DOCSLIB.ORG

A Vegetation Classification System for Use in California: Its Conceptual Basis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Vegetation Classification System for Use in California: Its Conceptual Basis United States Department of Agriculture A Vegetation Forest Service Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Classification System Experiment Station General Technical Report PSW-63 for Use in California: Its Conceptual Basis Timothy E. Paysen Jeanine A. Derby C. Eugene Conrad The Authors: TIMOTHY E. PAYSEN, a research forester, is assigned to the Station's chaparral and related ecosystems research unit, with headquarters at Riverside, Calif. He earned a bachelor of science degree in forest management at Humboldt State College (1969) and a doctorate in applied statistics at the University of California, Riverside (1978). JEANINE A. DERBY is a forest botanist, San Bernardino National Forest, San Bernardino, Calif. She received a bachelor's degree in biology (1974) at the University of California, Riverside, and a master's degree in biology (1979) at California State University, San Bernardino. C. EUGENE CONRAD heads the Station's research unit studying the management of chaparral and related ecosystems, with headquarters at Riverside, Calif. He earned a bachelor's degree in agriculture (1956) and a master's degree in range management and plant ecology (1959) from Oregon State University. He joined the Forest Service and Station's research staff in 1961. Acknowledgments: We thank Ivan E. Parker of the Pacific Southwest Region's Land Management Planning Staff, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, for his active participation in developing earlier manuscript drafts and for his pungent critique of concepts and philosophies that would have earned for him the right to coauthorship had time and priorities allowed him to become involved in developing the final draft. Responsibility for final content, concepts, and philosophies rests with us. We also thank members of the California Interagency Vegetation Task Group who provided technical review of this paper: Norden H. Cheatham, University of California Systemwide Administration; Harlan C. DeGarmo, Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; Don A. Duncan, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; E. Lee Fitzhugh, University of California Cooperative Extension; Glen Hols- ein, The Nature Conservancy; Nancy Tosta Miller, California Department of Forestry; Dale A. Thornburgh, Humboldt State University; and John W. Willoughby, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Department of the Interior. Publisher: Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station P.O. Box 245, Berkeley, California 94701 December 1982 A Vegetation Classification System for Use in California: Its Conceptual Basis Timothy E. Paysen Jeanine A. Derby C. Eugene Conrad CONTENTS Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Vegetation Classification in California ............................................................ 2 Classification System for California ................................................................ 2 Association: The Basic Unit ......................................................................... 3 Series: Overstory Species ............................................................................. 3 Subformation: Morphological Similarities ................................................... 4 Formation: Physiognomic Similarities ......................................................... 4 Phase: Variability in Communities .............................................................. 4 Nomenclature ............................................................................................... 5 Conceptual Basis of the System ....................................................................... 6 Performance Requirements .......................................................................... 6 Design Criteria .............................................................................................. 7 Concepts Useful in Field Application .............................................................. 9 Plant Community Organization .................................................................... 9 Succession and Development ..................................................................... 10 Potential Vegetation and Climax ................................................................ 10 Apparent Instability in Stable Communities .............................................. 10 Appendix: Classification System Correlations ............................................... 11 References ...................................................................................................... 