Pilot project 4. Terracina integrated

pathways

Projet Interreg IIIB Medocc

n° 2005-05-2.1-I-137

March 2008

Content

Foreword 1 Methodological approach 4 Terracina integrated pathways case study 5 Background 5 Target groups and purposes 9 Compound analysis 16 Collection 16 Analysis 60 Processing 72 Resources 80 Technical resources 80 Human resources 82 Costs and benefits 86 General considerations 86 Route realisation cost evaluation 87 Route management cost evaluation 90 Bibliography 91 Acknowledgements 96 1st attachment: General overview on Route Tourism 97 Routes instances 102 Route planning 127 Target planning 127 Planning elements 129 Planning technical aids 139 2nd attachment – Planning tables 143

Foreword

Tourism is a central factor playing a key role in the frame of the link town-country, as already illustrated into the “Climate monitoring & suburban areas development” study of this series (p. 26). This because tourism could be described in the narrowest sense as a periodical migratory wave of citizens coming to and from the urban centres for various motivations and because of the importance of the economy it generates. The concept of tourism in a broad way is linked to the concept of travelling for purposes different than the basic surviving, territorial conquest or trading motivations. Those could be sought in the intellectual horizon and could be traced back in the history of humanity from the initiation travels of primitive populations, the religious travels testified on the pre-classic age to visit temples and oracles, or the great pilgrimage travel of the medieval age. The pure- leisure travelling holidays are instead testified by many Roman writers, and poets and by the archaeological ruins of classic villas and second houses of the late empire. The word tourism itself derives from “Le Grand Tour”, the educational travel that starting from the second half of the XVIII century the noble and intellectual youth of England were supposed to achieve into the cultural centres of the continent to perform and refine their instruction. Nowadays this educational content has been softened or quite erased and more than a tourist considers its priority only in terms of relax or leisure.

This cultural loss in a substantial way is not quite effective. It is in fact a commonplace to define the travel as an enrichment of personality: wandering, seeing other places, other ways of life, other cultures is a cultural improvement itself, that sets in motion reflection and ideas, apart from the benefit coming from physical motion.

This passive induction to acculturation could be properly stimulated and deepened thanks to a wise planning and design of the travel route itself, that become in this manner functional to other and higher issues than the pure leisure (from the traveller point of view) or the economic gain (from the tourist operator point of view).

One of the issues now at stake is the sustainability of tourism, this operates on the environment on a double way: tourism is attracted by high value, unspoiled, environments and at the same time tourism pollution has a great impact on the environment itself. Apart

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 111 from architectonic and landscape spoiling of many places, tourism requests many polluting transport devices and great water resources. Therefore new kinds of tourism more environmental friendly as cycle tourism and walking tourism are taking now place.

It is interesting to note that since from the beginning tourists gave great value to the route notion. Le Grand Tour was carefully planned and had its compulsory stages in important historical cities like Paris, the German Universities, Rome, Naples, etc.. In the cities themselves there were peculiar fashionable monuments, landscapes or locals to be visited and the traveller came back well acquainted with the foreign culture, customs and traditions, thanks to a carefully planned visiting schedule that involved physical, cultural, landscape and historical features.

Today the definition of “tourist route” accepted by the scientific community refers to an “initiative to bring together a variety of activities and attractions under a unified theme and thus stimulate entrepreneurial opportunity through the development of ancillary products and services” (Greffe,1994). Compared to the ancient concept of tourism that highlighted culture and education, the modern tourism value is referred mainly to economy and economic development.

The terminology used to describe the “tourism route” notion often differs in different countries of the world utilising terms as “themed routes”, “trails”, “scenic by-ways”, “drive tourism” and so on. Overall, the route is considered to be an effective method of tourism distribution especially of tourists travelling by road (driving, hiking, cycling etc) within a given geographical area. The essential concept of route tourism is simple, namely that of the linking together a series of tourism attractions in order to promote local tourism by encouraging visitors to travel from one location to another. The kind of attraction selected gives the theme of the route (such as folklore, working lives, food and drink routes, religious routes, etc…)

The significance of the travel has acquired over the recent years new values. In the 80ies and 90ies of the last century a trail was general accomplished for leisure, wellness and sport purposes. Than added values connected to the business and marketing sphere of influence were introduced and the itinerary with the time changed from a physical traced route in the environment into an ideal path of discovery (and purchasing) among taste, enjoyment and feeling sensations, to be travelled with different modalities (very often by private car) and sometimes even no more linked to an exactly traced route.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 222 The itinerary adopted to accomplish this travel or visit, becomes the strategic central element for the development of tourist offers in the frame of the territorial management and planning by the local administrators. It is so important that it is involved into the process of local governance of the territory and is linked with many aspects of economy, nature protection, culture, human and environmental heritage, etc… For instance, actually one of the priority actions for the local administrators of coast tourist towns it to mitigate the environmental damages due to excessive crowding on the seaside, trying to divert part of the tourist demand on hinterland locations. In the same way small historical towns of Central Italy are trying to reroute masses of tourists to relevant points of attractiveness of the surrounding countryside. In both these instances wise route planning could be seen as a soft but effective instrument to move away and alleviate the weight of tourism from overloaded nodes, but for this purpose it has to cope with a multi-thematic scenario.

Therefore in this study the GreenLink priority axis “Sport, leisure and tourist activities” will be merged and connected with the axes already focused in the three previous projects that were: 1. “Technologic infrastructures and productive activities”; 2. “Renewable energies and biodiversity”; 3. “Educational, cultural and artistic activities”.

This is firstly deserved by the GreenLink general viewpoint of rational planning integration and then because the realisation of tourist routes implies the gathering of centres of attractiveness that are linked intimately with the three foresaid themes as it will be illustrated in the following chapters.

Panoramic view of Pontine Plain from Monte Circeo, detailing the main tourism features of the area

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 333

Methodological approach

Following the methodological scheme of the previous works, this fourth ARSIAL activity simulation for GreenLink project is structured in two parts: 1. a general overview about the tourism route realisation concept illustrating definitions, state of the art, best practices, planning methodology; 2. an instance of advanced planning in this frame. For this last aspect it will be take as instance the area of Terracina, a well known seaside place of South Latium, were the conjunction of natural, cultural and historical values could play an interesting role for the enhancement of tourism leisure activities. At the end an evaluation of cost & benefits will try to take into account the economic effort and the advantages linked to the pathways realisation. To this regard it should be stressed that economic benefits are difficult to be accounted for, because they concern the leisure sphere and the un-monetary advantages of public actions that could be esteemed in term of social consensus and community welfare.

Due to the large dimension of the work in its whole, this was divided into three different parts to the purpose of a easier publishing on the web: 1) the case study as the main component; 2) the general overview as a first detached attachment; 3) the planning tables as a second detached attachment.

General Route Tourism overview 1st attachment Route instances on route Target planning tourism Route planning Planning elements

Planning aids

Background Collection Analysis Terracina Target group & purposes Processing case study Compound analysis Technical res. Resources Human res.

General considerations

Costs & Route realisation cost evaluation benefits Route management cost evaluation

2nd attachment Planning tables

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 444 Terracina integrated pathways case study

Background

It is important to stress out that the planning process of this study has not been originated by a primary purpose linked to economic development, as in case of so many tourist route plans, but in the perspective of GreenLink frame, it was related to a rational and wise development of the “town-country” connection, with particular attention to sustainability and cultural/educational issues. For this reason the road map adopted to navigate through the different stages of the accomplishment will start from a summarised consideration of the historical and environmental background of the area of Terracina.

Historical background The history of Terracina is linked firstly to the Roman empire, when it was known as a religious and defensive centre linked to the main routes of trade of land and sea. Here, in the first century B.C. one of the greatest monumental centres of the Romans was restructured and widened: the Temple of Jupiter Anxur. The first agriculture land reform operated in the area could be dated to the 329 B.C. or in the following epochs, when all the locality actually named “la Valle” was reclaimed for 450 hectares extension and distributed to the army colons thus becoming one of the first agriculture productivity centre in the area (Selvaggi, 1999). In the first medieval age too Terracina was one of the main node of the religious and diplomatic exchanges going through the ancient road (the via Appia), connecting the remains of the West to the East Roman Empire. In the later medieval age this role was played among the two Christianity centres of Rome and Byzantium and the Bishop headquarter of Terracina acquired growing and permanent temporal power on all the area of Pontine Plain and of the hinterland. In later times the localisation of the town on the border between the Church State and the Kingdom of Naples and of the Two Sicilies strengthened its administrative and defensive values. On 1500-1600 the tower coastal defensive system was settled against the Saracens with the construction of 10 towers in the territory. In the Illuminist age Terracina was the technical centre of the first attempts (after the Romans) to drain part of the Pontine marshes, operated mainly by Pope Pio VI. In later times the brigandage phenomenon acquired a peculiar strength that found ailment thanks to the environmental, social and diplomatic features of the border line between the two states. In this time begun the European “Grand tour” travel fashion and Terracina was one of the obliged stops of the

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 555 journey of many travellers to the south (Naples and Sicily) as for Montesquieu and Christian Andersen, from whom were left artistic descriptions of the place and of the picturesque surroundings (Terrapontina, 2007). In the period after the Italian Unification, Terracina begun to play again a role of technical and administrative headquarter for the drainage of the marshes and the swamps of the plain. This time a massive land reform and soil reclamation was carried out by different national governments with particular commitment in the Fascism Era1.

Environmental background As concerning to the environment, the town of Terracina lies at the end of the Pontine Plain, about 40 km long, 18 km width, south of Rome, closed by the mountains of the Ausoni Range on the North and by the sea at East and South, and the municipality extends both on plain and hillside territories bordering the sea for about one third of its extension. The 36% of its territory is covered by nature protected areas and a detailed analysis of its geographical, climatic and economic situation was already accomplished into the frame of GreenLink project2. All the plain area was interested by the Land reform massive landscape and environmental changes. Only few places were spared and are now protected areas. Notwithstanding the land reclamation destroyed 21.000 hectares of the great primary coastal forest (it remains only 3.260 hectares of the ancient “Selva di Terracina” forest thanks to the nature reserve National Park of Circeo), this was however the best way to ensure environment conservation and social development with a delicate balance among natural and hydraulic elements and resources exploitation of the area thanks to agriculture productivity. Actually the land reclamation system is in peril. From the year 60ies, due to the strong anthropic pressure, the concerned territories were subjected to great risks of soil desertification and vegetation impoverishment. Cultural identity and traditional values are in danger too, with a loss of the awareness of the importance of both environmental and land reform achievements among the young generations. As for the hinterland mountain area, this was historically considered by the inhabitants as one of the three agricultural territorial exploitation sources in a diversified approach of the global territory management. It has been considered too as an historic refuge area during invasions and fighting events and as a place of wilderness and liberty during the brigandage period. The mountain area was often considered not as an obstacle but as a protected travelling corridor with the Apennines Region, the traditional reservoir of human, technical and trade

1 For more details on the Land Reform and Soil Reclamation of Pontine Plain see on pages 38-42 of the pilot project n° 3 study: “Virtual museum & environment” in the ARSIAL GreenLink framework. 2 See on pages 47-51 of the pilot project study n° 2: “Climate monitoring and suburban areas development” for the geographical situation. On pages 59-61 of the same study could be found a characterisation of the local climate and on pages 61-63 an outline of the main industries.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 666 resources for Terracina, both for the inhabitants as for the seasonally migrating shepherds and peasants, as for the travellers, when the Via Appia was impassable. For these reasons the environment of the area should be enhanced as an heritage to be protected and handed over to future generations with at last three different levels of concern (cultural and natural): the primeval plain environment (protected areas); the agriculture land reform and reclamation heritage; the hilly hinterland trading and herding area.

The environmental background of Pontine Plain Southern area (on the map below are highlighted the nature protected areas)

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 777 It is important now to stress that just because of these historical and environmental grounds Terracina area could not be considered independently from the surrounding environment of the Pontine Plain and the Ausoni range mountains. The historical administrative links and the environmental continuity of the area should be taken in consideration for every study concerning the utilisation and the productive panning of the territory. This principle is reinforced by the fact that in a tourist enhancement approach the connexions of Terracina with the nearby areas are important too.

The ideal triangle built on the nodes of tourism attractiveness could embody the representativity area for the selected territory

In fact, after a first rough observation of the territory from a tourist’s point of view, two main reflections stand out: 1. in the territory there is already a great development of tourist facilities and tourist attraction complexes of different themes and typologies that have to be carefully considered; 2. Terracina territory lies on one of the summits of an ideal triangle, about 30 km sided, whose other two angles are represented by the Circeo National Park (one of the five historical Italian nature parks) and the Fossanova ancient pilgrimage abbey (that has been recently designed as one of the three “Great Cultural Attractors” of the Latium region).

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 888 Therefore, to consider all this territory as a whole is imperative in the consideration of a global approach to the territory for a sustainable and integrated development of tourism routes.

Target groups and purposes

The tourism groups targeted will be selected thanks to a preliminary analysis of the tourism characteristics of the area. The detailed local analysis of this sector has been already achieved in a previous study of the GreenLink frame3. In this moment its important only to mention that from that survey emerged that the main critical points are: - the marginal or careless utilisation of the tourism resource in the local political development strategies; - the lack of a well structured marketing action and communication plan; - the scarceness of organisation services; - the ill-advised local price policy, inducing people to concentrate holidays into the week- ends or in critical periods and to shorten the permanence period; - the lack of coordination into the initiatives promoted by the different managing authorities of the environmental sector.

Analysis of present tourism typologies in the project area The data gathered from the APT Latina source proved in the Latina province, for Italian tourists, on 2005 a mean time of permanence of 3.6 days in hotel and of 8.1 day in extra- hotel accommodation. The foreigners spent instead 5.3 days in hotel and 7.1 in extra hotel accommodations (APT Latina, 2006). Total numbers of arrivals for the whole province on 2005 were of 458,765 Italians and 78.514 foreigners (coming moistly from Germany, USA, UK, Russia, Sweden, France). It can be roughly assumed that about one third of the figures above mentioned spent their holidays into the area of interest of this project (before defined on page 8). Its interesting to note that the main fluxes of foreigners (exempting the USA arrivals, linked mainly to the presence of the NATO army base of Gaeta) come from northern countries with cold-temperate climates. As concerning Italian tourists they come mainly from Rome and Naples, but on summer there is a great affluence of only one-day permaining Italian tourists, usually inhabitants of the territory or of the surroundings, that escapes from the figures, but could be roughly esteemed in 50,000 people in the summer peak, travelling to-and from the coast (usually with their own car) with relevant carbon pollution production.

3 See on pages 51-57 of the previous mentioned pilot project study n° 2: “Climate monitoring and suburban areas development”.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 999 The tourist season goes from June to September with the focus on July and August, on the other seasons of the year the tourism is not exploited and most of the tourist accommodations are closed. The present tourism attractiveness’ typologies implied in the area of the project are: - seaside and beach oriented features, situated all along the costs and attended from June to September by Italian and foreigners of undifferentiated typologies. The quality of these tourist fluxes varies from the excellence tourism with 4 stars accommodation near the Monte Circeo area (San Felice, Sabaudia) to the day-to-day tourists that do not stay for the night but utilise only the beach for leisure and picnic and go back to home on the evening; - cultural and religious centres, focused by the historical centres of Terracina, San Felice, Fossanova (Sabaudia too, for its peculiar modernist architecture) and by the local museums of archaeology, land reclamation and the II World War (Piana delle Orme museum). Fossanova Abbey is a centre of cultural and religious tourism (pilgrimages) by Italians and by visiting groups of students (mainly in the summer and on December, but in spring too). A secondary source of attractiveness is focused on national and international meetings and workshops on business character, that are held all over the year in the main hotel accommodation structures; - environmental attractiveness centres, represented almost exclusively by the Circeo National Park with the involvement of individual tourist visiting family groups on summer and less on spring and autumn. Specially during the spring there is a great affluence of visiting guided tours of schools (30.000 visitors) coming from many parts of the region. A secondary attractiveness centre, could be considered the Centro Studi “Guido Nardi” of Pontemaggiore that is a documentation centre for guided visits on the land reclamation under the patronage of the Consorzio di Bonifica dell’Agro Pontino. A very particular “niche’s” attractiveness, is represented by the distinctive geological formations of Campo Soriano Reserve that involves very small international groups of speleologists all the year round; - a good source of attractiveness is due to the international school of row and canoe of Sabaudia, that involves sportsmen coming from all over the world and especially on the winter season, to train themselves on the coastal lake. Their number could be esteemed around 12,000 presences/year; this too could be considered as a niche’s tourism flux because of its special vocation.

