.4 Envisioned Mitigation Measures (Nilwala River)

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures Improvemen C Hazards (Risk) Installation of flood protection structures may block the - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. t of Existing Infectious diseases current flow pattern during flood periods and result in - Plan and execute appropriate operation and maintenance works of facilities Sluices / such as HIV/AIDS increased flood situation in certain areas. New Sluice C Flora, Fauna and Installation of flood protection structures may block the - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage Biodiversity current flow pattern during flood periods and result in - Further confirmation of important areas that may be influenced based on the results of Water Pollution disturbing ecosystems dependant on periodical flooding hydrological studies - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence protected areas - Consider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems Rehabilitatio C Coastal Zone Rehabilitation of existing pumps may influence the current - Further study on location of important costal ecosystems and possibility of influence n of Existing flow pattern during flood periods and result in affecting - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence Pump important ecosystems in the costal zones protected areas Mound Dike C Existing social Depending on the location and size of the mound dike, - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum influence infrastructures and easy access to rivers may be obstructed. - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood services bunds C Misdistribution of Depending on the location and size of the mound dike, - Detailed planning and design based on detailed hydrological studies benefit and damage stagnation of water may locally occur. - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required.

G-49 C Local conflict of Depending on the location and size of the mound dike, - Detailed planning and design based on detailed hydrological studies interests stagnation of water may locally occur. - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. C Topography and Construction of mound dike may have negative impacts to - Further research on existence of sites of topographical / geological importance Geographical important topographical / geological sites - Avoid structure on important topographical / geological sites at the extent possible features - Consideration on scale of structure C Flora, Fauna and Installation of Mound Dikes may block the current flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage Biodiversity pattern during flood periods and result in disturbing - Further confirmation of important areas that may be influenced based on the results of ecosystems dependant on periodical flooding hydrological studies - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence protected areas - Consider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems C Landscape Construction of new structures may affect the surrounding - Consideration on type and design of structure landscape depending on their scale and location - Consideration of vegetation cover on structure C Air Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area by dust and emission gas - Appropriate management of construction sites C Water Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily bare - Apply methods to minimize turbulence (block water with sheet piles during construction, works turbulence in dry season, etc.) C Noise and Vibration Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area through noise and vibration - Appropriate management of construction sites Flood Bund B Involuntary Acquisition of land for extension and construction of new - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence (short term) Resettlement bunds may result in a number of involuntary resettlement of - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of Flood Bund local residents resettlement and support for the resettled households

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures (short term) B Local economy such Extension and construction of new flood bunds may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum influence as employment and obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood livelihood, etc. economic activities such as fishing, gem mining and bunds operation of small ferries. C Land use and Extension and construction of new flood bunds may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum influence utilization of local obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood resources the use of river resources. bunds C Existing social Extension and construction of new bunds may influence - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood infrastructures and access of conventional transportation services (small cargo bunds services / passenger boats, etc). C The poor, Acquisition of land for construction of new bunds may - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence indigenous and influence the poor through involuntary resettlement - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of ethnic people resettlement and support for the resettled households C Cultural heritage Construction of new bunds may influence cultural heritage - Detailed examination of distribution of cultural heritage and sites of local importance if any - Avoid construction at locations of important cultural sites - Consider detours for cultural sites at stage of detailed design. C Local conflict of Construction of new bunds may alter the conventional flow - Detailed planning and design based on detailed hydrological studies interests of flood waters and result in worsened flood situations in - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. other areas. C Water Usage or Extension and construction of new flood bunds may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum influence

G-50 Water Rights and obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood Rights of Common the use of common river resources. bunds C Sanitation Blocking of water by new structures may result in local - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. stagnation of water, which may lead to increased vector borne diseases C Hazards (Risk) Extension of Flood Bunds may block the current flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Infectious diseases pattern during flood periods and result in increased flood - Plan and execute appropriate operation and maintenance works of facilities such as HIV/AIDS situation in certain areas. C Gender Though at a limited level, bank protection works may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum influence obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering - Install paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds access for washing and water collection C Soil Erosion Construction of new bunds may block the current flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. pattern and result in changes of hydrological situation in the - Plan and execute appropriate operation and maintenance works of facilities downstream areas - Implementation of bank protection works in combination with flood bunds C Hydrological Construction of new bunds may alter the conventional flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Situation of flood waters and result in worsened flood situations in - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. other areas. C Coastal Zone Construction of new bunds may have impact on the - Further study on location of important costal ecosystems and possibility of influence important ecosystems in the costal zones through the - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence change in river flow. protected areas

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures C Flora, Fauna and Extension of Rehabilitation of Flood Bunds may block the - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage Biodiversity current flow pattern during flood periods and result in - Further confirmation of important areas that may be influenced based on the results of disturbing ecosystems dependant on periodical flooding hydrological studies - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence protected areas - Consider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems C Air Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area by dust and emission gas - Appropriate management of construction sites C Water Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily bare - Apply methods to minimize turbulence (block water with sheet piles during construction, works turbulence in dry season, etc.) C Noise and Vibration Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area through noise and vibration - Appropriate management of construction sites Flood bund B Involuntary Acquisition of land for extension of bunds may result in a - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence (long term) Resettlement number of involuntary resettlement of local residents - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of resettlement and support for the resettled households B Local economy such Construction of new flood bunds may obstruct easy access - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum influence as employment and to the river and result in hampering economic activities - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood livelihood, etc. such as fishing, gem mining and operation of small ferries. bunds C Land use and Construction of new bunds may obstruct easy access to - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum influence