13 long-standing communication problem for people who classification devised by Kuchler (1964) as a basis for map- Amanage resources is now entering a critical stage. In the ping potential natural vegetation of the United States can be past, different vegetation classification "languages" became included. Kuchler's potential natural vegetation is defined as current, in line with the emphasis on specific resource man- that which would exist if man were removed and subsequent agement responsibilities or functions, such as timber or plant succession telescoped into a single moment in time. wildlife. With the change in emphasis toward interdisciplinary Many classification systems go beyond the mere description management, the diversity of these languages hampers effect- of vegetation. Some systems focus on the ecology of vegeta- tive planning and coordination. Because each functional or tion; these systems relate particular kinds of vegetation to the technical vegetation classification system reflects a different characteristics of the environments that they grow in. Thus, we viewpoint, no one system can be used by all disciplines or find plant communities and vegetation types with such names agencies. as Alkali Sink Scrub, Alpine Cushion Plant, Palm Oasis The system described in this report solves the communica- Woodland, Foothill Oak, or Desert Transition Chaparral. tion problem. It addresses only the vegetation component of Other systems focus specifically on ecosystems that are ecosystems; it is a plant community taxonomy based on the characterized by vegetation; these systems classify land units fundamental concepts of classification. It can thus serve as a or ecosystems, but use names derived from vegetation classifi- crosswalking mechanism, or general language, with common cation schemes (see Daubenmire 1968, Hall 1976, Layser and acceptance in resource management. Properly used, it is a Schubert 1979, Pfister and Arno 1980). A different use of consistent framework on which to build better languages vegetation nomenclature is found in systems for classifying adapted to specific resource functions. land or ecological units that represent more general biological The system addresses a basic plant community unit at five systems (Brown and others 1979, Dansereau 1951, Walter levels of descriptive detail, four of which are members of a 1973). Included in this last group, and geared towards map- formal hierarchy. Floristic criteria are used for the basic unit at ping vegetation on a global scale, are Fosberg's system (Fos- the most precise level, the plant Association, and for the more berg 1967) and the UNESCO system (UNESCO 1973). The generally descriptive unit, the Series. Physiognomic and mor- distinction between the kinds of systems described in this phological criteria are used to aggregate these basic units to the paragraph and those that classify vegetation alone is often Subformation and Formation levels of the system. The fifth missed by practitioners, and occasionally by the system devel- level, the Phase, which is outside of the hierarchy, provides a opers themselves. flexible tool for description of vegetation characteristics re- Vegetation classification systems have been a necessary lated to resource function or other specific by-product of inventory, mapping, land classification, or objectives. ecosystem classification systems. In timber and range man- The development of the present system has taken place agement, for example, vegetation growing sites are placed in against a background of many attempts to classify vegetation. categories defined by management criteria (Eyre 1980; U.S. In the aggregate, existing systems reflect a variety of purposes Dep. Agric., Forest Serv. 1979; U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest and an assortment of descriptive scales, but each system meets Serv. 1975). Some systems serve as a point of departure for a specific objective. Systems have been designed to organize understanding the structure and dynamics of vegetation vegetation according to functional resource management (Braun-Blanquet 1932). Poulton (1972) developed a plant criteria, to describe vegetation associated with land units or community classification system in order to complete a land ecological units, to distinguish structural types or floristic cover map legend. assemblages, or to stratify vegetation into recognizable areal This report describes a Vegetation Classification System units. Systems came into being to ease management activity and its conceptual basis. It provides users of the System with (inventory, land allocation, planning), to illustrate ecological information that will facilitate its consistent application in the relationships, or to provide a framework for understanding field, clarifies the System's relevance to various classification vegetation dynamics. Systems can be designed to address a problems, and suggests methods for its
Load more

Recommended publications
  • TAXONOMY Plant Family Species Scientific Name Coldenia Nuttallii