The figures of the main attractiveness’ node visitors were provided by each node managing authority and are shown in the following table.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 111000 Attractiveness of the main tourist nodes: n° of visitors (figures 2007) Circeo Natural Centro Studi Abbazia di Circolo National Park Monument Guido Nardi Fossanova Canottieri season Campo Pontemaggiore Sabaudia Soriano spring 35000 400 1000 10600 200 summer 45000 400 500 14709 autumn 15000 200 100 8400 winter 6000 200 1900 500 total 140109 101000 1200 1600 35609 700

elaboration based on figures provided by the single istitutions

From these considerations, comes into sight that the actual only relevant attractiveness node of the territory is represented by the seaside targeted to undifferentiated typologies of tourists during the summer with a much smaller secondary flux represented by visiting groups of schools or pilgrims that are engaged on guided tours on spring and autumn.

The intensity of attractiveness for the various tourist recreation typologies varies during the year

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 111111 Climate relevance on the territory The problem of climate change into the planning activity upon a territorial perspective has been yet thoroughly examined in a previous study of the GreenLink frame.4 In that context were already shown data concerning the local area vulnerability to climate change. It is here only necessary to remind that the plain coastal areas are graved by high risks of sea intrusion, flooding events and hydro-geological disasters. Saltiness increase of the soil due to migrations of underground salt front is yet a problem to be coped with and the coastal erosion too. The impact on the economical development of the area has not been calculated, but surely is to be assumed that in the next 20-50 years there will be an increasing variation on the attractiveness degree of the seaside and of its availability for tourist leisure purposes both on the time (seasonality) and in the space (extension of the sandy beaches).

Compared T.max °C average 1960-1990 (Terracina: 1980-2000) Berlin Brussels Helsinki London Paris Warsaw Terracina Jan 2 6 -3 7 6 6 13 Feb 3 6 -3 8 8 7 15 Mar8919111516 Apr 13 13 6 13 15 22 19 May18171417182723 June 21 19 19 20 22 30 27 July 23 22 21 22 24 31 30 Aug 22 22 19 21 24 30 30 Sept 19 19 14 18 21 26 27 Oct13149 14162023 Nov6949101218 Dec370817815

Compared T.min °C average 1960-1990 (Terracina: 1980-2000) Berlin Brussels Helsinki London Paris Warsaw Terracina Jan -3 1 -9 2 2 -17 6 Feb -3 1 -9 2 3 -10 7 Mar03535-138 Apr34047-311 May886810114 June 11 11 11 11 13 5 18 July 13 13 14 13 15 7 21 Aug 12 13 13 12 15 6 22 Sept 9 11 8 10 13 1 18 Oct58479-715 Nov1 4-145-311 Dec 2 2 -6 3 3 -13 8

Compared total precipitation average 1960-1990 (Terracina: 1980-2000) Berlin Brussels Helsinki London Paris Warsaw Terracina Jan43654159462863 Feb34543237392577 Mar49583547413174 Apr 49 54 37 47 45 37 73 May53613152565042 June 72 67 41 48 56 65 22 July 58 78 60 46 57 68 14 Aug 60 73 74 51 55 70 28 Sept 46 65 73 58 53 47 71 Oct397271605640153 Nov467157575437146 Dec517169604935109 data source for European cities: Eurometeo, 2008 data source for Terracina: Ufficio Idrografico e Mareografico di Roma

4 See ARSIAL GreenLink pilot project n° 2 “Climate monitoring and suburban areas development”.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 111222 As for the actual climate characterisation of the area, this has been studied into the previous cited study too5. In this place could be interesting to compare the climate indices of different North- and East-European cities (from where come the main foreigner’s tourist fluxes) with the Terracina own index. There is thus evidence that the climate indices of the minimum and particularly the maximum temperatures of the winter season of Terracina correspond to the spring mean temperatures of the main Northern European cities, as to say: for a North European citizen that lives in Terracina there is no winter season!

Conclusions There is now enough evidence to sum up some principles to be utilised as guidelines: - in the concerned area there is an outburst of tourist demand only during the summer with estimated figures coming up to 150,000-200,000 arrivals concentrated specially on July- August and attracted by the seaside recreational typology; to this figures should be added the tourist day to day impact of the local and neighbouring inhabitants that go to the seaside only for a day, estimable in another 50,000 people in the peak of the summertime; - there is a secondary tourist demand connected to cultural and environmental recreational values linked mainly to tourist guided tours in spring and autumn; - the concentration of tourism demand on the summer season creates huge problems of quality of the services offered, of traffic and of pollution, originated by the impact of at last 200,000 people on a territory inhabited by only 61,080 residents6; - in a sustainability perspective is mandatory to divert at least a portion of the summer seaside tourist flux to other destinations in the hinterland and to redistribute the arrivals during the different seasons, enhancing the offer of the existent secondary tourist demand; - this last principle collides too with the precautionary purposes (due to the absolute lack of studies and forecasts concerning the effects of the climate change on the territory) of diverting the seaside tourism on other directions for adaptation to envisaged climate change effects; - the targeting of groups in a strategy of valorisation of the territory for leisure, sport and tourist attractiveness should interest the local inhabitants too, that are implied in the general summer seaside leisure quest for a relevant amount of people.

5 See ARSIAL GreenLink pilot project n° 2 “Climate monitoring and suburban areas development” on pages 58-61. 6 This figure relates to the residential population of the coastal municipalities of Terracina, San Felice and Sabaudia, data source: Istat 2001.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 111333 Target groups Therefore the groups of tourist targeted by the present proposal could be defined as: - the local inhabitants that should be made aware of the possibility of a better quality of life thanks to education to cultural (historical heritage), and natural values (biodiversity) of their own territory; - tourists coming from out, partitioned as ƒ Italians, targeted to specific leisure fruition routes tailored on the average duration of their permanence; ƒ foreigners, targeted to a different seasonality of permanence thanks to the climatic quality of the territory, compared to their places of origin.

Purposes From the conclusions just gathered, it comes out that the purposes of the planned action should be routed firstly toward a sustainability principle. This could be considered on different sides of the tourism related theme: - sustainability of the environment, avoiding massive building impacts on the structure of the territory, the landscape and avoiding additional pollution production; - sustainability of the social implications of the action, avoiding reasons of social collisions or conflicts; - sustainability of the realisation in the long term, avoiding the risk of leaving the results get in ruin once accomplished. According to this principle the intervention methodology will be deeply involved in pointing out and examine the presently existent structures of the territory (trails, pathways, itineraries) trying to evaluate the point of strength and weakness of their function and to rationalise and valorise their utility in a networking and integrated system perspective, instead of creating something totally new.

The second principle of intervention should be oriented to the rerouting of the actual main tourist flux. This should be recognised both on geographical level and on seasonal level. The first, trying to divert the coastal localisation of the seaside leisure to other destinations moved toward the hinterland, ensuring thus a more uniform distribution in the area of the economic development of the tourist related services. The second, trying to attract the Northern European tourist demand of hot and spring during the winter months of January and February. This could be achieved thanks to the hinterland climate temperate attractiveness in these months, when the green Mediterranean flora and the advanced blossoming helps to give a feeling of wake up of the natural environment even in this early season.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 111444 The third principle of intervention should be linked to a strategy of adaptation to climate change, in order to find suitable themes of tourist attractiveness alternative or complementary to the already existing ones, enhancing secondary leisure themes, environmental or cultural appeals or open-air sporting activities.

The last principle involves the biodiversity protection. This theme should be linked to the general overlaying purpose of tourist offer enhancement, trying to explore new directions as for the landscape fruition thematic routing. The selection of the landscape as the focusing element is motivated by two reasons: a) the landscape “plays an important public interest role in the cultural, ecological, environmental and social fields and is a valuable resource conducive to economic activity, notably tourism” (Council of Europe, 2007)7; b) in the area of the survey there is an amazing richness and concentration of landscape variability (as will be later reported into this study).

Landscape fruition To best illustrate the underlying importance of the landscape fruition principle just enunciated, is interesting to be noted that this theme is object of present research in many parts of the word. In Europe there is an advanced program of landscape characterisation and conservation aligned with the European Landscape Convention, launched in Florence in October 2000. In particular the European project "Pathways to Cultural Landscapes" (Pathways to Cultural Landscapes, 2008) enabled international cooperation between the partners of twelve national projects, promoting networking and communication of the concept of cultural landscapes to a broad public. Among the main achievements of this project has been the creation of a Characterisation Team in England on 2002, to promote ways of using characterisation methods to help to manage change to the historic environment. Since 1994, English Heritage (the national agency for protecting and promoting the historic environment) has been carrying out a programme of historic landscape characterisation (HLC) throughout England, in partnership with individual county councils. HLC is a GIS map-based technique designed to produce a generalised understanding of the historic and archaeological dimension of the present-day landscape. It serves a variety of uses, such as education, research, land-management, agricultural environmental incentive schemes, spatial planning and environmental impact assessment. (English Heritage, 2008) HLC works by using computerised Geographical Information Systems (GIS), that attributes each block of land to one of a range of landscape Types. The basic building block is a group of fields or other means of land parcel. The size of the blocks varies according to the grain of

7 A special paragraph on the landscape importance on matter of public planning issues was inserted on pages 60-62 of ARSIAL GreenLink pilot project n° 3 “Virtual museum and environment”.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 111555 the landscape, itself a product of an area’s history of land-use and settlement. GIS databases allow the judgement and interpretation that underlie the attribution of an area to a Type to be recorded and made explicit, thus helping to measure the subjectivity of the characterisation. Maps can be produced at whatever degree of certainty or detail is required for a particular purpose. Inside the project were developed specific methodologies for the characterisation phase that could be taken as an example for further studies (Darlington J., 2004).

Compound analysis

The compound analysis of the territory has been achieved prospecting for the present or past initiatives operated locally, according to the general principles of sustainability and re- routing already mentioned, both on the level of tourist routes and pathways realisations already carried out in the area and on the present state of tourist related services and structures. The collection of data was performed interviewing local stakeholders and managing authorities and collecting information. The different items were inventoried and listed with a reference letter of identification to ease the following steps of comparation and characterisation: The last step of the collection was accomplished through a mapping of the different existent routes and ongoing initiatives thanks to the utilisation of a GIS. Particular attention was addressed to the landscape inventory of the area, performed for the agriculture landscape sector, with the aim of a valorisation of the tourist fruition of this important feature. This has been realised only as a preliminary pilot attempt without pretension to be conclusive or definite for the whole territorial context .

Collection

The collection of the data was performed taking in account three levels of elements: - the first related: a) to tourist trails, pathways and itineraries already existent in the area; b) present ongoing initiatives; - the second on the present state of tourist-related services and structures. These were inventoried thanks to a survey on hotels, B&B and farm accommodations (“Agriturismi”), on existing cycle lanes, on picnic and children’s leisure areas, on horse riding, cycle and

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 111666 canoe renting places. The restaurant, bar and catering segment of services was not taken in consideration for its excessive fragmentation and for the transitional character of many firms that stay open only for a season. - the third level was on the attractiveness emergencies in the project area. These in a general way could concern : ƒ natural environment heritage (distinctive environmental features, geological formations, springs, nature protected areas) ƒ historical heritage (archaeological places, museums, monuments, war significant places, cemeteries) ƒ religious heritage (churches, sanctuary, pilgrimages) ƒ cultural heritage (architectonic features, landscape transformations, typical productions, etc… ) ƒ sporting emergencies (training places, local sports aptitude) The degree of completeness in the collection phase of these three level of elements was very deep for the firs and second level. Instead, the third level on attractiveness emergencies was carried out only for three main kinds of element, selected during the preliminary field surveys, because of their prominent importance: water springs and sources, historical (archaeological) emergencies and agriculture landscape features. The results of the survey were translated on a GIS tool that enabled the presentation of the geographical area coverage for each distinctive feature. The collection of the data was accomplished thanks to the materials, documents and direct information obtained through surveys and interviews with the main stakeholders of the scenario. These were: “Agro Pontino” cultural association, Alberto Alberti (Associazione Giovane Montagna, sezione di Roma), APT Latina, Associazione Fiume Cavata, “Circolo Canottieri” (Sabaudia), Comune di Latina (Assessorato al Turismo), Comune di Terracina, Consorzio di Bonifica dell’Agro Pontino, Emilio Selvaggi (WWF Terracina), “Pangea Onlus” (Sabaudia), Riserva del Monumento Naturale di Campo Soriano.

Existent tourist routes and pathways A first stage of data collection and GIS representation involved the trails and pathways (realised in the past or derived from the past) that could be accomplished on foot, cycle or other sustainable transport ways.

APT-CAI routes - On the whole of Latina Province level, the first attempt of a tourist valorisation of the hinterland was attempted by the APT of Latina Province (Tourist Promotion

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 111777 Local Agency) in the lates 1979-1980 with the realisation of eight itineraries for school visiting guided tours for educational value. The same agency realised in the following years different achievements, as for: - 1980 - “Seven mountain itineraries”, to be accomplished on foot; - 1986 – “Twelve nature trails”, to be accomplished on foot; - 1995 – “Seven tourist itineraries”, to be accomplished on car, mapped with explicative texts (APT Latina, 1995); - 1998 – “Eighty-two mountain pathways” (for walks and trekking), realised in collaboration with the CAI (Italian Alpine Club), duly traced and marked along the route with the CAI distinctive sign posts and marks and illustrated by maps, photographs and explicative texts (APT Latina, 1998); - 2003 – “Enology- gastronomy itineraries” in collaboration with the “Club del Gusto” (The Taste Club) and ARSIAL, to be accomplished on car, mapped with explicative texts and directory of the typical restaurants and agro-food producers (APT Latina, 2003). - 2005 – “Eight tourist itineraries”, to be accomplished on car, mapped with explicative texts (APT Latina, 2005). To the present study purpose, only four of the 1998 Eighty-two mountain pathways will be taken in consideration, because they fall into the study’s area. These are: a) pathway n° 30 “Punta Leano”, starting from the church of S. Silviano in La Valle of Terracina, for a total extension of 4.8 km to be accomplished in 1.15 hours trekking (plus the return) with 430 m height difference; b) pathway n° 31 “Monte Leano” ”, starting from the church of S. Silviano in La Valle of Terracina for a total extension of 5.4 km to be accomplished in 2 hours trekking (plus the return) with 620 m height difference; c) pathway n° 32 “Monte Romano”, starting from Campo Soriano for a total extension of 3,8 km to be accomplished in 1.15 hours trekking (plus the return) with 550 m height difference. d) pathway n° 33 “Monte Romano” starting from Sonnino for a total extension of 7.2 km to be accomplished in 3 hours trekking (plus the return) with 890 m height difference.