G-51 utilization of local the river and result in hampering the use of river resources. - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood resources bunds C Existing social Construction of new bunds may influence access of - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood infrastructures and conventional transportation services (small cargo / bunds services passenger boats, etc). C The poor, Acquisition of land for extension of bunds may influence the - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence indigenous and poor through involuntary resettlement - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of ethnic people resettlement and support for the resettled households C Cultural heritage Construction of new flood bunds may influence cultural - Detailed examination of distribution of cultural heritage and sites of local importance heritage if any - Avoid construction at locations of important cultural sites - Consider detours for cultural sites at stage of detailed design. C Local conflict of Construction of new bunds may alter the conventional flow - Detailed planning and design based on detailed hydrological studies interests of flood waters and result in worsened flood situations in - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. other areas. C Water Usage or Construction of new bunds may obstruct easy access to - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood Water Rights and common river resources bunds Rights of Common - Monitoring of fisheries resources C Hazards (Risk) Construction of new Flood Bunds may block the current - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Infectious diseases flow pattern during flood periods and result in increased - Plan and execute appropriate operation and maintenance works of facilities such as HIV/AIDS flood situation in certain areas. Flood bund C Gender Though at a limited level, bank protection works may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum influence (long term) obstruct easy access to the river and result in hampering - Install paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds access for washing and water collection

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures C Soil Erosion Construction of new bunds may block the current flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. pattern and result in changes of hydrological situation in the - Plan and execute appropriate operation and maintenance works of facilities downstream areas - Implementation of bank protection works in combination with flood bunds C Hydrological Construction of new bunds may alter the conventional flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Situation of flood waters and result in worsened flood situations in - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. other areas. C Coastal Zone Construction of new bunds may have impact on the - Further study on location of important costal ecosystems and possibility of influence important ecosystems in the costal zones through the - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence change in river flow. protected areas C Flora, Fauna and Construction of new Bunds may block the current flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage Biodiversity pattern during flood periods and result in disturbing - Further confirmation of important areas that may be influenced based on the results of ecosystems dependant on periodical flooding hydrological studies - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence protected areas - Consider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems C Landscape Construction of new structures may affect the surrounding - Consideration on type and design of structure landscape depending on their scale and location - Consideration of vegetation cover on structure C Air Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area by dust and emission gas - Appropriate management of construction sites

G-52 C Water Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily bare - Apply methods to minimize turbulence (block water with sheet piles during construction, works turbulence in dry season, etc.) C Noise and Vibration Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area through noise and vibration - Appropriate management of construction sites Dam and B Involuntary Acquisition of land for construction of dam and reservoir - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence Reservoir Resettlement may result in a considerable number of involuntary - Conduct detailed inventory / socio-economic survey on local residents that may be affected (Siyambalagoda) resettlement of local residents - Conduct meetings to share information on the overall construction plan, procedures for resettlement, schedule and grievance redress. - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of resettlement and support for the resettled households C Local economy such Construction of dam and reservoir will alter land use for - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence as employment and conventional economic activities. - Conduct detailed inventory / socio-economic survey on local residents that may be affected livelihood, etc. - Include necessary considerations for compensation of conventional economic activities in the Resettlement Action Plan B Land use and Construction of dam and reservoir will alter land use for - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum influence utilization of local conventional economic activities. - Conduct detailed inventory / socio-economic survey on local residents that may be affected resources - Include necessary considerations for compensation of conventional economic activities in the Resettlement Action Plan Dam and C Existing social The reservoir of the multipurpose dam may block current - Avoid impact on existing infrastructure by selecting location of structures with minimum Reservoir infrastructures and access routs and other social infrastructure influence (Siyambalagoda) services - Install new roads and other infrastructure as substitution C The poor, Construction of dam and reservoir may influence the poor - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence indigenous and through involuntary resettlement and hampering of - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of ethnic people economic activities resettlement and support for the resettled households and compensation of conventional economic activities

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures C Misdistribution of Acquisition of land for construction of dam and reservoir will - Select location of structures with minimum influence benefit and damage alter the conventional land use for economic activities, - Conduct detailed inventory / socio-economic survey on local residents that may be affected while downstream areas will be benefitting from flood - Conduct meetings among stakeholders to provide information on the project and discuss protection. possible measures for mitigation / compensation - Incorporate compensation for conventional economic activities into the Resettlement Action Plan C Cultural heritage Construction of dam and reservoir may influence cultural - Detailed examination of distribution of cultural heritage and sites of local importance heritage if any - Avoid construction at locations of important cultural sites - Consider relocation / substitution of cultural heritage C Local conflict of Acquisition of land for construction of dam and reservoir will - Select location of structures with minimum influence interests alter the conventional land use for economic activities, - Conduct detailed inventory / socio-economic survey on local residents that may be affected which may lead to conflict with downstream areas - Conduct meetings among stakeholders to provide information on the project and discuss benefitting from flood protection. possible measures for mitigation / compensation - Incorporate compensation for conventional economic activities into the Resettlement Action Plan C Water Usage or Construction of dam and reservoir will obstruct access to - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum influence Water Rights and common river/land resources - Conduct detailed inventory / socio-economic survey on local residents that may be affected Rights of Common - Include necessary considerations for compensation of conventional economic activities in the Resettlement Action Plan C Topography and Construction of dam and reservoir may have negative - Further research on existence of sites of topographical / geological importance Geographical impacts to important topographical / geological sites - Avoid structure on important topographical / geological sites at the extent possible G-53 features - Consideration on scale of structure C Soil Erosion Construction of dam and reservoir may alter the current - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. flow pattern and result in changes of hydrological situation - Prepare operation plan of dam in consideration of the results of hydrological studies in the downstream areas - Conduct periodical monitoring of downstream areas before and after construction - Implement bank protection measures where required C Hydrological Construction of dam and reservoir may alter the current - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Situation flow pattern and result in changes of hydrological situation - Prepare operation plan of dam in consideration of the results of hydrological studies in the downstream areas - Conduct periodical monitoring of downstream areas before and after construction - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. C Flora, Fauna and Installation of Multi-purpose Dam may block the current - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage Biodiversity flow pattern during flood periods and result in disturbing - Further confirmation of important areas that may be influenced based on the results of ecosystems dependant on periodical flooding hydrological studies - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence protected areas - Consider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems C Landscape Construction of multi – purpose dam may affect the - Consideration on type and design of structure surrounding landscape depending on their scale and - Consideration of vegetation / plantation near points conventionally appreciated for its scenery. location Dam and C Air Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Preparation of construction plan with optimized working period Reservoir the neighboring area by dust and emission gas - Restriction of working time to daytime and working days (Siyambalagoda) - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines - Appropriate management of construction sites C Water Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily bare - Apply methods to minimize turbulence (works in dry season, prepare and implement turbulence appropriate plans for translocation of river flow, installation of sediment tank, etc.)