    Plant Propagation Protocol for Tiquilia nuttallii ESRM 412 – Native Plant Production Protocol URL: https://courses.washington.edu/esrm412/protocols/TINU2.pdf TAXONOMY Plant Family Scientific Name Boraginaceae Common Name Borage family Species Scientific Name Scientific Name Tiquilia nuttallii (Hook.) A.T. Richardson Varieties None Sub-species None Cultivar None Common Synonym(s) Coldenia nuttallii (Hook.) Common Name(s) Nuttall’s crinklemat, Rosette tiquilia, Nuttall’s tiquilia Species Code (as per TINU2 USDA Plants database) All images (that aren’t maps) from 1 GENERAL INFORMATION Geographical range Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, and a distinct population in Missouri 1,2,5,11 Maps from right to left 10,11 Ecological Desert sands, sandy loam/sandy plains, washes, slopes/hillsides, saline flats 2,6 distribution Climate and Climate Tolerances: 33-41ºC elevation range Elevation Range: ~0-2500m 1,5,8 Local habitat and Most common in desert-like habitats, common associations include plants abundance from the genera of Artemisia, Atriplex, Chrysothamnus, Juniperus, Larrea, and Pinus. 2,5,6 Plant strategy type / Tolerant of dry, desert environments. Is generally an early successional plant successional stage commonly found in disturbed habitats such as roadsides and building developments 3 Plant characteristics Herbaceous annual forb/herb with shrub-like characteristics. Dichotomously branched, slender stems woody when older, strigose. Leaves are green, ridged, have hairs, and are ovate. Flowers
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary History and Taxonomy of the Cuscuta Umbellata Complex (Convolvulaceae): Evidence of Extensive Hybridization from D
    TAXON 59 (6) • December 2010: 1783–1800 Costea & Stefanović • Systematics of the Cuscuta umbellata complex Evolutionary history and taxonomy of the Cuscuta umbellata complex (Convolvulaceae): Evidence of extensive hybridization from discordant nuclear and plastid phylogenies Mihai Costea1 & Saša Stefanović 2 1 Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3C5, Canada 2 Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada Author for correspondence: Mihai Costea, [email protected] Abstract The Cuscuta umbellata complex is one of the 15 major clades recently circumscribed in C. subg. Grammica. Most of its members occur in North America and the Caribbean (C. desmouliniana, C. lacerata, C. leptantha, C. liliputana, C. odontol- epis, C. polyanthemos, C. tuberculata, C. umbellata), but three species (C. acuta, C. membranacea, C. umbellata) grow in South America, and one (C. hyalina) is found as a native species in India, Pakistan and Eastern to South Africa. Basic morphology, scanning electron microscopy and sequence data from the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the plastid trnL-F region were used to reconstruct the phylogeny, gain a better understanding of the evolutionary history, and determine species boundaries. Our results show that in its currently accepted delimitation C. umbellata is polyphyletic. Discordances between phylogenies derived from plastid and nuclear data strongly suggest that at least four independent hybridization events have occurred in the evolution of this species group, rendering relationships among its members more complex than previously thought. One of these reticulation events involves C. umbellata var. reflexa, a taxon that has been considered synonymous to C. umbellata var. umbellata in the last decades.
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plant Flora of Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument Phase II Report
    Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plant Flora of Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument Phase II Report By Dr. Terri Hildebrand Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT and Dr. Walter Fertig Moenave Botanical Consulting, Kanab, UT Colorado Plateau Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Unit Agreement # H1200-09-0005 1 May 2012 Prepared for Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument Southern Utah University National Park Service Mojave Network TABLE OF CONTENTS Page # Introduction . 4 Study Area . 6 History and Setting . 6 Geology and Associated Ecoregions . 6 Soils and Climate . 7 Vegetation . 10 Previous Botanical Studies . 11 Methods . 17 Results . 21 Discussion . 28 Conclusions . 32 Acknowledgments . 33 Literature Cited . 34 Figures Figure 1. Location of Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument in northern Arizona . 5 Figure 2. Ecoregions and 2010-2011 collection sites in Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument in northern Arizona . 8 Figure 3. Soil types and 2010-2011 collection sites in Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument in northern Arizona . 9 Figure 4. Increase in the number of plant taxa confirmed as present in Grand Canyon- Parashant National Monument by decade, 1900-2011 . 13 Figure 5. Southern Utah University students enrolled in the 2010 Plant Anatomy and Diversity course that collected during the 30 August 2010 experiential learning event . 18 Figure 6. 2010-2011 collection sites and transportation routes in Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument in northern Arizona . 22 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page # Tables Table 1. Chronology of plant-collecting efforts at Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument . 14 Table 2. Data fields in the annotated checklist of the flora of Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument (Appendices A, B, C, and D) .