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The APT - CAI’s pathways n° 30, 31, 32, 33 geographical siting

WWF-Terracina Municipality trails - During the 90ies, the local WWF section of Terracina, jointly with the Municipality’s Tourism Department, created three trekking trails on the mountain hinterland of Terracina, called as “Sentiero A”, “B”, and “C”. These are mapped and illustrated with detailed explicative texts and images on the Website of the Terrapontina Association (http://www.terrapontina.it/tresentieri.htm). They are circularly featured and thematic oriented, reminding their own ancient utilisation as trade routes for the supplying of the town:

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The WWF – Terracina Municipality’s pathways geographical siting

e) Trail A “The way of coal and firewood”, linking the localities of La Ciana - Fonte Santo Stefano - Mammolini - La Ciana, for a total extension of 8 km, to be accomplished in three hours trekking with moderate height difference (210 m), marked in white and orange colours; f) Trail B “The way of the high pastures or of the three water reservoirs”, linking the localities of San Silviano - Cima Leano - Francolane - San Silviano, for a total extension of 16 km to be accomplished in 5 hours trekking with an height difference of 625 m, tracing in its first part the APT – CAI’s n° 31 trail with white and red signs, then in the second part of the course marked in white and blue colours. g) Trail C “Across three municipalities and two states” (with reference to the border line between the Pontifical State and the Two Sicilies Kingdom) linking the localities of Fasana - Costa dell’Acquasanta - Monte Romano - Valico del confine - Campo Soriano - Valle Fasana, for a total extension of 16 km, to be accomplished in 7 hours trekking with an height difference of 537 m, marked in yellow and blue colours.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 222000 h) Another smaller trail, called “Sentiero Monte S. Angelo”, of 1.2 km has been accomplished in recent years thanks to WWF’s voluntary effort, to restore the ancient accessing route to the Temple of Giove Anxur in Terracina.

The present state of conservation of WWF’s pathways is not very good (Sentiero “A” at the beginning of its course)

Circeo National Park trails - The Circeo National Park managing authority developed different trails inside the protected area, white the purpose of tourist fruition both on the Pontine Plain and on the Monte Circeo parts of its territory. These are usually available both for cycling and on foot. The geographical positioning of these trails has been issued on different kinds of maps published by the Park authority or by the APT or exhibited on the informative boards in many sites of the park or on the park website (http://www.parks.it/parco.nazionale.circeo/). The trails themselves are listed thanks to a number assigned to the place of start and are characterised by different themes, as for the “trails into the forest”, the “didactic trail”, the “nature trail”, etc…They are too numerous and often not exactly identified to be listed individually into this frame and therefore they will be collectively taken in consideration divided in two main groups: i) Circeo National Park trails and pathways situated into the Pontine Plain primary forest remaining part, for about 43 km length; j) Circeo National Park trails and pathways situated into the Circeo Promontory area, for about 19 km extension.

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The Circeo National Park’s pathways geographical siting

Circeo National Park’s trails are The cycle trails are large, in good state frequented by many walkers even in and well marked. There is a good canopy the winter season offering shadow and freshness even during the hottest months.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 222222 Campo Soriano Reserve trails - The Monumento Naturale di Campo Soriano managing authority has developed four differentiated circular trails in order to enhance the tourist fruition of its protected area. These are: k) a mountain bike trail of 6.3 km, marked in blue; l) a trekking trail of about 16 km length around the Monte Romano peak, marked in green (the path it is the same as WWF’s “Sentiero C”); m) a trekking trail of 3 km length around Campo dell’Ova – Largo Montagna, marked in orange colour; n) a didactic trail of 1.5 km of length around the “Cattedrale or Rava di S. Domenico” stone monument, to be performed under guided tour, marked in violet colour. All these trails have been issued on different kinds of maps published by the Park authority or exhibited on the informative boards near the visiting centre of the park, or on the park website (http://www.parks.it/mn.campo.soriano/index.html).

The Monumento Naturale di Campo Soriano’s pathways geographical siting

The Campo Soriano’s orange colour marked pathway course offers moments of impressive nature beauty

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The blue marked pathway enables to enjoy beautiful landscape views

Selvaggi routes - On 1996 a book was published by initiative of a local scholar (Selvaggi, 1996) that described different itineraries to be accomplished on train, on car, on foot and canoe in the surroundings of Terracina. Among the others there is an interesting proposal of car itinerary in order to valorise the roman archaeological ruins along via Appia till to Idrovora di Mazzocchio (the oldest and greatest hydraulic plant that regulates the water level into the irrigation channels), but the most interesting to this study purposes are: o) a train/walking itinerary called “Dalla Fiora al Frasso” (n° 7) of about 6.8 km in train and 5 km on foot (plus the return), from the railway station of Terracina along the ancient via Appia to La Fiora and behind Monte Nero till to Frasso railway station, for 5 hours course; p) a canoe itinerary (the n° 4) called “Circuito dei canali” of about 15 km length, starting from Terracina, along the Mortacino channel and then from Badino along the Portatore channel till Pontemaggiore and back to Terracina, thanks to the Linea Pio channel along via Appia, for a 6 hours travel. Always Selvaggi, realised recently a “cycling-tour” of the “Valle dei Santi”, in the frame of guided tours organised in the surroundings of Terracina to visit the ancient archaeological Roman ruins. This tour was mapped with explicative texts and images of ancient prints and present photos on a leaflet distributed by the local hotels: q) a cycling tour of about 13 km length, starting from Piazza dei 4 Lampioni, near the station of Terracina along the ancient Via Appia, till Feronia spring, the church of S. Silviano and the ruins of the ancient Roman walls in La Valle, for a 3 hours travel.

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The Selvaggi’s itineraries geographical siting

The ancient Roman fortified farm walls along the La Valle Cycle route tour proposed by Selvaggi

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Religious processions – Since from the medieval age in the project area every year two ancient religious processions follow a sacred route to perform their traditional rituality. Their course is fixed in the ages or stand small variations due to technical and modernisation exigencies. But they could be taken in account in this survey because they represent a strong tourist attractiveness pulse, even if only once in the year: r) Processione delle Torce (Torches procession), that starts on Whit Monday from Sonnino and is performed during the night by distinctive masters of ceremony: four Corporals (“Caporali”), two scouts (“Viaroli”) and more than 300 flambeaux carriers (“Torciaroli”). All together they go, along different stops for about 15 km length, from the Sonnino Sant’Angelo church along the ancient mountain trails, to Campo Soriano and to the Frasso’s Madonna delle Grazie church. The remaining torches will be lighted during the storms to turn away the thunders (as it is believed); s) Processione della Sorresca, that is performed on Whit Monday too by the inhabitants of San Felice Circeo, going on foot along the usual traffic roads for about 13 km length to the Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Sorresca on the shore of Sabaudia Lake.

The religious routes geographical siting

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The S. Maria della Sorresca pilgrimage sanctuary

Present tourist routing initiatives Presently on the territory there are different initiatives of networking and tourist routing promotion in progress. These are:

Latina Tellus Ecomuseo - Probably this is the most important networking local action, promoted by the Latina Municipality together with nine other municipalities of the territory (Terracina excluded) and the Circeo National Park, aiming at establishing a network of integrated area with the purpose to valorise the environmental, cultural and tourist features. The “Eco-museum” approach defines a strategy that enhances the tourist offer of the cultural and environmental values of the territory thanks to a model of “outdoors museum” to be read and experienced in on-live way for a sustainability principle. The action was acknowledged by the Region decree DGR 1300/2004 as one of the official APIs of Latium (Integrated Area Projects) and was funded thanks to the Regional Law n° 40 of 1999. The action was guided by an initiative of territorial analysis that featured the following items: - the sites where the concentration of emergencies (points of attractiveness) and the number of visitors was high; - the sites with only one emergency but with distinctive character; - the sites to be considered of potential attractiveness; - the strategic nodes of the communication system. The action brought to the realisation of a map of the emergencies on the territory (marked by a distinctive symbology, number and list); a map of the communication (with the siting of the strategic signal post and informational panels); a map of the itineraries (where different thematic routes are traced).

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 222777 Three route themes were selected: - Water ways – wetlands and thermal places (the land reform and reclamation, the foundation of the pioneer towns and villages, the wetlands, the plain sources and springs). - The sea and the islands (the sea of the myths). - The old roads of Latium (the ancient via Appia and the Via Severiana – the coastal route). The project is now in an advanced phase of realisation in the communication and marketing process, with the executive planning yet accomplished (information and sign boards siting and design, leaflet, video, website). The achievement is designed to be market oriented with the participation of different subjects. Various local planning centres have been forecasted, each one to represent the informational gateway for its own territory with a welcome centre, an orienting and an interpretation centre. A marketing and management plan has been started with different steps of work: training stages, definition of surveys on the territory, acknowledgement of the market opportunities and a packet of projects composed by 16 projects transversal to the municipalities and 59 projects specific for the single municipalities.

The Latina Tellus action forecasted routes

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 222888 Via Francigena Sud route - The ancient “Via Francigena” was a route (usually to be made on foot or on horseback) exploited by the Lombards during their Italian Kingdom (568 – 774 A. D.) when the state of the Roman Imperial roads where out of service. On this road travelled thousands of pilgrims from Canterbury to Rome on medieval age. A south prosecution of the road brought to the pilgrimage8 centres on the Gargano in Apulia and to the harbours for the Holy Land. The route course was not well defined and could vary according to the conditions of the weather, to the wars, etc… In the project area the South Via Francigena took two parallel courses: one along the coast in the middle of the Pontine Plain and along the foot of the boarding mountains; the other in the hinterland (behind the Lepini mountain range) along the Sacco river valley. The story that brought to the development of the Italian via Francigena route’s initiative is linked to the activities of the association “Giovane Montagna on line” (http://www.giovanemontagna.org/) and of the person in charge of its roman section, Mr. Alberto Alberti, whom starting from 1999, promoted various manifestations and marches to discover and re-trace the old route, supported and helped by many local groups and associations all along the different regions of its course and by the RAI, the Italian National Broadcasting network. (Alberti A., 2005). These actions were successful thanks to the high involvement of the local communities planned by the organisers. Every year a collective march made stops in each village involving local schools, cultural events, choirs and typical foods, festivals, historical revivals. This helped local administrators and the public to be aware of the importance of the route as an heritage from the past and as economical propulsion for the future. Presently in the frame of the Council of Europe trail heritages’ initiative (see Attachment 1, on page 103) the road has been exploited to tourist purposes thanks to a specific association (European Association of Vie Francigene: http://www.associazioneviafrancigena.com) and has a proper reference in the Latium Region culture official website (http://www.culturalazio.it/culturaweb_2/schedeInfo/?id=148&pag=true&boxCorr=true). The Region with the Deliberation G.R. 819 of 26.10.2007 approved the funding of € 1,950,000 for the Integrated Area Projects interested in the prosecution of the Via Francigena South of Rome, dividing the route in two parallel itineraries: one on the hinterland (Variante pedemontana) and one on the coast (Variante di pianura) through the Pontine Plain and Via Appia. The decree committed the funding to the API’s (namely to Latina Tellus network) as coordinators of local initiatives or as partners of temporary aggregations to perform the tourist valorisation works. Presently it seems that Latina Tellus (which, as it seems, excludes the Terracina’s area from its own interests) will exploit geographically the Pontine Plain section

8 One of the main pilgrimage destinations in this epoch traced the sanctuaries of the Michael Archangel connected to Gargano, Rome (S.Angelo Castle), Piemont and St Michael's Mount in France. This destination was related to the Lombard mythology and to the pastoral warrior divinities.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 222999 and another API, named “Compagnia dei Lepini” (http://www.compagniadeilepini.it), will exploit the hinterland section of the mountain municipalities and the connection to Fossanova.

The Via Francigena route geographical siting

Pangea environmental guided tours - Different didactical guided tours are offered by Pangea Onlus. Pangea is a local association that is engaged from 1992 to ensure educational and training activities for the environment and for the nature reserves at international and national level. The association offers 23 different guided tours to archaeological, cultural and environmental themes of the territory, targeted mainly to visiting schools and groups (www.istpangea.it). But these tours aim specifically at guiding visiting groups (mainly schools) along different thematic environmental paths and therefore they will be not considered in the analysis phase.

Le Vie della Transumanza - “Le vie Pontine e Ciociare della Transumanza” (the Pontine and Ciociaria’s ways of the flocks migrations) is a project borne thanks to the “Leader+” funding to enhance the tourist fruition of the Circeo National Park and the Campo Soriano Nature

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 333000 Reserve. The project established an itinerary to be achieved on car and on foot to know better the culture, the environment and the local heritages of the area along a pathway not exactly marked or labelled on place, but mapped on general level on the Internet website (http://www.parks.it/parco.nazionale.circeo/ProgettoLeader.html), and on a CD: - the (ideal) itinerary goes from the Circeo park visit centre in a circular path, to Sonnino, Campo Soriano, San Felice and back to the visit centre, with digressions on the peak of Monte Romano (path not well defined), to Monte Circeo, and to Cerasella (visiting place of the Circeo Park) for a total extension of about 98 km of mixed (by car and on foot) route.

Le Vie della Transumanza route geographical siting

Canoeing initiatives - Canoeing route initiatives on the rivers and channels of the territory were promoted recently jointly by three local associations: the “Associazione Culturale Agro Pontino”, the “Associazione Fiume Cavata”, the “Circolo Canottieri di Sabaudia” and by the body managing the internal water courses of the Pontine Plain, the Consorzio di Bonifica

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 333111 dell’Agro Pontino. Canoeing and row sports are already an established international reality for Sabaudia lake, where there is a presence of four army national training and sporting circles and other two private circles. The navigation of the internal watercourses, that flourished during the Roman imperial age, when the crossing of the Pontine plain was accomplished on boat drawn by mules, utilising the channel along the via Appia (as referred with special discomfort even by the poet Horace), was abandoned after the 50ies and 60ies of the last century. In the area there is still the memory of the typical flat bottomed boats utilised and of the use of cleaning the water courses from the marshy vegetation by forcing buffalo’s herds into the channels (Selvaggi, 1996). The area is crossed by a large network of channels and rivers and many of them are apt for sustainable navigation. For law this should be allowed by the Genio Civile (Region Authority) and by the Consorzio di Bonifica (the owner of the network) and is still ruled by a police regulation of 1933 appointing the Consorzio di Bonifica in charge of the surveillance. But today the Consortium has all the interest to enhance the tourist fruition of its water course, and consequently in collaboration with the three foresaid associations is planning a project for restoring row navigation along two main tracts of its watercourse network: - Canoeing initiative 1, along the river Ufente integral course (24,8 km) with an extension on sea, around the Circeo Promontory coast till into the Sabaudia (Paola) lake (for a total extension of 50 km); - Canoeing initiative 2, along the line “Cavata river” – “Linea Pio” channel from near Sermoneta till to the crossing with the “SP Migliara 53” road, where the channel is barred (for a total extension of 23 km) . The project, still in its elaboration phase, foresees the utilisation of three structures of services (through a functional restoration) situated on key places along these water routes: near Cotarda (“Cantoniera Cotarda” on Ufente river), near Pontinia (“Stazione Sanitaria M.48” on Linea Pio channel) and at Pontemaggiore (where the two lines could join up if there was not a barrier before, pointed on the map as “Linea M.53”). One of the more interesting features of the project is the integration of sustainable transports along the routes (from an idea exploited by the Associazione Fiume Cavata) allowing up river course travelling by cycles and down course travelling in canoe, utilising those three services structures as nodal centres of exchange cycle-canoe. The development of the project has been supported by a strong awareness-making and dissemination action through public manifestations of group-canoeing along the Ufente river once in the year, as for the “Ufente, un fiume da navigare” of September, the 23rd 2006 (with the participation of 54 boats) or for the “1° Weekend Canoa Trophy Land Rover” on October 6-7, 2007 (with the participation of 40 boats) . This latter was originally designed with a sea

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 333222 course too, that from the mouth of the Ufente river, went in the sea along the coast and round the Circeo Promontory, to enter the Sabaudia lake. On 2008 the manifestation “Regata del dilettante” will be held on May under the patronage of the Federal Regional Kayak Committee. Another interesting feature of economic integration promoted by the Associazione Fiume Cavata’s initiative is the manifestation “Oggi me la sono cavata. Spesa in canoa” (transl. “Today I escaped well. Shopping in canoe”), held on May, 1st. This proposes a collaboration with the farmers that owns properties along the river Cavata to sell directly on the river banks their fruit and vegetables products to the canoeing participants, and his earning a fairly good success both among the farmers and the sporting participants.