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures C Waste Construction of dam is expected to bare considerable - Utilization of residual soils at the extent possible for works in dam construction and for other amounts of residual soils construction sites - Consign renunciation of residual soils to reliable contractors C Noise and Vibration Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect Preparation of construction plan with optimized working period the neighboring area through noise and vibration - Restriction of working time to daytime and working days - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines - Appropriate management of construction sites Bypass B Involuntary Acquisition of land for excavation of bypass channel may - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence Canal Resettlement result in a number of involuntary resettlement of local - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of (Akuressa) residents resettlement and support for the resettled households C Local economy such Acquisition of land for excavation of bypass channel may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum influence as employment and alter the land use of limited areas, as well as obstruct easy - Consider compensation on agricultural land to be acquired livelihood, etc. access to farmlands and other economic activities - Install bridges and culverts for crossings with conventional access routes C Land use and Acquisition of land for excavation of bypass channel may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum influence utilization of local alter the land use of limited areas resources C Existing social Excavation of bypass channel may obstruct easy access to - Install bridges and culverts for crossings with conventional access routes infrastructures and conventional roads services C The poor, Acquisition of land for excavation of bypass channel may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum influence

G-54 indigenous and influence the poor through changes in land use - Consider compensation on agricultural land to be acquired ethnic people C Cultural heritage Excavation of bypass channel may influence cultural - Detailed examination of distribution of cultural heritage and sites of local importance heritage if any - Avoid construction at locations of important cultural sites - Consider detours for cultural sites at stage of detailed design. C Local conflict of Acquisition of land for excavation of bypass channel may - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum influence interests alter the land use of limited areas, as well as obstruct easy - Consider compensation on agricultural land to be acquired access to farmlands and other economic activities - Install bridges and culverts for crossings with conventional access routes C Water Usage or Installation of bypass channel may obstruct easy access to - Install bridges and culverts for crossings with conventional access routes Water Rights and common land / water resources Rights of Common C Sanitation Excavation of bypass channel may lead to local stagnation - Maintaining constant flow in bypass channel of water resulting in increased vector borne diseases. - Design of canal structure to minimize stagnation. C Gender Excavation of bypass channel may obstruct easy access to - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum influence the river and result in hampering access for washing and - Install bridges and culverts for crossings with conventional access routes water collection Bypass C Topography and Excavation of bypass channel may have negative impacts - Further research on existence of sites of topographical / geological importance Canal Geographical to important topographical / geological sites - Avoid structure on important topographical / geological sites at the extent possible (Akuressa) features - Consideration on scale of structure C Hydrological Installation of bypass channel may alter the conventional - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. Situation flow of flood waters and result in worsened flood situations - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. in other areas.

Activity Eval Item Description Mitigation Measures C Flora, Fauna and Installation of bypass channel may alter the current flow - Conduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage Biodiversity pattern during flood periods and result in disturbing - Further confirmation of important areas that may be influenced based on the results of ecosystems dependant on periodical flooding hydrological studies - Prepare operation plan based on hydrological studies - Consider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems C Landscape Construction of new structures may affect the surrounding - Consideration on type and design of structure landscape depending on their scale and location - Consideration of vegetation cover on structure C Air Pollution Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area by dust and emission gas - Appropriate management of construction sites C Waste Excavation of bypass channel is expected to bare - Utilization of residual soils at the extent possible for works in dam construction and for other considerable amounts of residual soils construction sites - Consign renunciation of residual soils to reliable contractors C Noise and Vibration Operation of construction machines may temporarily affect - Consideration of low pollution type construction machines the neighboring area through noise and vibration - Appropriate management of construction sites *Category of evaluation: A: Significant negative impact expected B: Considerable negative impact expected C: Minor negative impact / possibility of negative impact depending on further planning D: No or negligible negative impact G-55

G.5 Alternatives Including “Without Project” Option

G.5.1 Alternatives of the Project as a Whole

(1) “No Implementation” of the Flood Management Plan

The Flood Management Plan to be prepared in the Study includes both structural and non structural measures to mitigate flood damages, which are serious constraints for the socio-economical development of the country, needless to mention its effect on human health and livelihoods. In order to improve this situation, some kind of action must be taken, whether it shall have a negative impact on environment and society or not. In this regard, adoption of the “No Implementation” alternative is regarded to be irrational and unrealistic.

(2) Implementation of Non Structural Measures

The Flood Management Plan is expected to include non structural measures including flood forecasting and early warning systems, as well as measures through community activities. Such measures are expected to have significant positive impact on the damage of floods to human lives, which should be regarded as the most important aspects of flood management. On the other hand, the effect of non structural measures are limited against the damage to social infrastructures, including the foundation for economic activities such as farmlands, since it neither directly prevent the occurrence of floods not mitigate its impact. Damage on social infrastructures is an obstruction for the local residents to recover to their normal life, and therefore, additional measures to directly cope with flood damage should be considered up to a certain extent.

(3) Implementation of All Activities in the Flood Management Plan

The complete Flood Management Plan will comprehensively cover a variety of structural and non structural measures. Structural measures will include from small sluice gates to large multi purpose dams. Implementation of all activities in the Flood Management Plan will realize maximum effect on mitigating flood damage. However, the effect of individual measures for flood management and their potential negative impacts to the environment and society are expected to vary significantly. In regard that the implementation of some measures such as construction of dam were found to have significant negative impact to the society, this alternative may not be suitable in regard of Environmental and Social Considerations.

(4) Implementation of Selected Measures in the Flood Management Plan

This alternative will be regarded as a compromise between the above alternatives of items 2) and 3). Implementation of non structural measures will be promoted, while structural measures will be selected based on their effect on flood management, potential negative impacts, and the necessity of the measure in regard of the current situations of the Study Area. Being able to avoid measures with significant negative impact, this alternative is regarded to be most suitable from the viewpoint of Environmental and Social Considerations.

G-56

G.5.2 Alternatives for Flood Protection Measures in the Four Target Basins In order to select structural measures with less impact to the environment and society, alternatives for implementation of flood protection measures in each of the four target basins were examined. Combinations of structural measures were selected based on the capacity for flood control. These combinations were compared with one other and also with the “No implementation” alternative in the viewpoint of their magnitude in negative environmental and social impacts. The effect on flood protection capacity was also taken into regard in selecting the alternative.