    [Show full text]
  • Boraginaceae.Published.Pdf
    Flora of China 16: 329–427. 1995. BORAGINACEAE 紫草科 zi cao ke Zhu Ge-ling1; Harald Riedl2, Rudolf Kamelin3 Herbs perennial, biennial, or annual, less often lianas, shrubs, or trees, usually bristly or scabrous-pubescent. Leaves simple, exstipulate, alternate, rarely opposite, entire or serrate at margin. Inflorescences often double scorpioid cymes, rarely solitary; bracts present or absent. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic, rarely zygomorphic. Calyx usually 5-parted or lobed, mostly persistent. Corolla tubular, campanulate, rotate, funnelform, or salverform; tube appendages 5, rarely more, mostly trapeziform, rarely absent, sometimes a ring of hairs present; limb usually 5-parted; lobes overlapping, rarely twisted in bud. Stamens 5, inserted on corolla tube or rarely at throat, included or rarely exserted; anthers introrse, 2-loculed, usually dorsifixed at base, less often medifixed, dehiscence longitudinal. Nectaries at base of corolla tube or on disc below ovary. Ovary superior, 2-carpellate; locules 2 and each with 2 ovules, or 4 and each with 1 ovule; ovules nearly atropous, semianatropous, or anatropous. Style terminal or gynobasic, branched or not. Gynobase flat, fastigiate, or subulate. Fruit 1–4-seeded drupes or nutlets (mericarps); nutlets mostly dry, often ornamented with wings, prickles and/or glochids (stiff bristles with barbed or anchorlike tips). Seeds vertical or oblique, coat membranous; embryo straight, less often curved; cotyledons flat, fleshy. About 156 genera and 2500 species: temperate and tropical regions, centered in the Mediterranean region; 47 genera and 294 species in China, of which four genera and 156 species are endemic. Anchusa italica Retzius, A. officinalis Linnaeus, and Borago officinalis Linnaeus are cultivated. Borago officinalis is uncommon and not naturalized, and because its seeds contain quality oil, it is probably more commonly grown than previously.
    [Show full text]
  • Flowering Plants. Eudicots
    Edited by K. Kubitzki Volume XIV Flowering Plants. Eudicots Aquifoliales, Boraginales, Bruniales, Dipsacales, Escalloniales, Garryales, Paracryphiales, Solanales (except Convolvulaceae), Icacinaceae, Metteniusaceae, Vahliaceae Joachim W. Kadereit · Volker Bittrich (Eds.) THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF VASCULAR PLANTS Edited by K. Kubitzki For further volumes see list at the end of the book and: http://www.springer.com/series/1306 . The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Edited by K. Kubitzki Flowering Plants Eudicots Aquifoliales, Boraginales, Bruniales, XIV Dipsacales, Escalloniales, Garryales, Paracryphiales, Solanales (except Convolvulaceae), Icacinaceae, Metteniusaceae, Vahliaceae Volume Editors: Joachim W. Kadereit Volker Bittrich With 76 Figures Editors Joachim W. Kadereit Volker Bittrich Johannes Gutenberg Campinas Universit€at Mainz Brazil Mainz Germany Series Editor Prof. Dr. Klaus Kubitzki Universit€at Hamburg Biozentrum Klein-Flottbek und Botanischer Garten 22609 Hamburg Germany ISBN 978-3-319-28532-0 ISBN 978-3-319-28534-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-28534-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016937409 # Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated Checklist of Vascular Flora, Arches National Park
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Annotated Checklist of Vascular Flora Arches National Park Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NCPN/NRTR—2009/220 ON THE COVER Double Arch, Arches National Park, Utah. Photograph by Walter Fertig. Annotated Checklist of Vascular Flora Arches National Park Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NCPN/NRTR—2009/220 Authors Walter Fertig Moenave Botanical Consulting 1117 W. Grand Canyon Dr. Kanab, UT 84741 Sarah Topp Northern Colorado Plateau Network National Park Service P.O. Box 848 Moab, UT 84532 Mary Moran Southeast Utah Group National Park Service P.O. Box 907 Moab, UT 84532 Editing and Design Alice Wondrak Biel Northern Colorado Plateau Network National Park Service P.O. Box 848 Moab, UT 84532 June 2009 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, con- servation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Technical Report Series is used to disseminate results of scientifi c stud- ies in the physical, biological, and social sciences for both the advancement of science and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. The series provides contributors with a forum for displaying comprehensive data that are often deleted from journals because of page limitations. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the in- formation is scientifi cally credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner.