The canoeing initiative project geographical siting

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 333333 Present tourist-related services and structures A second level of collection and GIS representation of this study involved the tourist services and the presence of related structures in the area. These were inventoried thanks to APT Latina (APT Latina, 2007) and to Pangea Onlus Association assistance. The featured service and structures were: 1. accommodation structure divided into: hotels, Bed & Breakfast and farm accommodation (“Agriturismi”). The segments of rooms and apartments to rent and campings were not accounted for, because of their temporary permanence or out-of- official-registering quality; 2. structures for better environmental fruition (picnic areas, children playing areas) or for sports and outdoor activities as for cycle or boat rent, horse riding, etc… Other kind of services as for bar, restaurants, typical locals, night clubs, traditional foods shops, canteens, etc…, were not accounted for, because of their general transitory quality that deserves a prolonged monitoring action repeated along the years.

Accommodation typologies and geographical siting

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Tourist services geographical siting

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 333555 Attractiveness emergencies characterisation of the area In the attractiveness emergencies context only three kinds of elements were selected and collected: historical (archaeological features), natural (springs) and cultural (agriculture landscape), since they were judged the most important on a preliminary field survey. The data were collected thanks to Pangea Onlus Association and thanks to ARSIAL on field trip surveys.

Historical emergencies geographical siting

The main historical emergencies, inventoried by age (Prehistory, Roman, Medieval Renaissance), are geographically distributed along the coast, along the ancient Via Appia or the Amaseno river. This localisation does not enable to perform their visiting tour during a single course. The water resources (springs and sources) instead are mainly located in the border between the plain and the hills. This last localisation eases a grouping to visiting purposes along a single route.

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Water sources and springs emergencies geographical siting

Preliminary agricultural landscape characterisation of the territory Waiting for a regional appropriate characterisation of the Latium landscape territory, a preliminary characterisation of the agricultural landscape biodiversity of the project area was accomplishes according to the following stages: 1. individuation of the different agricultural typologies of the area; 2. assessment through on-field survey of the specified agricultural landscape typology; 3. recording of the typology through digital images; 4. attribution of the identifying features; 5. geographical individuation of the identified feature (mapping).

Methodology utilised for the characterisation

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 333777 1. From the Land Use Map of the Latium Region cartographic system it is possible to detect some wide-areas of agriculture typologies biodiversity, these could be distinguished by their crop aptitude and environmental ties (see Wide areas of agriculture biodiversity from a technical aptitude point of view map on page 41). Thanks to the preliminary surveys on field it was possible to detect specific agriculture characteristic features, originated both from historical and geographical reasons: a) the XVIII-XX century plain land reclamation area; b) the primeval subsiding plain agriculture areas; c) the mountain and hill traditional agriculture; d) the remains of primeval plain area extensive husbandry systems (see Wide areas of agriculture biodiversity from an historical and geographical point of view map on page 41).

2. The on field surveys performed with the purpose of assess the different agricultural landscape typologies were performed by ARSIAL technicians with the assistance of local stakeholders of the environmental protection.

3. The digital recording of the landscape images was the result of a selection of 570 photos shot during six field surveys accomplished on 21/01/08, 29/01/08, 08/02/08, 15/02/08, 12/03/08 and 14/03/08.

4. In this pilot attempt of characterisation of agricultural landscapes the attribution of identifying features was performed on the most impressive visual features taking in account the following principles: - spatial structure (open or linear); - function (crops producing or livestock breeding); - typologies (according to the features inventoried at point “1.”); - relevance (significant extension in the space compared with the total area extension).

The output of the work accomplished at this stage will be described in the following paragraph Identified agricultural landscape features. The agriculture identified landscapes were listed under a code according to: a) linear structures; b) open space places; c) architectonic elements;

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5. The geographical siting of the inventoried landscapes has been performed only on wide area scale. This means that the survey accomplished on the territory identified common characteristics of: a) linear structures and b) open space elements, on an area of 3-4 km of ray, without going down to further detail. The architectonic elements present in the territory were inventoried only along the routes proposed (due to lack of time and resources). The mountain area landscape was identified according to the same principle, therefore further inquiries should be performed to the purposes of a total identification of the agriculture landscape of the whole territory. The output of the work accomplished at this stage too will be described in the following paragraph Identified agricultural landscape features.

Agriculture landscape characterised typologies a) linear spatial structures b.2. (Primeval) Hill agriculture instances a.1. Sheltered roads instances b21 plateau grazing pastures a11 Black locust b22 sown fields a12 Eucalyptus and Black Locust b23 geological adaptation a13 Eucalyptus b24 moderate steep terraced olive groves a14 overgrown Eucalyptus b25 steep terraced olive groves a15 Stone pine b.3. Present agriculture instances a16 Cork oak b31 coast irrigated grassland a.2. Watercourse instances b32 central sandy sown fields a21 ditch sheltered by Eucalyptus b33 central clay sown fields a22 ditch sheltered by natural growth trees b34 hinterland black soil sown field a23 river without trees b35 foothill plains sown fields a24 river with natural growth trees b36 coast intensive horticulture a25 river with Eucalyptus belts b37 cattle intensive husbandry a26 river with overgrown Eucalyptus belts b38 buffalo intensive husbandry

b) open spatial places c) primeval architectonic landscape elements: b.1. Primeval plain agriculture outlived instances c.1. Old farms instances b11 lake aquaculture works c11 old farms of the plain b12 plain buffalo's pastures c12 old farms of the hills b13 extensive sown fields c.2. Old secondary elements b14 associated staked systems c21 old springs b15 fruit & vegetables orchards c22 old hydraulic plants b16 old olive groves c23 drinking troughs of the plain b17 orange tree orchards c24 drinking trough of the hills b18 cork oak groves c25 stone boundaries b19 mixed cattle and forest systems c26 devotional monuments b110 mixed cattle farm systems The list of agriculture landscape formations inventoried

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 333999 The vegetation & agriculture land use map of the project area (elaborated from Latium Region Assessorato all’Urbanistica - Carta dell’Uso del Suolo data source)

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Wide areas of agriculture biodiversity from a technical aptitude point of view

Wide areas of agriculture biodiversity from an historic and geographical point of view

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Identified agricultural landscape features The ranking of the identified features was executed obeying firstly to the spatial structure and than to an area order, going from the sea coast to the hinterland. The identified landscapes are: a) linear spatial structures, these refers mainly to watercourses (ditches, channels, rivers) and roads. They belong all to the “a)” landscape typology and are characterised by different shelter belts three varieties and by the functional nature of the watercourse (irrigation ditches and channels are usually sheltered by Eucalyptus belts, rivers instead by natural riparian vegetation). The belonging to the agricultural landscape is due to their land reclamation origin and/or by their agricultural utilisation. a.1. Sheltered roads instances: a.1.1) Secondary road with Silver wattle (Acacia dealbata) three shelter belts of impressive effect during the blossoming season (February), usually grown by natural seed dispersion.

a.1.2) Secondary road with three shelter belts of associated essences (Eucalyptus and Silver wattle) due to overgrown Eucalyptus maintenance and natural seed dispersion of Silver wattle. Temporary association evolving in the “1)” type, consequently to the degradation of the Eucalyptus three belts because of scarce servicing.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 444222 a.1.3) Distinctive land reclamation road with (fairly) well maintained Eucalyptus shelter belt system with its typical alternated three-rows of threes on each side.

a.1.4) Secondary road with overgrown Eucalyptus shelter belt, picturesque and impressive, its properties are due to a fault in the maintenance system. Undamaged instances are very rare because of the increased frailty of the belt.

a.1.5) Stone Pine (Pinus pinea) three sheltered road, usually only on the main roads, derived from the classic way of road equipment and it was a characteristic feature of the Imperial (Roman consular) roads. On open spaces it assured not only shadow and freshness for the ancient travellers, but it was a mark of identification of the road from distance.

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a.1.5a) Stone Pine (Pinus pinea) three sheltered secondary road. The threes inclination shows the direction of the prevailing blowing winds (in this case from the sea). The Stone pine sheltering enables ample visuals on the sides of the road and doesn’t represent an optical barrier for horizontal landscape fruition.

a.1.6) Cork oak (Quercus suber) sheltered road, uncommonly present along secondary roads, usually derived from ancient indigenous remains of the original primary forest.

a.2. Watercourse instances. a.2.1) Secondary irrigation ditch sheltered by Eucalyptus belt in the distinctive land reclamation original feature.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 444444 a.2.2) Secondary irrigation ditch characterised by natural growth vegetation (poplars) with unordered scheme.

a.2.3) River landscape with absence of riparian vegetation (in the image the Ufente river), due to regular maintenance of the banks operated by the local water authority (Consorzio di Bonifica) and by neighbouring farmers. The landscape impact of this feature is realised only in its near proximity (for instance crossing a bridge) or going along its course.

a.2.4) River landscape with natural growing riparian vegetation (in this image the Sisto river with poplars and Eucalyptus) due to fault or careless attention in the banks’ maintenance schedule. The landscape remote impact will be slightly increased respect to the previous instance.

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a.2.5) River landscape with Eucalyptus three shelter belts, originated by the land reclamation works (in this case the Sisto river). Poplar natural intrusion can endanger the integrity of the belt. The landscape general impact is great on distance too.

a.2.6) River landscape with original land reclamation Eucalyptus shelter belts overgrown and naturalised, due to absence of maintenance (the Sisto river in its low course). The landscape impact is valuable and the place is a refuge for a rich wildlife biodiversity.

b) open spatial places. They belong to the different wide area agricultural typologies and are characterised by diversified farming systems with sometimes high scenery effects. Their belonging to the artificial/cultural heritage is usually due to the work of many generations of peasants even when they offers an apparent wildlife impression (as for grazing/pasture areas, created and maintained by the efforts of herdsmen and of the grazing cattle). To better understanding the difference among natural and artificial/cultural landscapes the first three instances inserted in this inventory are represented by natural non-agricultural landscapes. The landscape inventory has been arranged along the classification of the different agriculture historic systems.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 444666 b.0. Non-agricultural natural landscape instances: b.0.1) Natural coast dune, this kind of formation centuries ago characterised the coastal landscape of the great part of Latium.

b.0.2) Natural wetlands, they represented a typical formation of the Pontine Plain before the drainage and soil reclamation works realised in the first part of last century.

b.0.3) Natural forest, it was the primeval coast plane forest of the Latium Region, and today survives only in the Circeo National Park area as a left-over remain of the “Selva di Terracina”. Great damages to this ecosystem (as for the precedent) were due to the Land Reclamation works.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 444777 b.1. Primeval plain agriculture outlived instances, they are very important and have to be safeguarded as heritages of a disappearing peasant word. They survive on marginal areas of the territory : b.1.1) Coast lakes traditional aquaculture plants, now totally disappeared. There are few left- over remains of the capturing structures so-called “lavorieri”. In the Caprolace lake these are still utilised by the Circeo National Park biologists as a device to ease the fish capture for scientific research. The tradition of the aquaculture here was very ancient and could be traced back to the Romans as testified by the “Piscine di Lucullo” archeological rests. b.1.2) Plain buffalo’s grazing pastures in extensive husbandry areas, characterised by open spaces near the coast in the wetlands. They were a common feature on the Pontine Plain before the land reclamation works

b.1.3) Extensive sown fields, of limited extension with enclosure of three belts made by Cork and Holm oak. Could be considered as a left-over relict of the ancient forest agriculture practiced into the “Selva di Terracina” deforested plots. The rapport between the vertical lines of the trees and the small horizontal green spaces is often very harmonic and agreeable.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 444888 b.1.4) Associated staked systems. It was a common practice in the past to associate grape with three fruit groves (in the image grape + olive) for two reasons: save in stakes utilisation and better adaptation of the plants. In the organic farming the different crops association system has been valorised and enhanced

b.1.5) Fruit and vegetable orchards, usually on small areas (apt to be cultivated by single persons or families) sometimes with a valuable inventiveness to adapt to the environmental conditions and often with a rich biodiversity of crop varieties.

b.1.6) Very old olive groves, the exploitation of the old groves is today often uneconomical. Therefore the old threes (of very high landscape value) are cut down or extirpated and sold as furnishing and/or architectural elements for prestigious villas’ gardens.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 444999 b.1.7) Orange tree orchards, a distinctive South Pontine production once very diffused that had a special biodiversity variety: the “Arancia Bionda di Fondi” orange. Now they are almost disappeared.

b.1.8) Forest production in cork oak groves. The production is very limited because in recent years this kind of cultivation was considered no more remunerative

b.1.9) Mixed system of cattle extensive pastures and forest production (cork groves), surviving only on very limited areas.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 555000 b.1.10) Mixed system of sheep husbandry and cultivated land. The typical form of collaboration between shepherds and farmers in Latium enables spring and winter grazing on the lands that are not cultivated in those seasons. A traditional system now at risk because of the maximisation of the productive performances and of the increasing difficult of transport of the flocks. b.2. (Primeval) Hill agriculture instances. This kind of agriculture was exploited mainly in the past, today for competitiveness reasons it is carried out only if linked with the traditional ways of life or if a “niche’s” opportunity was developed. Therefore, as for the precedent instance, it has important heritage values: b.2.1) Hill plateau cattle’s grazing pastures, are large diffused on the mountain areas of Central Italy. Very often the pasture was a former (non- mechanical) sown field of barley or oat (as could be seen by the almost erased rests of boundaries in the image).

b.2.2) Sown fields. The sown fields of hill plateau are very rare. Presently still sown instances are very few (as in the image). The particular geological conformation of Campo Soriano and of its “doline” (Karstic basins) favoured this system that however involved great manual labours of levelling or terracing and fencing with stone walls.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 555111 b.2.3) Hill environment adaptation. The geological environment sometimes forces local agriculture to accommodating compromises. The olive groves of Campo Soriano make peculiar patchworks with the stone formations.

b.2.4) terraced olive groves of moderate steepness. On hill slopes with moderate inclination, the landscape offers a pleasant scenery of tilted planes marked by the horizontal lines of the stone walled steps.

b.2.5) Terraced olive groves on steep slopes. The artificial landscape could be mistook on distance for a natural forest formation. On the contrary this artificial /cultural landscape is due to a very hard work not only of creation but for its maintenance too. In this place for instance, the olive harvest is performed still with the utilisation of mules. Without incentives addition, this economic system, and the related landscape is highly endangered.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 555222 b.3. Present agriculture instances, these are often characterised by massive artificial material utilisation (greenhouses, covers, waterlines), but in the extensive instances they are considered as a quite natural landscapes both by men and wildlife. b.3.1) Coast irrigated grasslands, they are often considered natural by tourists specially when the weed control was faulty or intentionally left over in case of organic farming. They are usually limited by vertical barriers due to three shelter belts or coastal forest formations.

b.3.2) Central plain sandy sown fields. They are usually on large areas and limited on at least one side by Eucalyptus shelter belts. When ploughed they appear as pale brown colour.

b.3.3) Central plain clay soil sown fields, they are characterised by very ample visual horizons and are crossed by small ditches and spontaneous sparse belts of elms and poplars. When ploughed they appear as dark brown colour.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 555333 b.3.4) Hinterland plane black soil sown fields. Very ample visuals are offered without vertical barriers. Sometimes far away focal points are due to the old great farm dwellings. When ploughed they appear of dark brown colour, almost black. They derive from the first land reclamation initiatives of the XVII- XVIII century, located north to Appia road.