(1) Kelani River

The comparison of possible alternatives for Kelani River is as follows:

Table G.5.1 Comparison of possible alternatives for Kelani River

No Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III Implementation Improvement of existing sluices C C C D New sluice C C C D Bank protection C C C D Flood bund (short term) B B B D Flood bund (long term) C D C D Structural Measures Dam and reservoir (Nawata) D A D D Retarding basin D D C D Effect on Flood Protection ○ ○ ○ × Evaluation from the viewpoint of ESC B A B D (negative impact of the alternative) ESC: Environmental and Social Considerations A: Significant Impact, B: Moderate Impact, C: Minor / unknown impact, D: No impact, ○: effective, ×: not effective

The implementation of Alternatives I and III resulted to have moderate impact on the environment and the society, while Alternative II is expected to have significant impact. The “no implementation” alternative will have the minimum negative impact, but will leave the area without any flood protection, that is, the people in the area will have to constantly face the risk of flood damage. Taking this into consideration, and also in regard that the involuntary resettlement for the flood bund (short term) is expected to be at a limited number, it may be said that Alternatives I and III are desirable from the environmental and social point of view.

(2) Kalu River

The comparison of possible alternatives for Kalu River is as follows:

Table G.5.2 Comparison of possible alternatives for Kalu River

Alternative Alternative Alternative Alternative No I II III IV Implementation New sluice C C C C D Ring levee (Ratnapura) B B B D D Flood bund (short term) B B B B D Flood bund (long term) C C C D D New pump house C C C C D Structural Measures Dam and reservoir (Malwala) D D A A D Ratnapura bypass canal D B D D D Effect on Flood Protection ○ ○ ○ ○ × Evaluation from the viewpoint of ESC B B A A D (negative impact of the alternative) ESC: Environmental and Social Considerations A: Significant Impact, B: Moderate Impact, C: Minor / unknown impact, D: No impact ○: effective, ×: not effective

G-57

The implementation of Alternatives I and II resulted to have moderate impact on the environment and the society, while Alternative III and IV is expected to have significant impact. The “no implementation” alternative will have the minimum negative impact, but will leave the area without any flood protection, viz., the people in the area, particularly those of Ratnapura urban area, will have to constantly face the risk of flood damage. Taking this into regard, it may be said that Alternatives I and II are desirable from the environmental and social point of view.

(3) Gin River

The comparison of possible alternatives for Gin River is as follows:

Table G.5.3 Comparison of possible alternatives for Gin River

Alternative Alternative Alternative Alternative No I II III IV Implementation New sluice D C C C D Rehabilitation of existing pump C C C C D Mound dike C C C C D Flood bund (short term and extension in long term) D B B B D Flood bund (long term, heightening) D D C C D New pump house D C C C D

Structural Measures Dam and reservoir (Jasmin) A A D D D Effect on Flood Protection ○ ○ ○ ○ × Evaluation from the viewpoint of ESC A A B B D (negative impact of the alternative) ESC: Environmental and Social Considerations A: Significant Impact, B: Moderate Impact, C: Minor / unknown impact, D: No impact ○: effective, ×: not effective

The implementation of Alternatives III and IV resulted to have moderate impact on the environment and the society, while Alternative I and II is expected to have significant impact. The “no implementation” alternative will have the minimum negative impact, but will leave the area without any flood protection, that is, the people in the area will have to constantly face the risk of flood damage. Taking this into consideration, it may be said that Alternatives III and IV are desirable from the environmental and social point of view.

(4) Nilwala River

The comparison of possible alternatives is as follows:

Table G.5.4 Comparison of possible alternatives for Nilwala River Alternative Alternative Alternative Alternative No I II III IV Implementation New sluice C C C C D Rehabilitation of existing pump B B B B D Mound dike C C C C D Flood bund (short term) C C C C D Flood bund (long term, heightening) C C D D D New pump house B B B B D Dam and Reservoir (Siyambalagoda) D D A A D Structural Measures Bypass canal (Akuressa) D B D D D Effect on Flood Protection ○ ○ ○ ○ × Evaluation from the viewpoint of ESC B B A A D (negative impact of the alternative) ESC: Environmental and Social Considerations A: Significant Impact, B: Moderate Impact, C: Minor / unknown impact, D: No impact ○: effective, ×: not effective

G-58

The implementation of Alternatives I and II resulted to moderate impact on the environment and the society, while Alternative III and IV is expected to have significant impact. The “no implementation” alternative will have the minimum negative impact, but will leave the area without any flood protection, thus, the people in the area will have to constantly face the risk of flood damage. Taking this into consideration, it may be said that Alternatives I and II are desirable from the environmental and social point of view.

G.6 Environmental Category and Reason for Categorization Based on the analysis made in previous sections, this Study has been categorized into Category B, under the JICA guidelines for Environment and Social Considerations.

(1) Environmental Category

The project is categorized into Category B.

(2) Reason of Categorization

The main reasons for this categorization are as follows.

- The study aims to improve the general hydraulic situation in the study area, solving problems of flood hazards. - With appropriate countermeasures, the activities carried out under the Action Plan are not expected to have large and irreversible negative impact to the environment and society. - However, there is a possibility to take some adverse impacts represented by involuntary resettlement and local economy such as employment and livelihood which cannot be neglected. - Detailed studies for environmental and social considerations shall be carried out for mid-long term measures indicated in the Master Plan at the time when plans are further developed.

G.7 Other Relevant Information

Results of On-Site Socio-Economic Survey

The householders residing in the vicinity of the each project site were interviewed through a questionnaire mainly to understand their socio economics status. The information collected from 15 households in each site will be useful to understand the nature of families to be evacuated incase such need would arise during the project implementation period. The specific households those needs to be definitely evacuated should be identified during detailed designed phase of the project, and developed specific resettlement plan following resettlement policy of the government.

(1) Population

Most of the project sites are not densely populated and they are located close to the riverbanks. The site number 3, Ratnapura town proper in Kalutara is located in the close proximity in the Ratnapura and therefore, it can be regarded as densely populated area. The approximate figures on population in the GN divisions located in the vicinity of each site are mentioned above in this report, and this section deals with only the population of the sample households interviewed. The total population in 90 households in the six sites is 417 as shown in Table G.7.1.