    [Show full text]
  • Hymenoptera: Apoidea), with an Emphasis on Perdita (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2018 Foraging Behavior, Taxonomy, and Morphology of Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), with an Emphasis on Perdita (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) Zachary M. Portman Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Portman, Zachary M., "Foraging Behavior, Taxonomy, and Morphology of Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), with an Emphasis on Perdita (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)" (2018). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 7040. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7040 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FORAGING BEHAVIOR, TAXONOMY, AND MORPHOLOGY OF BEES (HYMENOPTERA: APOIDEA), WITH AN EMPHASIS ON PERDITA (HYMENOPTERA: ANDRENIDAE) by Zachary M. Portman A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Ecology Approved: _________________________ _________________________ Carol von Dohlen, Ph.D. Terry Griswold, Ph.D. Major Professor Project Advisor _________________________ _________________________ Nancy Huntly, Ph.D. Karen Kapheim, Ph.D. Committee Member Committee Member _________________________ _________________________ Luis Gordillo, Ph.D. Mark R. McLellan, Ph.D. Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2018 ii Copyright © Zachary M. Portman 2018 All Rights Reserved1 1 Several studies have been published previously and others remain to be submitted to peer-reviewed journals. As such, a disclaimer is necessary.
    [Show full text]
  • In Vitro Rapid Multiplication of Coldenia Procumbens L. from Shoot Tip Explants G
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Journal of Advanced Applied Scientific Research (JOAASR) Journal of Advanced Applied Scientific Research - ISSN: 2454-3225 G. Jahirhussain et.al JOAASR-RTB-2016- February-2016:18- 28 In vitro rapid multiplication of Coldenia procumbens L. from shoot tip explants G. Jahirhussain*, S. Palanivel , V. Tamilselvan, V. Muniappan, K. Deepa, R. Veerappan P.G. and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Karur -639 005. Tamilnadu, India. Corresponding Author E. mail: [email protected] Abstract: An efficient protocol for in vitro rapid multiplication of Coldenia procumbens L. has been developed. The shoot tip explants were cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with different concentrations of BAP and KIN. The two cytokinins are tested, BAP was found to develop higher number of shoots from the shoot tip explants when compared to KIN. Higher number of shoots was produced from all the concentrations of BAP and KIN. The highest frequency of 100% shoot induction was observed on MS basal medium supplemented with 6 μM BAP and 10 μM KIN. The number of shoots observed on the MS basal medium supplemented with BAP obtained 14 as well as 11 in KIN. The data's are recorded after 30days of inoculation. Key words : Coldenia procumbens L., cytokinins, shoot tip explants. 18 Journal of Advanced Applied Scientific Research - ISSN: 2454-3225 G. Jahirhussain et.al JOAASR-RTB-2016- February-2016:18- 28 INTRODUCTION grounds, stems reaching 10-50cm long, Coldeniaprocumbens Linn.(Boraginaceae) shaggy with white hairs, branches often is an annual herb, common weed in India.
    [Show full text]
  • Aizoales 3-663.20.00
    Aizoales 3-663.20.00 Taxonomy Introduction In the Apg2 classifcation Te suborder is recognised with Lo- Tey have a tendency to give a lot in order to be accepted. Tey phiocarpaceae, Barbeuiaceae, Aizoaceae, Gisekiaceae, Nyctag- want to belong to the group, the family and in order to do so inaceae, Phytolaccaceae and Sarcobataceae. they have a tendency to adapt, to give in. Because they are high- ly sensitive they accurately feel what the others want and need Plant theory and can easily adapt to that. It is only when they feel placed In the Plant theory the above clade is given the name Aizoales. outside of the group that they can become angry. It feels like a Aizoales is placed in Phase 2 of the Caryophyllidae. basic need of life to be accepted but it is difcult for them to feel In the frst version the above Families were placed in the sever- completely accepted as their inner life is ofen felt as peculiar al Subphases. and strange. Tey feel weird in a strange world. Tey feel very In Plant theory 2 only Aizoaceae is lef inPhase 2. religious, a connection with the spiritual world and God and Te other Families are transferred toPhase 3. that connection is ofen not very well accepted in society. Due to their inner convictions they can get in confict with society. Subphases Mostly their solution is to keep their opinions and feelings to 1. Sesuvioideae Aizoaceae themselves; they prefer to avoid the conficts. Tey hope to be 2. Drosanthemoideae Aizoaceae be able to stay with their own inner convictions and that they 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Boraginaceae