b.3.5) Foothill plain sown fields. The border with the hilly landscapes is concealed by the presence of a belt of little fruit and vegetable gardens and little dwellings. They are of medium- small extension, often derived from ancient land utilisations by the inhabitants of the hill towns neighbouring the plain.

b.3.6) Coast intensive horticulture, characterised by massive utilisation of artificial material. Soil is maintained naked thanks to chemical or mechanical weed control. Optical vertical barriers are more often represented by glasshouses than by trees.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 555444 b.3.6a) Coast intensive horticulture. The crops are usually transplanted instead of sown and their visual appearance is of a green plot less thick than other agriculture instances. Often white artificial covers (used to prevent wind damages) increase dramatically the reflective radiation of the environment.

b.3.7) Animal husbandry farming: cattle. The landscape impact is great and pleasant when extensive systems are adopted. Animals represent a visual focus and an attractiveness point in the landscape.

b.3.8) Animal husbandry farming: buffalos. One of the typical aspects of the South Pontine Plain, that could be considered as landscape attractiveness when properly enhanced.

c) Primeval architectonic landscape elements: sometimes the presence of architectonic elements of the past agricultural way of life could be considered as an important attractiveness element rich of heritage values. To this regard there is a very valuable cultural

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 555555 patrimony represented by the old typical architecture of the farms, that varies from paces to places even inside the plain area and that is endangered by the restoration works accomplished by the owners without conservative intentions. In the hilly area is easier to find ancient buildings in their pristine and often ruinous state. The inventory of this buildings by the local authorities should be an important accomplishment in order to enhance landscape preservation and fruition and in particular for tourism valorisation. Unfortunately there was not enough time and resources to accomplish this work in the frame of the present study (but some interesting instances have been found and documented). Secondary elements of interest are springs, drinking troughs, devotional chapels, stone boundaries: c.1. Old farms instances: c.1.1) Old plain farms (“Podere”), of the Land Reform typology in good preservation state. This kind of buildings are often restored in the most creative ways with arcades, terraces, etc. , and painted in imaginative colours. The original “Poderi” of the Land Reform were marked with the “O.N.C.” (Opera Nazionale Combattenti) mark and number on the façade.

c.1.2) Old hill farms (“Casale”), of spontaneous traditional style back aged to the XIX Century. The walls made of local stone were not plastered. They are often damaged by later annexes of different style.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 555666 c.2. Old secondary elements: c.2.1) Old springs. Sometimes the buildings that covered the springs are of architectonic interest, besides the heritage value. (In the image the aqueduct building built by the Borghese Prince on 1885).

c.2.2) Old land reclamation hydraulic plants. The building of the secondary water pumping plants are often in precarious state and could be restored as service structure for tourist enhancement

c.2.3) Old drinking troughs of the plain, survived often because hidden in neglected places. They are sometimes the refuge of important wildlife biodiversity.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 555777 c.2.4) Old drinking troughs of the hill area, are usually far more aged than the instances of the plain and better maintained, because they are still utilised for extensive cattle husbandry.

c.2.5) Stone boundaries, they marked the limits of properties, administrative regions, or even states, as for the project’s area instance, where lay the boundary between the Pontifical State and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. They are almost hidden and often disappeared, but their testimonial value is great as for their attractiveness potential, once properly valorised.

c.2.6) Devotional and religious monuments (chapels, crosses, images, small churches): these elements too are often hidden and unnoticed notwithstanding they represent an important cultural attestation.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 555888 The “Agriculture landscape wide areas map” is based on data collected thanks to the surveys made on the territory for the GreenLink project

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 555999 Analysis The collection phase pointed out that the project area is not a virgin territory, but that it is instead very rich of already existent routing initiatives. Therefore the priority of intervention (in a wise strategy of sustainability) has been to try to valorise the existent, rather than building and adding other initiatives that should risk to be superfluous. For this reason the analyse phase has been carried out first on the level of the geographical connectivity of the existent routes and initiatives among themselves and then with the territorial availability of tourist services and accommodation structures. This with the purpose of assessing the qualitative tourist offer and the individuation of possible gaps in the network.

Geographical analysis From a geographical point of view it could be easily gathered that all the existing paths and trails itineraries involve limited portions of the territory and are generally sited on the mountain hinterland or in the nature Special Protected Areas (SPA’s), with the exception of the Selvaggi’s canoe itinerary “Circuito dei Canali” and cycling itinerary “La Valle”. But the most important fact is that there are no transversal ways connecting the two protected areas and the two related main trail systems across the Pontine Plain.

An all-in geographical siting comparison of the existent trails and paths (marked in red on the map)

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Instead, the new routing on-going initiatives are particularly located along the Pontine Plain area, both longitudinally and transversally. For the “Vie della Transumanza” initiative the transversal action is remarkable relevant, linking the two protected areas (and the two related main trails and pathways systems) with two different routes: one transversal to the central plain and one along the coast. The problem is that these two transversal routes are part of a virtual itinerary to be accomplished by car, utilising roads characterised by a very high traffic density, without sideways for pedestrian and/or cycling and therefore with high risks for travelling in a sustainable way. To this purpose it is important to point out that notwithstanding the fact that many of the inhabitants ancestors were coming from parts of Italy where the cycling is very diffused, the utilisation of this vehicle is locally dangerous. This in part is due to the fact that the roads are straight, inviting car drivers to go faster; in part to the fact that the roads are often narrows, with a curve profile due to the subsidence of the road borders, sided by ditches or damaged by the three shelter belts’ roots.

An all-in comparison of the on-going route initiatives

There is therefore a relevant gap in the routing general system referred to the necessity of a transversal sustainable connection between the SPA areas.

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Cycling on the Pontine Plain roads is often carried out at own individual risk

Coming to the connectivity of the existent paths and trails with the siting of the services and accommodations, the assessment carried out thanks to the GIS analysis (see following maps) gave the following indications: - there is a very scarce availability of reserved cycle lanes and the few existing ones are often not linked to the existent trail systems or to the routing initiatives; - the connectivity to the tourist services logistic of the existent paths is fair and acceptable for the plain area (under the management of the Circeo National Park), not much acceptable for the hill area. It’s important anyway to note that are present at least four established visiting centres (“Gateways”) located at Parco Nazionale del Circeo, Campo Soriano, Fossanova and Terracina (Parco della Rimembranza); - the connectivity of the tourist logistic with the ongoing routing initiatives is better, and the routes can utilise services that are located in the middle of the plain otherwise not valorised. The connectivity with the visiting centres is good (at least two connections for each route) with the exception of the canoeing initiatives (that should rely on their own projected service centres) - as concerning the connectivity to the accommodation structures, a general statement refers to the localisation of the structures on the coast area, with particular regard to the hotel accommodation; otherwise farm and B&B accommodations are more sparse in the plain area, but there is a scarceness of structures on the hill area, that should be enhanced in view of a valorisation of the tourist fruition of this territory.

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Correspondence of all-in existent paths and trails with the services logistic

Correspondence of all-in existent paths and trails with the accommodations logistic

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Correspondence of all-in routing initiatives with the services logistic

Correspondence of all-in routing initiatives with the accommodations logistic

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 666444 Connectivity of the existent routes to a thematic attractiveness The analysis of the inventoried elements previously collected and geographically referenced was accomplished with the purpose to establish an order of importance (ranking) of the features to be valorised successively thanks to a thematic attribution. To perform this last stage of the work it was important to have before a precise idea on which kind of themes to bet. In fact on a territorial theme attribution it is virtually possible to insert all and sundry, from gastronomy to astronomical issues. Of course, in many occasion from a first glance could be pointed out a quantity and quality of elements that are all linked to a particular theme relevance, but this is not always possible, this could be limitative, or at least this could not be valid for the concerned area as a whole. The kinds of element that could come out are so many that is important to pilot a “a priori” selection. The “historic/archeological” theme was selected because, from the first surveys on the territory, emerged a generalised relevance of the rooting to the historic past of the area, from the prehistoric footprints to the medieval age, but with particular relevance to the Romans background. On the other side, to the Terracina Integrated Pathways planners’ aim it was important to establish a strong link with the present environmental, sustainability and climate change problems, as already stated into the Purposes paragraph (see on pages 14-15). Therefore, in connection with the priority of making the tourist aware of the environmental problems of the visited area and trying to link biological diversity and tourism, two thematic thesis related to these problems were put to test for a deeper analysis on their relevance on the territory: the water theme and the agricultural landscape theme. Both these themes were pointed out in the preliminary surveys on the territory, but they were merged in a choice of other themes equally emergent, as for: the brigandage, the ancient ways of life, the land reclamation, the second world war memorials, the modernism architecture, the sea and the mountain, the farmer and the shepherd, etc… The “water” theme was selected for its deep involvement with the climate change problem: the rational utilisation of the hydraulic resources was stressed since many years by the most important international organisations and the project area is very rich of springs and sources all along the foothills. On the other side the presence of irrigation and drainage channels built by the land reclamation could be considered one of the strength points of the Pontine Plain and a part of them were inserted for 593 hectares extension in a Site of Community Interest (SCI) so-called “Canali in disuso della bonifica Pontina”, that is inside the project’s area. The “agriculture landscape” theme was selected because of the own GreenLink connection with the relationship “Town-Country”, a relation where the second element is always neglected or studied only from the urban point of view. The landscape enhancement importance was already pointed out on the Target Groups and Purposes chapter (see on pages 15-16) and the selection of the “agricultural” landscapes is a good way to attract

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 666555 awareness on the importance of the agriculture to the biodiversity concept too and to help to protect the word of technical, social, and heritage values underneath. Therefore in the analysis phase the three themes selected (archaeological features, natural springs and agriculture landscapes) were confronted with the route featuring in a crossed examination to point out all possible valorisation factors.

Assessment grids For each existing sustainable tourist route and trail the assessment of the potentialities of valorisation was achieved at the light of the selected themes thanks to a grid structure. This enabled a compared view of their features firstly in a quantitative and then in a qualitative way.

The first two following grids refer to the quantitative analysis, the third grid to the qualitative analysis.

The descriptors of the features were derived: - strengths and weaknesses: from the surveys made on field. - quantitative correspondence with the selected attractiveness elements: from the GIS geographical siting analysis. Among the descriptors, special consideration was given to climate vulnerability of the route. This was assessed on the basis of the routes exposure to weather adverse phenomena and to absence/presence of mitigating factors (usually a good vegetation/forest canopy). Another subject of description was the absence/presence of waste disposal devices and hygienic structures, referred into the grid as “sanitary risk”.

The grid/swot analysis was performed only for the already existent trails and pathways and not for the ongoing route initiatives because of two reasons: a) these latter are not yet exactly defined and/or really operating; b) they are not sustainable (“to be accomplished by not polluting travel means”) routes.

As a general rule landscape fruition is a themes always present and has been reported in the following grids with reference to the instances particularly incisive in the frame of the already characterised features of agricultural landscape

In the following grids the ID reference of the routes refers to the items inventoried on pages 17-26; the agricultural landscape typology code refers to the inventory on pages 39-59.

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quantitative correspondence with the identification features selected attractiveness elements opportunities treats (socio- added strengths weaknesses (potentialities - environmental archaeological natural agricultural values ID typology themes) risks) elements features springs landscape

a F5 + 1) ample outlook and landscape 1) no shadow during the hot potential for risks of fires, nature panorama availability; 2) part of the CAI hours, no canopy, scarce landscape fruition sanitary risks religion view network; 3) arrival to a destination vegetation; 2) no and panoramas monument and starting point from maintenance or safety an interesting Sanctuary services; 3) high vulnerability to climate change effects

b F6 + 1) good outlook and landscape 1) scarce shadow during the potential for risks of fires, nature panorama availability; 2) part of the CAI hot hours, scarce canopy, mountain climbing sanitary risks sport view network; 3) arrival to a peak and scarce vegetation; 2) no starting point from an interesting maintenance or safety Sanctuary services, 3) fair vulnerability to climate change effects

c F 5 1) good outlook and landscape 1) no maintenance or safety potential for risks of fires, nature availability; 2) part of the CAI services; 2) bad labelling, mountain climbing sanitary risks sport network; 3) arrival to a peak; 4) signs and marks washed out interesting geological features or vandalised; 3) scarce vulnerability to climate change effects d F 7 1) good outlook and landscape 1) no maintenance or safety potential for risks of fires, nature availability; 2) part of the CAI services; 2) bad labelling, mountain climbing sanitary risks sport network; 3) arrival to a peak; 4) signs and marks washed out interesting geological features or vandalised; 3) scarce vulnerability to climate change effects e F 1 8 1) good nature and landscape 1) no maintenance or safety potential for risks of fires, nature biodiversity fruition; 2) round services; 2) bad labelling, "ancient way of sanitary risks sport itinerary avoiding back tracing of signs and marks washed out life" theme history the same course; 3) interesting or vandalised; 3) scarce valorisation culture historical values vulnerability to climate (mountain terrace change effects agriculture, ancient drinking trough) evaluation f F5 + 1) good nature and landscape 1) no maintenance or safety potential for little risks of nature panorama biodiversity fruition; 2) round services; 2) bad labelling, mountain climbing fires, sanitary sport view itinerary avoiding back tracing of signs and marks washed out risks history the same course; 3) interesting or vandalised; 3) medium historical values; 4) starting point vulnerability to climate from an interesting Sanctuary change effects

g F 6 1) good nature and landscape 1) scarce maintenance or 1) potential for little risks of nature biodiversity fruition; 2) round safety services; 2) bad "ancient way of fires, sanitary sport itinerary avoiding back tracing of labelling, signs and marks life" theme risks history the same course; 3) interesting washed out or vandalised; 3) valorisation culture historical values; 4) interesting scarce vulnerability to (brigandage, stone geological values; 5) interesting climate change effects boundaries traditional agriculture landscapes between the Pontifical State and the Kingdom of Naples); 2) potential for ilt h F1 3 + 1) beautiful landscape; 2) great 1) shortness of the trail; 2) potential for little risks of nature panorama historical values; voluntary maintenance or historical theme fires, little history view safety services; 3)medium valorisation (the sanitary risks vulnerability to climate temple of Jupiter change effects Anxur) i CL, F 4 1) complex of well serviced and 1) scarce information maps 1) high potential for nature maintained trails; 2) very on place; few services in nature wildlife culture interesting natural values of proximity; 2) scarce watching; 2) sport biodiversity; 3) didactical trails vulnerability to climate potential of ancient with botany description and change effects way of life theme reconstruction of ancient ways of valorisation life a,b,c M = mixed or nature virtual itinerary CL = cycle lane history