G-59

Table G.7.1 Population in sample households in 6 sites

Site Population Average family size 1 67 4.5 2 59 3.9 3 80 5.3 4 70 4.6 5 66 4.4 6 75 5 Total 417 4.6

(2) Gender & other social diversity

Of the 90 householders interviewed, 74 (82%) were male and 16 (18%) were female. The householders interviewed belong to age groups between 30s and over 70. Spread of different age group among 90 households interviewed in 6 sites is shown in Table G.7.2.

Table G.7.2 Age diversity of the householders (number of householders and their age)

Site 30s 40s 50s 60s Over 70 1 2 9 4 0 0 2 2 3 5 4 1 3 0 4 5 3 3 4 1 5 7 2 0 5 1 6 6 2 0 6 1 5 6 2 1 Total 7 32 33 13 5

The roles of women for different uses of water were investigated in the survey. It was investigated whether women play specific roles such as storing water at home for all domestic use, collect water for cooking and drinking, providing water to livestock, use water for washing clothes and bathing children. The responses of the householders interviewed on this issue are summarized in Table G.7.3.

Table G.7.3 Involvement of women in different water use activities (number of householders responded)

Water use Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 6 Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Storing water at home 07 08 13 02 15 0 14 01 14 01 15 0 Cooking & drinking 15 0 15 0 15 0 15 0 15 0 15 0 Livestock 01 14 015 0 15 0 15 0 15 01 14 Washing clothes 14 01 13 02 15 0 15 0 15 0 15 0 Bathing Children 08 07 13 02 15 0 15 0 14 0 14 01

Majority of women are actively and fully involved in storing water at home and using water for cooking and making arrangement to keep adequate water for drinking at home. Livestock is not a common activity in most of the sites, except site-1 and site-6, where one family in each site have some livestock.

Different Sources of water are used for different activities performed by women. The sources of water use for different activities are briefly summarized below:

G-60

Water for storage

Most of the householders in six sites use pipe water for storing at home. Similar numbers of householders in different sites are reported as people use wells to get water for storage. The information on sources used to collect or storage water at home is shown in Table G.7.4.

Table G.7.4 Sources used to store water at home (number of families)

Source Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 6 Major river 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tributary 700050 Ponds 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pipe water 01510100 0 Water stored in Household 0 0 0 0 1 0 Wells 0044815 Number not responded 8 0 1 1 1 0 Total 15 15 15 15 15 15

Water used for cooking and drinking

Majority of women in the households in the 6 sites use two different sources: pipe water and wells. Information on specific sites on sources of water used by women for cooking and drinking is shown in Table G.7.5.

Table G.7.5 Sources of water used for cooking and drinking (number of families)

Source Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 6 Major river 0 0 0 2 0 0 Tributary 000060 Ponds 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pipe water 015159 0 0 Water stored in Household 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wells 15004915 Number not responded 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 15 15 15 15 15 15

Water for livestock

Only one family from site 1 and another family in site 6 are reported as households where women use water for feeding animals. In site 1, tributary and in site 6 well are used for this purpose.

Water for washing clothes and dishes

Most of the householders use river and wells for washing clothes and drinking water to wash cooking appliances. The information on this aspect is shown in Table G.7.6.

Table G.7.6 Sources of water used for washing clothes and dishes (number of families)

Source Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 6 Major river 0 11 9 2 3 0 Tributary 100050 Ponds 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pipe water 046900

G-61

Source Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 6 Water stored in Household 0 0 0 0 2 0 Wells 14004515 Number not responded 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 15 15 15 15 15 15

Use of water by women for bathing children

In some sites this issue was not relevant for some families because their families do not have children in the age needing help of their mothers for bathing. Majority of families used river, tributary, pipe water and wells for bathing their children. The information in each site on this aspect is shown in Table G.7.7.

Table G.7.7 Source of water by women for bathing children (number of families)

Source Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 6 Major river 0 8 9 2 0 0 Tributary 800040 Ponds 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pipe water 056900 Water stored in Household 0 0 0 0 1 0 Wells 0004914 Number not relevant 7 2 0 0 1 1 Total 15 15 15 15 15 15

Distance to water source

The women are compelled to travel different distance to fetch water for different purposes. The distances that women need to travel for water are summarized in Table G.7.8.

Table G.7.8 Distance to water source

Distance to collect water for Washing Bathing Site Cooking & drinking Livestock storage clothes children Site 10 to 100 m Stored water at home is 100 m 100 m 50 to 200 1 used m Site 0 (used pipe water) 0 (used pipe water) No 200 to 600 m 200 to 600 2 livestock m Site 0 (used pipe water 0 (used pipe water No 20 to 175 m 20 to 175 3 livestock m Site 10 to 15 m 10 to 100 m No 10 to 100 m 10 to 100 4 livestock m Site 10 to 40 m 10 to 40 m No 10 to 750 m 10 to 40 m 5 livestock Site Women in all 15 households depend on wells in the home garden itself; therefore there is no significant distance 6 to the water sources.

Frequency of collecting water for different activities

The women are use to store water from different sources for the domestic activities. Sites 2 and 3 have access to pipe water and therefore there is no need to store water at home. In Site 1 the householders depend on wells and therefore the five householders of 15 mentioned that their women collect water in pots for family use. Similarly in Sites 4 and site 5 very few families mentioned that they collect water with high frequency to keep at home. Their experience is to use main source such as well or pipe water taps directly for different uses.

G-62

Other social diversity

There are no communities belonging to indigenous groups in any of the sites studied (in Sri Lanka most prominent indigenous community known as “Veddhas” live in specific location in Dambana village of Monaragala district in Uva province).

Except Ratnapura town proper site (Site 3), all other sites the households interviewed belong to Sinhala community. In Site 3, two families of 15 were Muslims. This situation is similar to religious diversity. In Site , (Ratnapura town proper) two Christian families and two Islamic families are reported. And in all other sites householders interviewed belongs to Buddhists.