    Flora Malesiana,Series I, Volume 13 (1997) 43-144 Boraginaceae 1 H. Riedl Vienna) Boraginaceae Juss., Gen. Pl. (1789) 128 (‘Borragineae ’); Brand in Engl., Pflanzenr., fam. IV.252 (1921) 1-183 (Cynoglosseae ); ibid. (1931) 1-236 (Cryptantheae); Heine in Fl. Nouv.-Caléd. 7 (1976) 95-118; I.M.Johnston, Contr. Gray Herb. 73 (1924) 42-73; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 2 (1923) 438-442; C.B.Rob., Philipp. J. Sc., Bot. 4 (1909) 687-698; Van Royen, Pac. Sc. 29 (1975) 79-98. Trees, shrubs, subshrubs, woody climbers, perennial or annual herbs usually covered by hairs or bristles on the herbaceous parts, woody species sometimes entirely glabrous. Leaves alternate, very rarely oppsite (in Tournefortia), exstipulate, undivided, usual- in few with reticulate venation of which ly entire, a very species serrate, only the main detectable in most either nerves are clearly cases. Inflorescence a simple cyme or com- pound, cymes arranged dichotomously or in racemes or panicles, with or without bracts, terminal or lateral, sometimes single flowers in the axils of upper leaves. Flowers her- maphroditic, rarely unisexual and plants monoecious, composed of calyx and corolla, pentamerous, rarely tetramerous, actinomorphous, in some genera slightly zygomor- phous. Calyx campanulate to cup-shaped, lobes entirely free or more or less coherent, sometimes accrescent or spreading after flowering, sessile or distinctly stalked. Corolla coherent in lower part (tube), lobes free, erect or spreading in the upper part (limb), with an intermediate, gradually widening zone (throat), tubular, campanulate to funnel- shaped or rotate, lobes usually imbricate in bud, rarely valvate, bent into the throat (in some Heliotropium spp.) or contorted (in Myosotis).
    [Show full text]
  • ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names 6Th Edition
    ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names 6th Edition ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema Published by All rights reserved. No part of this publication may The International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or Zürichstr. 50, CH-8303 Bassersdorf, Switzerland transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, ©2014 International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) without prior permission in writing from ISTA. ISBN 978-3-906549-77-4 ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names 1st Edition 1966 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Prof. P. A. Linehan 2nd Edition 1983 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. H. Pirson 3rd Edition 1988 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. W. A. Brandenburg 4th Edition 2001 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 5th Edition 2007 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 6th Edition 2013 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema ii 6th Edition 2013 ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names Contents Contents Preface ...................................................... iv L ................................................................41 Acknowledgements .................................... v M ...............................................................46 Symbols and abbreviations ....................... vi N ...............................................................50 ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names ........... 1 O ...............................................................51
    [Show full text]
  • An Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California
    532 BORAGINACEAE spicuously dilated and overlapping to form a bulbous base to the stem ; cymes few, the pedicels usually ascending, commonly 1-3 cm. long in fruit ; calyx-lobes oblong, mostly obtuse, 2-3 mm. long; corolla campanulate and more or less funnelform, 6-9 mm. long, the lobes oval, 2-3 mm. long; anthers oblong, 1 mm. or less long; capsule oblong-ovoid, 4-7 mm. long; seeds 1-1.5 mm. long. Wet rocks. Boreal Zones; mountains of Washington, Oregon, and northern California, north to Alaska and the Aleutian Islands and east to Alberta and Montana. Type locality : Sitka, Alaska. June-Sept. Family 132. BORAGINACEAE.* Borage Family. Herbs, shrubs, or some tropical species trees. Leaves simple, alternate, or rarely opposite or whorled, commonly entire and pubescent, hispid or setose. Flowers perfect and usually regular, in one-sided scorpioid spikes, racemes, cymes or scat- tered. Calyx commonly 5-lobed or 5-parted, usually persistent, the lobes valvate. Corolla sympetalous, regular or rarely more or less irregular, 5-lobed, sometimes crested or appendaged in the throat. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes and alternate with them, inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla and usually included. Ovary superior, of two 2-ovuled carpels, entire or the carpels commonly deeply 2-lobed, making it appear as of four 1-ovuled carpels; style simple, entire or 2-cleft; ovules anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit mostly of four 1 -seeded nutlets or rarely of two 2-seeded carpels. Endosperm none ; embryo straight or curved. A family of about 9S genera and 1,800 species, of world-wide distribution, but with one of the principal centers of distribution in southwestern United States.
    [Show full text]