CR = cycling religion route MBC = culture mountain bike

values scale trail O = other sport itinerary F = trekking path

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 666777 quantitative correspondence with the opportunities treats (socio- identification features selected attractiveness elements added strengths weaknesses (potentialities - environmental archaeological natural agricultural values themes) risks) elements ID typology features springs landscape j F 10 panorama 1) complex of well serviced and 1) scarce information maps 1) high potential for little risks of nature view maintained trails; 2) very on place; 2) high risks of historical fires, sanitary history interesting natural values of vandalism; 3) scarce attractiveness; 2) risks sport biodiversity and landscape; 3) maintenance or safety potential of ancient ancient archaeological services in the winter way if life theme monuments season; 4) scarce valorisation; 3) vulnerability to climate potential for nature change effects wildlife watching

k F, MBC 3 + 1) good outlook and landscape 1) scarce shadow during the 1) potential for little risks of nature panorama availability; 2) round itinerary hot hours, scarce canopy, landscape fruition fires, sanitary sport view avoiding back tracing of the same scarce vegetation; 2) fair and panoramas; 2) risks course; 3) interesting geological vulnerability to climate potential for features change effects mountain bike sport l F 6 1) good nature and landscape 1) scarce maintenance or 1) potential for little risks of nature biodiversity fruition; 2) round safety services; 2) bad "ancient way of fires, sanitary sport itinerary avoiding back tracing of labelling, signs and marks life" theme risks history the same course; 3) interesting washed out or vandalised; 3) valorisation culture historical values; 4) interesting scarce vulnerability to (brigandage, stone geological values; 5) interesting climate change effects boundaries traditional agriculture landscapes between the Pontifical State and the Kingdom of Naples); 2) potential for ilt m F, MBC 1 1) good nature biodiversity 1) bad labelling, signs and 1) potential for little risks of nature fruition; 2) round itinerary avoiding marks washed out or agricultural fires, sanitary culture back tracing of the same course; vandalised; 2) scarce landscape risks sport 3) interesting traditional culture vulnerability to climate valorisation; 2) values; 4) interesting geological change effects geological features values valorisation

n F 3 1) good geological biodiversity 1) course on private 1) potential for risks of conflict nature fruition; 2) round itinerary avoiding properties not passable geological features with the culture back tracing of the same course without a guide; 2) shortness valorisation owners of the of the course; 3) scarce property vulnerability to climate change effects

o F, M 11 1) interesting nature and culture 1) no labelling or marks on potential for sanitary risks nature landscapes; 2) mixed sustainable the itinerary; 2) train agriculture culture itinerary (train + on foot) timetable problematic; 3) landscape travelling aptitude to be valorisation tested; 4) no maintenance or safety services; 5) scarce vulnerability to climate change p O 8 1) diversified route on canoe; 2) 1) no labelling or marks on potential for water sanitary risks nature cultural landscape of the land the itinerary; 2) channels theme valorisation both for the culture reclamation structures; 3) cleanliness problematic; 3) environment sport diversified nature point of view travelling aptitude to be and for the tested; 4) no maintenance or traveller safety services; 5) high vulnerability to climate change q CR 2 2 11 1) interesting attractiveness 1) no labelling or marks on 1) potential for history nodes: historic and religious; 2) the itinerary; 2) cycle route archaeological culture interesting water source shared with secondary traffic theme valorisation; religion attractiveness roads; 3) scarce vulnerability 2) potential for sport to climate change water theme valorisation

r F8 + 1) interesting itinerary on ancient 1) no labelling or marks on potential for little risks of nature panorama mountain trails; 2) interesting the itinerary; 2) occasional agriculture fires, sanitary religion view agricultural landscape biodiversity; itinerary; 3) scarce landscape risks culture 3) start and arrival to sanctuaries vulnerability to climate valorisation change

s F 4 7 1) interesting archaeological 1) no labelling or marks on potential for nature attractiveness nodes; 2) start and the itinerary; 2) occasional archaeological religion arrival to sanctuaries itinerary; 3) course on theme valorisation; culture medium traffic roads without sideways; 4) scarce vulnerability to climate change a,b,c M = mixed or nature virtual itinerary CL = cycle lane history

CR = cycling religion route MBC = culture mountain bike

values scale values trail O = other sport itinerary F = trekking path

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 666888 Connectivity Connectivity qualitative correspondence with the selected identification features with existent with existent attractiveness elements strengths weaknesses tourist accommodatio archaeologi- agricultural natural springs elements ID typology services n structures cal features landscape a F*****b15, b36, b24, good fruition of hill agricultural scarce connectivity with b25, c26, landscape and panorama of tourist services and fair panorama of present typologies accommodation a and b3 typologies

b F*****b15, b36, b24, interesting fruition of hill scarce connectivity with b25, c26, agricultural landscape and tourist services and fair panorama of panorama of present typologies accommodation a and b3 typologies

c F****b22, b24, c12, interesting fruition of hill scarce connectivity with c24, c25, agricultural landscape, with rich tourist services and scarce elements of ancient life accommodation d F****b21, b22, b24, good fruition of hill agricultural scarce connectivity with c12, c24, c25, landscape, with rich elements of tourist services and scarce c26 ancient life accommodation F******* very good fruition of hill fair connectivity with tourist

evaluation e b21, b22, b23, b24, c12, c21, agricultural landscape, with rich services and fair c24, c25 elements of ancient life accommodation

f F*****b21, b24, b25, interesting fruition of hill scarce connectivity with c12, c26, agricultural landscape, with tourist services and fair panorama of elements of ancient life and accommodation b3 typologies panorama of present typologies g F*****b21, b23, b24, good fruition of hill agricultural fair connectivity with tourist c12, c24, c25 landscape, with rich elements of services and scarce ancient life accommodation h F *** *** *** * b15, b36, b2, very good fruition of fair fruition of agricultural panorama of archaeological features and good landscape b3 typologies accommodation and tourist services structures, and panorama of present typologies i CL, F *** ** * * b12, b13, b36, very good fruition of tourist service c11 structures j F *** *** *** ** Panorama of very good fruition of a and b3 archaeological features, tourist typologies service structures, accommodations, panoramic view on different agriculture k F, MBC*****b21, b24, c11, interesting fruition of agriculture scarce connectivity with panorama of landscape accommodation structures b3 typologies

l F*****b21, b23, b24, good fruition of hill agricultural fair connectivity with tourist c12, c24, c25 landscape, with rich elements of services and scarce ancient life accommodation

m F, MBC *** * * * b21, b22, b23, good fruition of hill agricultural fair connectivity with tourist b24, c12 landscape, with rich elements of services and scarce ancient life accommodation n F*****b23, b24, c12 interesting fruition of hill fair connectivity with tourist agricultural landscape services and scarce accommodation

o F, M * ******a15, a22, b14, diversified & good fruition of scarce connectivity with b15, b17, b24, agricultural landscape, with fair tourist services and fair elements of ancient life accommodation

evaluation b25, b35, c12, c21, c22

p O ** *** ** ** a13, a15, a23, interesting diversified & different a24, b32, b35, fruition of agricultural landscape b36, c22

q CR ** *** *** *** b1, b16, b17, very good and diversified fruition b24, b25, b35, of agriculture landscape and b36, c12, c21, elements, and archaeological and c22, c26 spring sources features

r F***** *b14, b21, b23, good and diversified fruition of hill occasional route b24, b25, c12, agriculture landscape and c25, c26, panoramic view of present and panorama of past instances b3 typologies

s F*********a12, a13, b11, fair diversified fruition of different occasional route on traffic b32, b36, c11, plain agriculture landscape roads c26 a,b,c M = mixed or * = scarce * = scarce * = scarce * = scarce landscape virtual itinerary typology code CL = cycle lane ** = fair ** = fair ** = fair ** = fair

CR = cycling *** = good *** = good *** = good *** = good route MBC = mountain bike

values scale trail O = other itinerary F = trekking path GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 666999 The assessment pointed out the following results: - there is a common element of risk in almost every case: this is related to sanitary issues for the environment due to the total absence of both hygienic services and the more elemental forms of waste disposal. Presently the low utilisation of the routes enables a contained pollution of the environment, but in the perspective of an increase of the tourist fruition of the routes it is necessary to adopt adequate measures to avoid the illegal landfilling, that in many instances is already present; - a negative characteristic common to all the trails and pathways outside the Circeo National Park management, is the absence or the scarceness of services and maintenance. These goes from an appropriate parking and resting area (with benches, information boards, waste buckets, water fountain, illumination) to picnic areas, children playing areas, bars, restaurants and accommodation for the night, to a generalised lack of maintenance of the trails, that once achieved were left without any care of their state, except for the work performed by volunteers; - trails in mountain areas deserve in general a good restoration of the marks and signs. The trails more exposed and in semi-arid areas are marked by vulnerability to climate effects; - the potential for tourist valorisation and added value is always good with often different opportunities of great interest; - there is a good qualitative connectivity to service and accommodation structures only for the routes that are localised near the seaside resorts; - the assessment brought to an overall emergence of the agricultural landscape theme both quantitatively as qualitatively. This is particularly present into the routes placed on the hill and foothill area.

Comments and considerations A general assessment on the logistic of the existing routes confirms that they are numerous and diversified, with very good potentialities of attractiveness valorisation for the agriculture landscape thematic. But they are concentrated on the two nature Special Protected Areas with a lack of (sustainable) connection between themselves. Their interest is high but, apart for the Circeo National Park, there is a lack of maintenance services and in general of tourist services structures and accommodations. A second consideration involves the on-going initiatives. They concern especially routes to be accomplished by car along ideal itineraries (that sometimes are not really marked on the place but planned only on maps, leaflets and CD’s). But they involve directly the Pontine Plain both on transversal and on longitudinal way. The “Vie della Transumanza” route connects the coast with the mountain hinterland (and therefore the nature Special Protected

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 777000 Areas’ trail systems too) along to existing roads, but those are roads with high intensity of traffic and no place on the sides suitable for walking or cycling. Very interesting for their sustainability and appealing diversification are the canoe routing initiatives and especially the projected plan to integrate cycling–canoeing in a comprehensive renting service. A general assessment of all this system of existent trails and new initiatives bring to the following assumptions: a) there is already a very rich variety of leisure and sporting routes that let to think to new proposals as superfluous; b) it lacks a transversal sustainable connection and it is important to ease the tourist arrival in the area in a sustainable way. Referring to this last remark, it is relevant to point out that all the area is serviced by two railroad stations: Fossanova-Priverno and Terracina. The first one is connected to and from Rome by at least 24 trains/day, the second only by five (and with an uncomfortable timetable); c) instead to build new routes is important therefore to recover and manage in a better way the already existing trails; d) the route offer is diversified but there is a lack of integration among the different travel systems (car, trekking, cycling, canoeing). The creation of service structures to integrate the different travel systems could represent an interesting attractiveness focus.

Evidence of the lack of sustainable connection between the different paths & trails and the routing initiative systems

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 777111 Processing The elaboration of a proposal of routing initiative has been carried out taking in consideration the main gaps (weaknesses) emerged from the previous analysis stage of the work. These could be synthesised as follows: 1) the lack of a sustainable connection between the two nature SPA (Special Protected Areas) areas trails systems; 2) the lack of the maintenance and of the quality of the services along the existent trails; 3) the lack of integration among the existent trails and the routing initiatives considered as a “whole system” (lack of networking); 4) the lack of connectivity between a sustainable way of arrival in the territory (railroad) and the sustainable routes of the “whole system”. Therefore the elaborated proposal will try to answer to all these gaps in order to integrate and valorise the tourist route offer as a whole, with peculiar importance on the enhancemet of the following attractiveness’s themes: “the agriculture landscape” and “the water resources”.

General description of the proposal The proposal is modulated on different accomplishments to be realised along different stages of work, according to the financial allowances that will be obtained. These are:

FS railway station Fossanova Priverno

FS railway station Terracina

Project proposals geographic siting

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 777222 a) a cycle lane from of the Circeo National Park visitor’s centre to Frasso (16,500 meters length) with a diversion to Fossanova (9,600 meters length, for a total distance Circeo – Fossanova of 13,600 meters) on a comprehensive length of 16,100 meters. b) a cycling variant itinerary connecting Fossanova to the railway station of Fossanova-Priverno and to the future service structure of La Cotarda planned in the canoeing initiatives, on a total length of 5,700 meters. c) a hill cycling round itinerary for agriculture landscape and water resources fruition of about 28,000 meters . d) a plain cycling itinerary for agriculture landscape fruition of about 32,700 meters. e) a canoeing variant itinerary connecting the “canoeing initiative 2” route to Terracina for a total length of 16,000 meters. f) the creation of a permanent organisation to manage and to maintain the overall whole structure of the routing integrated system. The proposed features could offer a basic answer to the weakness problems above illustrated and could represent the basis for a sustainable integrated system as detailed below.

Connectivity among proposals and existing sustainable trails, paths and routes

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 777333 They are answering too to the different agriculture landscape and to the water resources fruition possibilities, as evidenced in the following illustration.

Connectivity among proposals and existing attractiveness emergencies

A lack of connectivity could be evidenced only with the Circeo Promontory historic and natural area, but this could be easily overcome by the utilisation of the ongoing Latina Tellus “La Severiana” coastal route (see description on pages 27-28). The apparent ending into no- man’s-land of the east part of the plain cycling itinerary is due to the same reason (this time with the “Vie d’acqua” itinerary). The selection of the physical proposals location was operated giving preference to the roads that at equal conditions of attractiveness, presented less traffic intensity. Therefore the routes apparently more direct were rejected, as for the SP Migliara 53 – Marittima II (adopted by the “Vie della Transumanza” initiative) connecting the Circeo National Park with Fossanova, because of its great and fast volume of summer traffic.

The connectivity among the proposed features and the existent tourist accommodations and services is presently fair, with at least their presence at the starting or ending of the itinerary as evidenced into the following illustration.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 777444

Connectivity among proposals and existing tourist accommodations & services

Detailed description of the proposal The overall extension of the proposal routes amount to 91.5 km of cycling lanes and itineraries and 61.3 km of canoeing itineraries (taking into account the Canoeing initiative project too). The cycle lanes will be realised in two typologies, both without illumination and sideways protection:

A) segregated cycle lane of two ways on its’ own roadway, utilising the place of the sidewalk on one side of the existent traffic roads;

B) marked cycle lane utilising a portion of the pavement of the existent traffic roads, marked with horizontal signs and stripes.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 777555