(3) livelihoods

The communities living in the vicinity of the project sites can be categorized as low income groups. However, within the low income group there are families growing fairly high income due to easy access to use local river resources such as sand, gem and earth mining. Sand mining is a common activity of all sites; earth mining for brick making is more or less confine to Hanwella site in Kelani River. Gem mining is observed in Sites 2 and 3 in Ratnapura district. The families involved extraction of natural resources is drawing fairly high income although they do not reveal the accurate figures on the income. Percentages of families drawing benefits from national poverty alleviation program called “Samurdhi in six sites are shown in Table G.7.9.

Table G.7.9 Number and percentage of Samurdhi beneficiary families

Site No of families % 1 5 33 2 5 33 3 3 20 4 4 27 5 5 33 6 4 27 Total 26 29

The national average of Samurdhi beneficiary families is about 35%, therefore according to this indicator the community living in the close proximity of the site identified for the proposed project is above the poverty-line in general. Only 29% of the 90 families interviewed belongs the families below poverty line of the country.

Employment

The employment of chief householders and also the composition of employment of the each family were investigated in the questionnaire survey. Diversified income generation activities are performed by chief householders in each site. Three main significant income generation activities are reported from six sites. These three activities include self-employment, daily paid labour and farming. Majority of people in the area are involved in local natural resources based economic activities, such as sand mining, brick making and gem mining. The compositions of different income generation activities of the chief householders are shown in Table G.7.10.

G-63

Table G.7.10 Composition of employment of chief householders

% % % % % % % % % Employed (Other

Farmer Labourer Labourer describe) Daily Paid Fisherman Agriculture businesses) (Shop owner) Private Sector Public Servant Self Self Employed Site Others (Please 1 1 7 0 0 0 0 4 27 0 0 4 27 0 0 6 40 0 0 2 3 20 5 33 0 0 00160016 1 6 426 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 13 3 20 5 33 4 26 1 6 4 3 20 0 0 1 6 2131600213 2 13 426 5 3 20 1 6 0 0 2 13 1 6 5 33 1 6 2 13 0 0 6 5 33 0 0 0 0 3 20 1 6 3 20 2 13 0 0 1 6 Total 15 17 6 7 1 1 11 12 6 7 15 17 11 12 15 17 10 11

In most of the families studied in each location several family members are reported as employees other than the chief householder. In addition to the employment of the chief householder members of the households are involved in different categories of employment. Different categories of employment from each site studied are shown in Table G.7.11.

Table G.7.11 Categories of employment in families including chief householders

Category Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 6 No % No % No % No % No % No % Farmer 1 3.7 8 26.7 0 0 6 22.2 6 20.7 5 20 Agri labour 0 0 6 20.2 1 3.2 2 7.4 1 3.4 0 0 Fisherman 2 7.4 4 13.3 3 9.7 4 14.8 0 0 0 0 Public 9 33.3 0 0 0 0 2 7.4 2 6.9 3 12 servant Private 0 0 2 6.7 2 6.4 2 7.4 2 6.9 1 4 sector Daily paid 6 22.2 1 3.3 4 12.9 1 3.7 6 20.7 4 16 labour Business 2 7.4 1 3.3 8 25.8 2 7.4 1 3.4 3 12 Self 7 26. 3 10 12 38.7 4 14.8 4 13.8 8 32 employed Other 0 0 5 16.7 1 3.2 4 14.8 7 24.1 1 4 Total 27 100 30 100 31 100 27 100 29 100 25 100

Some of the family members are part-time employed while some are full-time employees. The information on these factors is shown in Table G.7.12.

Table G.7.12 Full-time & part-time members of the family

Site Full-time Part-time Total No % No % 1 6 22.6 21 77.4 27 2 16 53.3 14 46.7 30 3 13 41.9 18 58.1 31 4 13 48.1 14 51.9 27 5 13 44.8 16 52.2 29 6 8 32 17 68 25 Total 69 41 100 59 169

G-64

These members also contribute to the family income and also support to maintain the family unit. The numbers of employees including chief householders in each site studied are summarized in Table G.7.13.

Table G.7.13 Number of employees in each site:

Site Total family members No of employees % of employees 1 63 27 43 2 58 23 40 3 80 30 37 4 70 23 33 5 66 23 35 6 75 25 33 Total 412 151 37

The income of the families

The incomes of the chief householders as well as the total income of the family including the chief householder’s income were separately calculated in the household survey. If only the chief householders income is considered nearly 62% of the 90 families interviewed draw less than Rs. 8000/- per month. Although these figures on income may not be so accurate it indicates the income differences among the families living in the area. Monthly income earned by the chief householders to manage their families are summarized in Table G.7.14.

Table G.7.14 Chief householder’s income for the family

Site Monthly Income 1 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 6 % Total % Less 3000 0 0 2 13 1 6 4 27 0 0 0 0 7 8 3001 - 5000 1 7 7 46 3 20 6 40 5 33 5 33 27 30 5001 - 8000 3 20 5 33 1 6 3 20 5 33 5 33 22 24 8001- 10000 0 0 1 6 5 33 1 7 2 13 2 13 11 12 10001 – 15000 7 47 0 0 4 26 1 7 2 13 2 13 16 18 More 15000 4 27 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 6 1 6 7 8 Total 15 100 15 100 15 100 15 100 15 100 15 100 90 100

As shown in Table G.7.13, significant numbers of members of the families in each site are involved in income generation activities. The income of the families including chief householders income and other members are shown in Table G.7.15.