The detailed following description could be viewed on the maps illustrated on the 2nd attachment: “Planning Tables”: a) Cycle lane from of the Circeo National Park visit centre to Frasso with a diversion to Fossanova. The cycle lane will start from the Park Visit Centre and will be connected to west with the existent segregated cycle lane to Sabaudia. The segregated lane course will be realised in standard conglomerate binder pavement (typology “A”) utilising the south sideway of the SP Migliara 56 road (for 300 m length) till the crossing with the SP Litoranea. The crossing will be realised with proper road signs (vertical and horizontal) without traffic light. The lane will prosecute along the North-West sidewalk of the SP Migliara 54 on standard conglomerate binder pavement, (for 4,700 m length, heavy embankment works will be necessary for 500 m), till the crossing with SP Pontina (traffic light), where will be necessary appropriate vertical and horizontal road signs. From this crossing to Borgo Vodice village the lane will went to the South-West sidewalk (for 1,300 m length), deserving appropriate small embankment works and horizontal road signs at every private access (about 30). The moving of 10 light posts will be necessary too. After Borgo Vodice the lane will prosecute along the South-West sidewalk of the SP Migliara 54 till to the crossing with via di Casanello where it will end as segregated cycle lane on conglomerate binder pavement (for other 4,000 m length with minor embankment works). The crossing of Sisto river, Botte channel and of Linea Pio channel will be performed on the existent bridges with interruptions of the lane. In the last part of this course the crossing of SS Appia (with traffic light) will be performed with appropriate vertical and horizontal road signs. The course will go along via di Casanello till the crossing with SP del Frasso (1,300 m length) on the existent road pavement (typology “B”) with appropriate marked horizontal road signs since on this road there is very little local traffic. From this last crossing the segregated cycle lane will be resumed on conglomerate binder (typology “A”) on the South sidewalk of SP del Frasso (for 4,000 m length, with minor embankment works) till to Frasso village where it will end. At the crossing with the Amaseno river (locality “Capocavallo”) will start the diversion course for Fossanova, that will utilise the existent road pavement along “Argine Amaseno” road (typology “B”), where there is very little local traffic, (for 8,700 m length) with appropriate horizontal and vertical road signs, in particular in correspondence of the two transversal crossings with SP S. Isidoro and SP Longitudinale. The following course (for 850 m length) on the connection of Sonnino Scalo road and SP Marittima II to Fossanova will utilise the existent road pavement (typology “B”) with appropriate horizontal and vertical road signs especially in correspondence of the two existent crossings and minor works of enlargement of the conglomerate tarn of the sideways.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 777666 b) Cycling variant itinerary connecting Fossanova to the railway station of Fossanova- Priverno and to the future service structure of La Cotarda. The route will utilise the existent road pavement (typology “B”) with appropriate horizontal marked signs and vertical road signs (for 5,700 m length) along SP Marittima II, till to the crossing with the railway station road (and a part of the itinerary will prosecute till to the station) and then along SP Codarda. c) Hill cycling round itinerary. This will utilise the existent road pavement (typology “B”) with appropriate horizontal marked signs and vertical road signs (for 28,000 m length) since the utilised roads have not a great traffic volume. It will start from Terracina “4 lampioni” square, near the railway station and along SP Camposoriano will climb to Campo Soriano, then go down till the crossing with SP Consolare II at Capocroce. Then it will go on this road along the foot of Monte Castello till Frasso where there will be the connection with the cycle lane for Fossanova and Circeo National Park. After Frasso the itinerary will prosecute along SP Consolare II till the end of this way at the conjunction with Appia Antica road under Monte Leano. The following part of the itinerary will go straight along Appia Antica till to the railway station and “4 lampioni” square. Only 400 m distance away there is the “Ponte Rosso” bridge where starts the connection with the canoeing variant itinerary. d) Plain cycling itinerary. This too will utilise the existent road pavement (typology “B”) with appropriate horizontal marked signs and vertical road signs (for 32,700 m length) since the utilised roads have not a great traffic volume. The detail on the “Planning Tables” attachment has been related only for the western part of the route. It will start from the SP Migliara 54 (from the reserved cycle lane) in “Contrada la Sega” and will go along “Lungo Botte” road and the Botte channel till to the crossing with SP Migliara 47 road. Then along this latter, crossing the river Sisto, till to the crossing with “Portosello” road. Here, going on the right (North-West direction) for 700 m, it will end in the middle of the extensive sown fields of the primeval outlived agriculture area (“Scopeto della Cucuzza” locality, near S. Donato village) at “Colle d’Alba di Levante” road. Going instead on the left (South-East direction) it will follow the Portosello road, then “Strada Formicosa” road, then “Strada dei Fossi” road till Borgo Vodice (connecting again to the SP Migliara 54 and to the reserved cycle lane). Going on the same direction after the crossing along “Strada Lungo Sisto” road it will be possible to reach SS Pontina road connecting to the “La Severiana” coastal route initiative of the Latina Tellus Project. e) canoeing variant itinerary. This will utilise the Linea Pio channel going on from the end point of the Canoeing initiative 2 (Cavata river – Linea Pio channel), that stops at the crossing

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 777777 with SP Migliara 53 road because of a barrier in the channel. The proposal is to overcome this barrier thanks to two floating jetties and to establish a connection first with Pontemaggiore (distance 6,500 m), where is the planned service structure and connection with the Canoeing initiative 1 (Ufente river) , thus establishing a navigable link among the two canoeing routes. Then going along the course of the Linea Pio channel till to Terracina “Ponte Rosso” (distance 6,900 m), thanks to other three floating jetties, thus establishing a link with the Selvaggi’s “Circuito dei canali” canoeing route. f) permanent organisation of maintenance and service. This organisation will require the involvement of all the main stakeholders of the area. The establishment of this organisation will be compulsory due to the fragmentation of the proposal realisation into the territories of 5 different municipalities: Terracina, Sabaudia, Pontinia, Sonnino and Priverno (as shown in the table below). It is not possible to allow separate funding to each municipality in order to build the part of proposal of its own territorial competence, but the all-in realisation will be achieved thanks to a conference of services and to the establishment of an ATI (Temporary Association of Firms) among the main local key actors (as later detailed in the Human resources paragraph).

Territorial competence of the different parts of the proposal

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 777888 Moreover the requirement of a permanent overall maintenance and service organisation is due to the complexity of the integration among different kinds of route and it is important to point out that this is deserved too by the necessity to offer a service of qualitative and homogenous standard in the different parts of the territory. Therefore two kinds of purposes are to be sought in this context : to merge and coordinate local differences and exigencies for an harmonic and proper realisation and to organise a unique management and maintenance service.

Schedule of the activities The realisation schedule, as already mentioned, could be modulated according to the financial resources obtained. Priority should be attributed to the “a” and “f” proposals, since they are the most urgent in a scenario of integrated sustainable tourist development, then comes the “b” connection at least for the section to the railway station and on a second time, the other three proposals. The “c” and “d” proposals could be realised on a first moment only as map itineraries with appropriate information boards and direction signs on field in order to cut costs, since they runs on secondary roads with less traffic and not many risks for the cyclists. The “e” proposal should be carried out along with the Canoeing initiatives project. Since the realisation plan of this latter has not been insofar detailed and because of its integration value, it has been inserted jointly to the present proposal.

item 1st year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year a) Cycle lane b) Cycling variant itinerary c) Hill cycling round itinerary d) Plain cycling itinerary e) canoeing variant itinerary e1) canoeing itinerary 1 e2) canoeing itinerary 2 e3) service structures to canoeing initiative f) maintenance permanent organisation Realisation schedule of the proposal

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 777999 Resources

The realisation of the proposed routes will deserve both technical and human resources with technical material requirements and special expertise needed to the fulfilment of the concerned requirements. It is important to remember that the proposed items from “a” to “e” concern proper executive planning of route realisation; instead the item “f” will require the establishment of a stable managing organisation. In the resources computation the realisation of the two Canoeing initiatives will be added as point “e1” (canoeing initiative 1), “e2” (canoeing initiative 2) and “e3” (services structures “nodes”) as a unique project plan, since, as already mentioned, the project plan for these initiatives was not yet realised and it is conceivable as integral part of the proposal.

Technical resources

The required technical implements are detailed into the following list:

resource section length (m) technical description specifications a) Cycle lane all sections general roadwork installation installation of the roadwork unit according to the law requirements, transport, traffic signs, administrative papers Circeo Park - Via di 10300 sidewalk soil cleaning weeds and vegetation removal, uprooting and earth Casanello crossing surface removal deep 10 cm, demolition and removal of debris, waste and old artefacts debris transport transport and land filling of the removed debris embankment transport and laying of earth to reach the requested sidewalk measured profile gravelling transport and laying of gravel, rolled to 20 cm thickness profile groundwork transport and lying of rock pieces with natural binder rolled to 5 cm thickness profile binder pavement transport and lying of conglomerate with polymer or epoxy binder rolled to 6 cm thickness profile driveways settlement masonry restoration and embankments of the private driveways crossed, iron grates lying, concrete works shouldering road shoulders hearth profile configuration, green seeding and first watering. electric line poles removal of disturbing electric wire poles and new displacement installation on appropriate site paint working pavement cleaning and horizontal road sign paintwork in white reflecting paint, included stripes, stops and symbols. road signs installation furniture and installation of vertical road signs on galvanised iron standard posts Via di Casanello road 1300 road shoulder soil weeds and vegetation removal, uprooting and earth cleaning surface removal deep 2 cm, demolition and removal of debris, waste and old artefacts shouldering road shoulders hearth profile configuration, green seeding (when needed) and first watering. paint working pavement cleaning and horizontal road sign paintwork in white reflecting paint, included stripes, stops and symbols. road signs installation furniture and installation of vertical road signs on galvanised iron standard posts

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 888000 resource section length (m) technical description specifications a) Cycle lane Via di Casanello crossing - 4000 sidewalk soil cleaning weeds and vegetation removal, uprooting and earth (following) Frasso village (SP del surface removal deep 10 cm, demolition and Frasso road) removal of debris, waste and old artefacts debris transport transport and land filling of the removed debris embankment transport and laying of earth to reach the requested sidewalk measured profile gravelling transport and laying of gravel, rolled to 20 cm thickness profile groundwork transport and lying of rock pieces with natural binder rolled to 5 cm thickness profile binder pavement transport and lying of conglomerate with polymer or epoxy binder rolled to 6 cm thickness profile driveways settlement masonry restoration and embankments of the private driveways crossed, iron grates lying, concrete works shouldering road shoulders hearth profile configuration, green seeding and first watering. electric line poles removal of disturbing electric wire poles and new displacement installation on appropriate site paint working pavement cleaning and horizontal road sign paintwork in white reflecting paint, included stripes, stops and symbols. road signs installation furniture and installation of vertical road signs on galvanised iron standard posts crossing fSP del Frasso 8700 road shoulder soil weeds and vegetation removal, uprooting and earth road - Sonnino Scalo cleaning surface removal deep 2 cm, demolition and connection (Argine removal of debris, waste and old artefacts Amaseno road) shouldering road shoulders hearth profile configuration, green seeding (when needed) and first watering. paint working pavement cleaning and horizontal road sign paintwork in white reflecting paint, included stripes, stops and symbols. road signs installation furniture and installation of vertical road signs on galvanised iron standard posts Sonnino Scalo connection - 850 road shoulder soil weeds and vegetation removal, uprooting and earth Fossanova Abbey (Sonnino cleaning surface removal deep 2 cm, demolition and Scalo connection and SP removal of debris, waste and old artefacts Marittima II road) shouldering road shoulders hearth profile configuration, green seeding (when needed) and first watering. paint working pavement cleaning and horizontal road sign paintwork in white reflecting paint, included stripes, stops and symbols. road signs installation furniture and installation of vertical road signs on galvanised iron standard posts b) Cycling variant all sections general roadwork installation installation of the roadwork unit according to the law itinerary requirements, transport, traffic signs, administrative papers all sections 5700 road shoulder soil weeds and vegetation removal, uprooting and earth cleaning surface removal deep 2 cm, demolition and removal of debris, waste and old artefacts shouldering road shoulders hearth profile configuration, green seeding (when needed) and first watering. paint working pavement cleaning and horizontal road sign paintwork in white reflecting paint, included stripes, stops and symbols. road signs installation furniture and installation of vertical road signs on galvanised iron standard posts c) Hill cycling round all itinerary general roadwork installation installation of the roadwork unit according to the law itinerary requirements, transport, traffic signs, administrative papers all itinerary 28000 road shoulder soil weeds and vegetation removal, uprooting and earth cleaning surface removal deep 2 cm, demolition and removal of debris, waste and old artefacts shouldering road shoulders hearth profile configuration, green seeding (when needed) and first watering. paint working pavement cleaning and horizontal road sign paintwork in white reflecting paint, included stripes, stops and symbols. road signs installation furniture and installation of vertical road signs on galvanised iron standard posts d) Plain cycling all itinerary general roadwork installation installation of the roadwork unit according to the law itinerary requirements, transport, traffic signs, administrative papers all itinerary 32700 road shoulder soil weeds and vegetation removal, uprooting and earth cleaning surface removal deep 2 cm, demolition and removal of debris, waste and old artefacts shouldering road shoulders hearth profile configuration, green seeding (when needed) and first watering. paint working pavement cleaning and horizontal road sign paintwork in white reflecting paint, included stripes, stops and symbols. road signs installation furniture and installation of vertical road signs on galvanised iron standard posts GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 888111 resource section length (m) technical description specifications e) canoeing variant all itinerary 13400 banks cleaning exceeding weeds and vegetation cutting, demolition itinerary and removal of debris, waste and old artefacts

jetties settlement furniture and installation of movable floating jetty for boarding on the watercourse parking settlement realisation of parking places in correspondence of the jetties with cycle racks and horizontal and vertical road signs river signs installation furniture and installation of vertical road signs on galvanised iron standard posts e1) canoeing itinerary 24800 banks cleaning exceeding weeds and vegetation cutting, demolition 1 and removal of debris, waste and old artefacts

jetties settlement furniture and installation of movable floating jetty for boarding on the watercourse parking settlement realisation of parking places in correspondence of the jetties with cycle racks and horizontal and vertical road signs river signs installation furniture and installation of vertical road signs on galvanised iron standard posts e2) canoeing itinerary 23000 banks cleaning exceeding weeds and vegetation cutting, demolition 2 and removal of debris, waste and old artefacts

jetties settlement furniture and installation of movable floating jetty for boarding on the watercourse parking settlement realisation of parking places in correspondence of the jetties with cycle racks and horizontal and vertical road signs river signs installation furniture and installation of vertical road signs on galvanised iron standard posts e3) service structures 3 units restoration planning general and executive design of the restoration to canoeing initiative works

administrative administrative requirements fulfilment concessions building works restoration and modification technical works f) maintenance 1 unit marketing plan business management targeted to tourist offices, permanent information structures, accommodation and organisation services structures, municipalities, other public administrations, citizens, etc… communication information design, selection and realisation of tourist informative texts, planning of their diffusion both as permanent informative boards and as leaflet, maps or website service management coordination of administrations, authorities and services involved, standard quality assessment, service structures management route maintenance cleaning, sanitation, signs and boards maintenance, route servicing, general surveillance

The technical accomplishment of the above mentioned implements could be achieved thanks to calls of tender and outsourcing to already existent roadwork firms or cooperatives of services. For the item “f” it remains to be considered if it would be of a greater benefit to manage directly the services instead of outsourcing them. In the former case it will be necessary the acquisition of adequate technical tools.

Human resources

The required human resources are detailed into the following list:

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 888222

item accomplishment human resources detail man/months a) Cycle lane (following) executive plan technical updating technical surveyor 0.4

papers & administrative external firm (outsourcing) 6 concession call for tender administrative unit 9 roadwork external firm (outsourcing) 3 b) Cycling variant executive plan realisation technical surveyor 1 itinerary papers & administrative external firm (outsourcing) 6 concession call for tender administrative unit 9 roadwork external firm (outsourcing) 0.2 c) Hill cycling round executive plan realisation technical surveyor 3 itinerary papers & administrative external firm (outsourcing) 6 concession call for tender administrative unit 9 roadwork external firm (outsourcing) 1 d) Plain cycling itinerary executive plan realisation technical surveyor 4

papers & administrative external firm (outsourcing) 6 concession call for tender administrative unit 9 roadwork external firm (outsourcing) 1.5 e) canoeing variant executive plan realisation technical surveyor 1.5 itinerary papers & administrative external firm (outsourcing) 6 concession call for tender administrative unit 9 building works external firm (outsourcing) e1) canoeing itinerary 1 executive plan realisation technical surveyor 1.5

papers & administrative external firm (outsourcing) 6 concession call for tender administrative unit 9 building works external firm (outsourcing) e2) canoeing itinerary 2 executive plan realisation technical surveyor 1.5

papers & administrative external firm (outsourcing) 6 concession call for tender administrative unit 9 building works external firm (outsourcing) e3) service structures to general plan architect 3 canoeing initiative executive plan realisation architect 6 papers & administrative external firm (outsourcing) 6 concession call for tender administrative unit 9 building works external firm (outsourcing) 24 f) maintenance conference of external consultant 6 permanent organisation services/consultancies ATI (temporary association of external consultant 3 firms) building papers & administrative external firm (outsourcing) 6 concession ATI start-up external consultant 3

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 888333 Permanent organisation of maintenance and service detail The permanent organisation has been planned in order to perform the following activities: 1. marketing management, in a coordinated frame of initiatives targeted to: tourist offices, information structures, accommodation and services structures, municipalities, other public administrations, environment authorities, citizens, etc…; 2. communication management involving: information design, selection and realisation of tourist informative texts, planning of their diffusion both as permanent informative sign boards and as leaflet, maps or web pages realisation; 3. services management connected to: coordination of administrations, authorities and services on the territory, quality assessment of the tourist services offered, service structures management (canoe and cycle renting, rest accommodation providing, guided tours offering, events and manifestations organising) 4. route maintenance involving route cleaning, sanitation, signs and boards maintenance, route servicing, general surveillance.

The key actors targeted to take an active participation into the permanent organisation ought to be sought among: 1. the competent administrative authorities: Latina Province, municipalities of: Pontinia, Priverno, Sabaudia, San Felice Circeo, Sonnino and Terracina, the Consorzio di Bonifica dell’Agro Pontino; 2. the environment protection involved authorities: the Regional Parks Agency, the Agenda 2000 committee, the Campo Soriano National Monument authority, the Circeo National Park. 3. the environmental, cultural and development associations operating in the area: Associazione culturale Agro Pontino, Associazione Fiume Cavata, Associazione Culturale Don Vincenzo Onorati, Associazione Giovane Montagna, Circolo Canottieri (Sabaudia), Compagnia dei Monti Lepini, Latina Tellus, WWF (Terracina), Pangea Onlus (Sabaudia).

The above list has not the pretension to be exhaustive, other interested key actors could be sought among hotel associations or other organisations. Preliminary contacts have been held with almost all these institutions, they have been kept up to date to the GreenLink process and some of them suggested already the modality of their possible intervention (as for Pangea’s interest in the communication management, or for the Agro Pontino association in the services management and route maintenance).

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 888444 The effective involvement of these actors will be achieved thanks to a path of different stages in order to select the more appropriate and willing stakeholders: 1. establishment of a working table among the actors; 2. selection of know-how and interests; 3. creation of a conference of services among the administrative and the managing actors; 4. start-up of an ATI (Temporary Association of Firms). As concerning the structure of the forecasted organisation, taking into account all the inventoried and proposed trails and pathways in the present survey (exempt for the religious routes – Circeo National Park trails included – Canoeing initiatives included – proposal items included), this organisation should be provided with enough resources in order to perform maintenance and surveillance on the routes computed for a total extension of 131.2 km of trekking routes, of 115.35 km cycling routes and of 62.8 km of canoeing routes. Only for servicing this amount of routes, considering an average operational speed of 1.5 km/h, would be requested at least 206 man/hour to be computed once a month, that is to say 1.23 man/month. To this regard the permanent organisation should involve a staff composition as detailed into the following table (the organisation of seasonal events or manifestations could involve much more temporary activity than forecasted):

item action technical description estimated personnel personnel kind of labour required profiles units contract (man/month)

f) marketing plan business management targeted to tourist 0.5 communication 1 part/time maintenance offices, information structures, expert permanent accommodation and services structures, organisation municipalities, other public administrations, citizens, etc… communication information design, selection and 0,5 archive & 1 part/time realisation of tourist informative texts, documentation planning of their diffusion both as researcher permanent informative boards and as leaflet, maps or website 0,5 basic knowledge 1 part/time in website design

service coordination of administrations, authorities 0,5 organisation & 1 part/time management and services involved, standard quality management assessment, service structures expert management 2 reception & 3 part/time renting operator route maintenance cleaning, sanitation, signs and boards 1.23 technical 3 part/time maintenance, route servicing, general operator surveillance total 3.73

As concerning the technical tools and instruments to be provided for, these will have to be carefully discussed into the conference of services stage of planning, together with the availability of a temporary structure for the organisation, that could later be placed into the recovered service structures forecasted into the canoeing initiative.

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 888555

Costs and benefits

General considerations

It has been shown (Meyer, 2004) that, if well-designed and imaginative, tourism routes can generate several positive advantages, including for local economic development, such as: - Spreading the economic benefits more widely by developing tourist facilities, activities and services along tour routes in a manner that will facilitate tourist spending at these stopover points; - Providing additional employment and income, both directly and indirectly, through local facilities and services used to operate tour programmes; - Expanding the tourist markets and extending the average length of stay of tourists by providing a variety of attractions and activities.

On the local level the realisation of the project will generate a development of the economic business linked to it sustainable character. This will allow, for instance, that a tourist interested to visit the area could arrive to Fossanova railway station by train (first benefit: save on carbon footprints) and rent there a bicycle (benefit for local renting organisation) and go to La Cotarda service structure, to leave the bicycle an to rent (benefit for the service structure organisation) a canoe or a kayak to paddle down the river Ufente till to Pontemaggiore service structure, where he could again change vehicle (other benefit) and cycle down to the Circeo Park, or to the seaside, or up to Campo Soriano, where he could decide to climb Monte S. Angelo or to have a scenic trekking on the edge of the mountain range. This kind of sustainable visiting will offer benefits both to the environment (less carbon pollution) and to the local toturist-linked SMEs, the Small and Medium Size Enterprises, that are often characterised by direct family management, offering services as resting accommodation or typical foods production.

Moreover the slow kind of motion during the visit (paddling, cycling and trekking deserve more time to be accomplished than driving a car) will compel to more long permanence in the area, with at least one or more nights to be spent in local resting accommodation services and this will involve more meals to be purchased. It is clear now that the development of a sustainable integrated network of visit over the territory could be a greater incentive to local

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 888666 tourist business then the usual car itineraries development, with increased benefits in particular for the hinterland inhabitants tourist market. The rationalisation of the sustainable tourist offer could be accomplished through a well planned services network and with particular incentives to the tourist demand, as for special offers on the dead season or discounted prepaid cards for renting different kinds of services (kayak, bicycle, horse ride) as for the ski-pass instance. To this regard the service organisation, proposed to maintain and manage the sustainable route tourism offer of the territory, will be in part financially sustainable itself, thanks to the incomes from the renting of boats and cycles, from the organisation of guided visits and possibly from the management of resting accommodations too (hostels that could be obtained from the canoe initiative service structures restoration) . The value of these incomes is at the present stage of the proposal too much uncertain to be assessed and it will depend on the quality of the management. Anyway it was important to remark the possibility of this economic benefit too.

The costs for the realisation of the proposal have been elaborated on the basis of a technical price list, detailing the costs per linear meter of intervention, or other metric units. In the consideration of the resulting cycle routes metric cost, it will be necessary to take into account that the greater part of the total intervention will be based on the “B - marked cycle lane” option, that for its simple technical achievement will not deserve high costs of roadwork.

The reason of this choice of intervention lies into the fact that it was considered a priority to establish as soon as possible an integrated network of sustainable routes into the project area and, to this purpose, a light technical intervention would be easier to be fulfilled in short time. Moreover, this kind of realisation necessitates of less financial resources. It is always possible, in a following stage, to study and to propose for the whole itinerary the realisation of better technical advanced and more safer segregated cycle lanes, on the basis of the users/visitors degree of popularity achieved by the lanes themselves. In the same manner other routes could be studied and proposed in a next future (as for a cycling connection from the coastal lakes route to Latina along the Rio Martino channel bank, or a canoeing initiative along the River Sisto from Pontinia to Porto Badino, etc…

Route realisation cost evaluation

The route realisation costs (VAT excluded) are detailed into the following tables:

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 888777 item section lenght technical description kind of number price/unit total price (€) total / total/item (€) linear (m) units of units (€) section (€) price (€/m) a) Cycle all sections 25150 roadwork installation apiece 1 2,200.00 2,200.00 lane Circeo Park - Via 10300 sidewalk soil cleaning m3 1030 3.90 4,017.00 di Casanello crossing debris transport m3 1030 4.95 5,098.50 embankment m3 6180 9.50 58,710.00 gravelling m3 2060 20.70 42,642.00 groundwork m3 515 23.50 12,102.50 binder pavement m2 25750 5.80 149,350.00 driveways settlement m2 300 60.50 18,150.00 shouldering m2 10300 1.60 16,480.00 electric line poles apiece 20 1,000.00 20,000.00 displacement paint working m 10300 2.38 24,514.00 road signs installation apiece 57 150.00 8,550.00 361,814.00 35.13

Via di Casanello 1300 road shoulder soil m3 52 3.90 202.80 road cleaning shouldering m2 2600 1.60 4,160.00 paint working m 2600 2.38 6,188.00 road signs installation apiece 2 150.00 300.00 10,850.80 8.35

Via di Casanello 4000 sidewalk soil cleaning m3 400 3.90 1,560.00 crossing - Frasso village (SP del Frasso road) debris transport m3 400 4.95 1,980.00 embankment m3 2400 9.50 22,800.00 gravelling m3 800 20.70 16,560.00 groundwork m3 200 23.50 4,700.00 binder pavement m2 10000 5.80 58,000.00 driveways settlement m2 100 60.50 6,050.00 shouldering m2 4000 1.60 6,400.00 electric line poles apiece 10 1,000.00 10,000.00 displacement paint working m 4000 2.38 9,520.00 road signs installation apiece 8 150.00 1,200.00 138,770.00 34.7

crossing fSP del 8700 road shoulder soil m3 348 3.90 1,357.20 Frasso road - cleaning Sonnino Scalo connection (Argine Amaseno road) shouldering m2 17400 1.60 27,840.00 paint working m 17400 2.38 41,412.00 road signs installation apiece 24 150.00 3,600.00 74,209.20 8.53

Sonnino Scalo 850 road shoulder soil m3 34 3.90 132.60 connection - cleaning Fossanova Abbey (Sonnino Scalo connection and SP Marittima II road) shouldering m2 1700 1.60 2,720.00 paint working m 1700 2.38 4,046.00 road signs installation apiece 16 150.00 2,400.00 9,298.60 594,942.60 10.94

b) Cycling all sections 5700 roadwork installation apiece 1 2,200.00 2,200.00 23.7 variant itinerary all sections road shoulder soil m3 228 3.90 889.20 cleaning shouldering m2 11400 1.60 18,240.00 paint working m 11400 2.38 27,132.00 road signs installation apiece 13 150.00 1,950.00 50,411.20 50,411.20 8.84

c) Hill all itinerary 28000 roadwork installation apiece 1 2,200.00 2,200.00 cycling round itinerary all itinerary road shoulder soil m3 1120 3.90 4,368.00 cleaning shouldering m2 56000 1.60 89,600.00 paint working m 56000 2.38 133,280.00 road signs installation apiece 100 150.00 15,000.00 244,448.00 244,448.00 8.73

d) Plain all itinerary 32700 roadwork installation apiece 1 2,200.00 2,200.00 cycling itinerary all itinerary road shoulder soil m3 1308 3.90 5,101.20 cleaning shouldering m2 65400 1.60 104,640.00 paint working m 65400 2.38 155,652.00 road signs installation apiece 70 150.00 10,500.00 278,093.20 278,093.20 8.50 total cycling routes 91550 total 1,167,895.00 12.76 GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 888888

item section lenght technical description kind of number price/unit total price (€) total / total/item (€) linear (m) units of units (€) section (€) price (€/m) e) canoeing all itinerary 13400 workyard installation apiece 1 2,200.00 2,200.00 variant itinerary

banks cleaning m3 5360 3.90 20,904.00 jetties settlement apiece 3 11,000.00 33,000.00 parking settlement apiece 3 3,000.00 9,000.00 river signs installation apiece 28 150.00 4,200.00 69,304.00 5.17 e1) all itinerary 24800 workyard installation apiece 2 2,200.00 4,400.00 canoeing itinerary 1 banks cleaning m3 9920 3.90 38,688.00 jetties settlement apiece 3 11,000.00 33,000.00 parking settlement apiece 2 3,000.00 6,000.00

river signs installation apiece 60 150.00 9,000.00 91,088.00 3.67 e2) all itinerary 23000 workyard installation apiece 2 2,200.00 4,400.00 canoeing itinerary 2 banks cleaning m3 9200 3.90 35,880.00 jetties settlement apiece 5 11,000.00 55,000.00

parking settlement apiece 3 3,000.00 9,000.00

river signs installation apiece 50 150.00 7,500.00 111,780.00 4.86

e3) service restoration planning apiece 3 15,000.00 45,000.00 structures to canoeing initiative

administrative apiece 3 5,000.00 15,000.00 concessions workyard installation apiece 3 6,000.00 18,000.00 building works (rough apiece 3 350,000.00 1,050,000.00 1,128,000.00 estimation) total canoeing routes 61200 total 272,172.00 4.45 total canoeing routes + service structure total 1,400,172.00

As concerning the detail for the institution of permanent organisation of maintenance and service, the forecasted costs (VAT excluded) for its start-up are computed into the following table:

item activity human resource man/month cost 1 man total cost / month (€)

f) maintenance conference of external consultant 6 2,500.00 15,000.00 permanent services/consultancies organisation ATI (temporary association of external consultant 3 3,500.00 10,500.00 firms) building papers & administrative external firm (outsourcing) 5,000.00 concession ATI start-up external consultant 3 3,500.00 10,500.00

total costs 41,000.00

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 888999 In summary, the forecasted realisation costs (VAT excluded) for the proposal routes itineraries (cycling + canoeing) are equal to € 1,440,067.00. Adding to the proposal routes realisation the costs for the restoration of the canoeing initiatives service structures, the total financial request will amount to € 2,568,067.00. The total achievement financial demand, comprehensive of the institution of a permanent organisation of maintenance and service, is equal to € 2,609,067.00 .

Route management cost evaluation

Considering the overall proposal realisation, the managing and maintenance of the routes should be serviced by the proposed permanent organisation. Therefore the costs for the routes management will be addressed to the latter. In the present phase of planning only costs of personnel could be estimated for, because the technical tools assessment and the related consumables, as already mentioned, should be elaborated during the conference of service realisation stage. The requested personnel costs per year are detailed into the following table:

item action estimated labour personnel personnel units kind of costs / total (man/month) required contract units costs/year profiles f) marketing plan 0.5 communicati 1 part/time 22,000.00 22,000.00 maintenance on expert permanent organisation communication 0,5 archive & 1 part/time 18,000.00 18,000.00 documentatio n researcher

0,5 basic 1 part/time 16,000.00 16,000.00 knowledge in website design service 0,5 organisation 1 part/time 22,000.00 22,000.00 management & management expert 2 reception & 3 part/time 15,000.00 45,000.00 renting operator route maintenance 1.23 technical 3 part/time 13,000.00 39,000.00 operator 3.73 total/year 162,000.00

Anyway the above detailed cost could be significantly reduced utilising forms of volunteer labour, attainable thanks to the involvement into the managing ATI of different local associations expertise.

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In the frame of the canoeing initiatives, the “Ufente, un fiume da navigare” manifestation on 2006: the boat equipages before the start from the hydraulic plant of Mazzocchio

GGGrrreeeeeennnLLLiiinnnkkk TTTeeerrrrrraaaccciiinnnaaa iiinnnttteeegggrrraaattteeeddd pppaaattthhhwwwaaayyysss 999555 Acknowledgements

This work has been accomplished thanks to the EU fund allowed to GreenLink project in the frame of the Interreg III B Medocc Program (project n° 2005-05-2.1-I-137), and thanks to Italian national contribution of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport. Special acknowledgements for their collaboration and the provided documents are due to: - Alberto Alberti, Associazione Giovane Montagna, sezione di Roma - APT Latina - Associazione “Fiume Cavata” - Associazione Culturale “Agro Pontino” - Circolo Canottieri di Sabaudia - Comune di Latina – Assessorato al Turismo - Comune di Terracina - Consorzio di Bonifica dell’Agro Pontino - Emilio Selvaggi, WWF, sezione di Terracina - Pangea Onlus, Sabaudia - Riserva del Monumento Naturale di Campo Soriano

The study was carried out by ARSIAL as a partner of GreenLink project and in detail by ARSIAL GreenLink work-team. Authors: Stefano Carrano Arsial Elvira Cacciotti “ Paolo Onorati “ Giuseppe Izzo “ Paolo Collepardi “ Federico Sorgoni “ Elisabeth Selvaggi Pangea Onlus Stefano Menin “ Rita de Stefano “ Giovanni D’Onofrio Riserva Monumento Naturale Campo Soriano

For more information:

GreenLink project → www.green-link.eu Interreg III BMedocc → www.interreg-medocc.org Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport → www.infrastrutturetrasporti.it ARSIAL → www.arsial.it

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