Table G.7.15 The total family income. (income of chief householders with other members) Number of households and percentage

Income range Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 6 Rs. Per month No % No % No % No % No % No % Less 2500 0 0 1 7 0 0 2 13 0 0 0 0 2501-5000 0 0 2 13 2 13 2 13 3 20 2 13 5001-7500 1 7 7 46 3 20 5 33 3 20 3 20 7501-10000 1 7 4 27 2 13 4 27 2 13 5 33 10001-15000 6 40 1 7 1 7 1 7 3 20 3 20 15001-20000 3 20 0 0 2 13 1 7 2 13 1 7 200001-25000 2 13 0 0 3 20 0 0 1 7 0 0 Above 25000 2 13 0 0 2 13 0 0 1 7 1 7 Total 15 100 15 100 15 100 15 100 15 100 15 100

G-65

(4) Land use

All the families have home gardens with different extent of land. No family has other land such as paddy and highland. The minimum and the maximum extent of land in each site are shown in Table G.7.16. Table G.7.16 Size of home garden

Site Minimum size Maximum size 1 20 perch 1 Acre 2 20 perch 3 Acres 3 4 perch 60 perch 4 10 perch 1 acre 5 60 perch 1 acre 6 80 perch 2 acres

Ownership to the land

Different types of land ownerships are reported from each site. However, most of the householders have freehold titles for their lands. The information on landownership in each site are shown in Table G.7.17. Table G.7.17 Ownership of land (numbers and percentages)

Site freehold Leased Annual permit Encroached No % No % No % No % 1 15 100 ------2 5 33 3 20 6 40 1 7 3 3 20 5 33 1 7 6 40 4 6 40 6 40 - - 3 20 5 15 100 ------6 13 87 2 13 - - - - Total 57 63 16 18 7 8 10 11

Crops cultivated

Some home gardens are fairly large extent of lands. Since the lands are close to the river, the ground water availabilities are comparatively rich in the area, therefore fairly enriched vegetation to cover in many of these home gardens can be observed. But some areas such as Ratnapura town proper site the lands are not grown with many crop. This is mainly due to frequent flood and also lands are used for gem mining. The details of the crops available in each site studied are shown in Table G.7.18 .

Table G.7.18 Crops available in home gardens (number of home gardens and percentage)

Semi Minor Site Perennial % Perennial % exports % No crops % Total 1 13 86 0 0 0 0 2 13 15 2 13 86 1 6 1 6 0 0 15 3 1 6 0 0 0 0 14 93 15 4 13 86 1 6 0 0 1 6 15 5 9 60 1 6 5 33 0 0 15 6 11 73 1 6 1 6 2 13 15 Total 60 67 4 4 7 8 19 21 90

G-66

Since paddy and other irrigated lands are not available, seasonal crops are not reported from the area.

(5) Fisheries

Community Involvement

The communities in six sites are involved in fishing activities in different scales. Ratnapura proposed reservoir area (Site 2) is the place where significant percentage of families involved in fishing activities (33%). The lowest percentage of people involved in fishing is reported from Site 1 (Hanwella in Kelani river 13%). Table G.7.19 shows the number of families involved in fishing activities. Table G.7.19 Community involvement in fishing

Site Yes % No % 1 2 13 13 87 2 5 33 10 66 3 4 26 11 73 4 4 26 11 73 5 3 20 12 80 6 3 20 12 80 Total 21 23 69 77

Significant of fisheries in livelihood system

Investigations were made to identify the degree of significance of the fisheries in the household income and food supply. The survey reveals that fishing does not play significant role in the household livelihood system, income or food supply. Most of the community members involved in fishing use the catch for their home consumption. Some people in the same household sell small quantity of fish for earning income for meeting day to day expenditure. The responses of the 15 households in each site on these issues are summarized in Table G.7.20.

Table G.7.20 Role of fishing in household livelihood system (number of households)

Moderate role in Small role in Small role in Site food supply % family income % food supply % Total % 1 0 0 2 13 2 13 4 27 2 0 0 1 6 5 33 6 40 3 0 0 0 0 4 26 4 27 4 2 13 1 6 4 26 7 41 5 0 0 0 0 3 20 3 20 6 0 0 0 0 3 20 3 20 Total 2 2 4 15 21 23 27 30

Sources of fishing

Except Site 1 (Hanwella in Kelani river) all others involved in fishing in main rivers. Most of these people fishing in main rivers use fishing rods to catch fish. The information on sources of fishing is given in Table G.7.21.

G-67

Table G.7.21 Sources of fishing

Site Main rivers % Tributary or stream % Total 1 0 0 2 13 2 2 5 33 0 0 5 3 4 26 0 0 4 4 4 26 0 0 4 5 3 20 0 0 3 6 3 20 0 0 3 Total 19 21 2 2 21

The varities of fish available

According to the community involved in fishing, diversity of fish verities (species) has gone down significantly, for example the maximum number found in diversity is in Hanwella (Site 1) and in all other places verities available in the past are not available now or the population has decrease tremendously. The verities that are normally caught by fishermen in each site are shown in Table G.7.22.

Table G.7.22 Commonly available fish varieties (commonly using local names)

Site # Fish species 1 Modaa, Teliya, Hirikanaya, Pethiya, Horapalaya, 2 Walaya, Anda 3 Polaya, Godaya, Anda 4 Koraliya, Pethiya, Hunga, Anguluwa 5 Godaya, Walaya, Modaa 6 Anda, Walaya

Period of fishing

In any of the sites fishing is not carried-out through out the year. It is confined to some months of the year, the number of months during which fishing is carried out range from 4 to 6 in all the sites. In some months inadequate water flowing the river is the reason for non-availability of fish. In other months high-water level in the rivers prevent people from fishing. The common months where fishing is possible in main stump or the tributaries in each site are shown in Table G.7.23.

Table G.7.23 Fishing months in six sites

Site # Months 1 March, April, August, September, October & December 2 January, April, June, July & December 3 January, June, July, august & December 4 January, February, June, July, August & December 5 February, April, June, July & December 6 February, April, June, July

Institutions and Governance of fishing

Although there are well established institutional mechanisms related to fishing activities in sea fishing and inland fishing such systems are not reported from any of the sites studies. Anybody in the area or

G-68

outside can catch fish in river or its tributaries, even local communities do not object for such practices.

(6) Physical infrastructure

Roads

Except nine householders (60%), all others mentioned about problems related to access roads in their areas. These problems are mainly confined to interior roads in the project sites (not A & B roads those are somewhat maintained by road development authority on regular basis).

Table G.7.24 Condition of roads (number & percentage of households responded)

Paved with good Paved with poor Unpaved with good Unpaved with poor Site maintenance maintenance maintenance maintenance

1 - - - 15 (100%) 2 - - - 15 (100%) 3 - 15 (100%) - - 4 - 11 (73%) - 4 (27 %) 5 - 11 (73%) - 4 (27 %) 6 9 (60%) 6 (40%) - -

Water Transport

According to our inquiries of the people in the area no one use river for transportation. This is mainly because there are other means for transportation in the area.

Electricity

Almost all the households in 6 sites except one household in Site 1 obtained electricity from electricity lines available in the area. No one uses generator or other source such as solar for power. One household in Site 1 uses kerosene for light, not for energy.

Drinking Water

Except Site 1 and Site 6, substantial percentages of households have access to pipe water. In the case of Site 1 (Hanwella in Kelaniya) households interviewed are temporary constructed structures to operate their brick making activities. The information of sources of drinking water is shown in Table G.7.25. Table G.7.25 Sources of drinking water

Site Pipe % Private water seller % Well % River % Rain % Other % 1 0 0 0 0 12 80 3 20 0 0 0 0 2 14 93 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 15 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 10 66 0 0 4 26 0 0 0 0 1 6 5 3 20 0 0 9 60 0 0 0 0 3 20 6 1 6 0 0 14 93 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 43 48 1 1 39 43 3 3 0 0 4 4

G-69

Sewerage

Except two households in Ratnapura town proper (Site 3) and one household in Kalutara (Site 4) all others depend on their own sewerage system established in the home gardens. In Sites 3 and 4, the 3 households depend on public places. The information on type of sewerage system of the 90 household in 6 sites is shown in Table G.7.26.

Table G.7.26 Sewerage systems

Site Public % Private % None % Other % Total 1 0 0 15 100 0 0 0 0 15 2 0 0 15 100 0 0 0 0 15 3 2 13 13 86 0 0 0 0 15 4 1 6 14 93 0 0 0 0 15 5 0 0 15 100 0 0 0 0 15 6 0 0 15 100 0 0 0 0 15 Total 3 3 87 97 0 0 0 0 90

Energy for cooking and heating

Using energy for heating is not a common practice in any of the site studied. Except two households in Site 1, one household in Site 3 and Site 4 that use gas tanks, all others in 6 sites use firewood for cooking. Since they are living close to river reservation collecting firewood from reserved lands and also buying firewood from other producers are still possible.

(7) Social infrastructure

The availability of health institutions, market and schools were investigated with the distance to such places. Information on these aspects are shown in Table G.7.27.

Table G.7.27 Distance to services

Distance from Distance Distance from Distance Distance Distance Service Site 1 from site 2 Site 3 from Site 4 from Site 5 from Site 6

Within 250 to Within 250 to More than More than More than Health More than 2000 m radius. 2000 m. 2000 m radius. 2000 m 2000 m 2000 m School - do - - do - - do - - do - - do - - do - Within 300 m Market - do - - do - - do - - do - - do - to 11 km

(8) Frequency of Floods

Majority of the household surveyed are located in the vicinity of the riverbanks, and therefore, it was assumed that these houses would get affected with floods. The information on frequency of effects of flood on each household in six sites is shown in Table G.7.28.

G-70

Table G.7.28 Frequency of flood effects on households

% % % % % year years / 5 years no effects times / year more than 6 1 to 5 times / 1 time / to 5 Site less than 1 time 1 0 0 15 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 6 0 0 14 93 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 12 80 3 20 0 0 4 2 13 0 0 7 46 6 40 0 0 5 0 6 0 0 11 66 4 26 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 14 93 1 6 0 0 Total 3 15 58 14 0

High frequency of floods (more than 6 times / year) is not reported from any of the sites studied. The next high frequency is reported from sites, Ratnapura proper and Kalutara in Kaluganga, Agaliya in Ginganga and Akuressa in Nilwalaganga.

(9) Duration of inundation

The time to bring normalcy after flood is taken as an indicator to measure the impact of flood in six sites. Again significant time is taken to bring normalcy in Kalutara (Site 4), Agaliya (Site 5) and Akuressa (Site 6). The information on time taken to bring normalcy to the location studied is shown in Table G.7.29. Table G.7.29 Time taken to bring normalcy

% % % % % day days Total Total hours 1 to 3 days 4 to 7 days Less than 6 6 hours to 1 More than 8 Site 1 7 47 8 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 2 0 0 8 52 6 46 0 0 0 0 14 3 0 0 4 26 11 73 0 0 0 0 15 4 0 0 0 0 4 40 5 0 4 26 13 5 0 0 0 0 7 46 7 46 1 6 15 6 0 0 0 0 11 73 4 26 0 0 15 Total 7 20 39 16 5 87 Note: One person in Site 2 and two persons in site 4 did not response on this issue.

(10) Damages caused by flood

Except Hanwella in Site 1, in all other sites negative effect on human-lives is an issue discussed by householders. The same number of householders mentioned about the effect on human health. The information on effect of flood on different aspects of communities is shown in Table G.7.30.

G-71

Table G.7.30 Damages caused by flood (number of households responded)

% % % % % % Job Crops Houses Livestock Human life opportunities Human health Site 1 0 0 0 0 2 13 0 0 0 0 15 100 2 14 93 14 93 6 40 0 0 2 13 12 80 3 15 100 15 100 15 100 0 0 0 0 10 67 4 10 67 10 67 7 47 1 7 5 33 7 47 5 15 100 15 100 15 100 10 67 12 80 10 67 6 15 100 15 100 4 27 7 47 15 100 7 47 Total 69 77 69 77 49 54 18 20 34 38 61 68

(11) Monitory losses due to flood

About 94% of the householders calculated monitory losses due to flood. Majority of the householders mentioned that about Rs. 10,000 to 40,000 per year is the average damage in term of monitory value. The different values to the damages calculated by the householders are shown in Table G.7.31.

Table G.7.31 Monitory losses due to flood – number of householders responded

Damages Rs / year Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 6 Total

Less 10000 7 0 2 3 0 1 13 10001- 20000 4 8 3 7 7 10 39 20001- 30000 1 5 2 1 8 2 19 30001- 40000 0 0 3 1 0 0 04 40001- 50000 1 1 3 1 0 0 06 More Than 50000 2 0 2 0 0 0 04 Total 15 14 15 13 15 13 85

(12) Arrangement of flood alert or forecast

Except 17% (15 households) all others in 6 sites mentioned that there are no forecast or flood warning systems established in the area. Kalutara in Kaluganga and Agaliya in Gin ganga, Akuressa in Nilwala ganga, small percentage (17%) expressed about availability of some information system on flood warning.

G-72