Coastal Research (JCR) CERF Environmental Sustainability: Water

Journal of Coastal Research (JCR) CERF Environmental Sustainability: Water

SPECIAL ISSUE NO. 94 (pages 1–1002) SUMMER 2019 J Resources Integrated Management and the ISSN 0749-0208 O U R Development of Coastal Environments N A L Guest Editor: Tongshun Yu of

C O A S T A L

R E COASTAL SUSTAINABILITY S E A OCEAN ENGINEERING R C SHIPPING INDUSTRY H COASTAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT

Journal of Published by Coastal Research Special Issue #96 SI 94 An International Forum for the Littoral Sciences Christopher Makowski Editor-in-Chief JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH An International Forum for the Littoral Sciences COASTAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH FOUNDATION (CERF) 7570 NW 47th Avenue CHEF-HERAUSGEBER EDITOR-IN-CHIEF RÉDACTEUR-EN-CHEF Coconut Creek, FL 33073, U.S.A. Christopher Makowski Officers of the Foundation Coastal Education and Research Foundation, Inc. (CERF) Founded in 1983 by: Charles W. Finkl, Sr. (Deceased), Editorial Offices: Charles W. Finkl, Jnr., Rhodes W. Fairbridge (Deceased), 313 S. Braeside Court 7570 NW 47th Avenue (Business Office, Coconut Creek) and Maurice L. Schwartz (Deceased) Asheville, NC Coconut Creek, FL Website: www.CERF-JCR.org 28803, U.S.A. 33073, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] President & Senior Vice President & Executive Director: Assistant Director: EDITOR-IN-CHIEF EMERITUS EDITORIAL ASSISTANT BOOK REVIEW EDITOR WEB DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT Charles W. Finkl Christopher Makowski Charles W. Finkl Barbara Russell Luciana S. Esteves Jon Finkl Coastal Education and Research Coastal Education and Research Faculty of Science and Technology Media Mine Secretary: Executive Assistant: Foundation, Inc. (CERF) Foundation, Inc. (CERF) Bournemouth University 17600 River Ford Drive Heather M. Vollmer Barbara Russell 313 S. Braeside Court 7570 NW 47th Avenue Dorset, England, U.K. Davidson, NC 28036, U.S.A. Regional Vice Presidents Asheville, NC 28803, U.S.A. Coconut Creek, FL 33073, U.S.A. [email protected] [email protected] North America Western Europe CERF-JCR MEMBERSHIP [email protected] [email protected] Gary B. Griggs Luciana Esteves Society members are those individuals that support the aims of James R. Houston Carlos Pereira da Silva CERF and the JCR. More information is available at: www.cerf-jcr. MITHERAUSGEBER ASSOCIATE EDITORS COMITÉ DE REDACTION Victor V. Klemas Michael Phillips org. CERF-JCR Memberships are available in different categories with Orrin H. Pilkey, Jr. Edward J. Anthony Duncan M. FitzGerald Nobuhisa Kobayashi Phil D. Osborne Marcel Stive Marcel J.F. Stive certain privileges and can be viewed at: https://cerf.allenpress.com/ Coastal Geomorphology Sediment Transport Coastal Engineering Sediment Dynamics Coastal Hydrodynamics South America Eastern Europe cerf/MEMBERSHIP.aspx Dunkerque, France Boston, Massachusetts Newark, Delaware Vancouver, BC, Canada Delft, The Netherlands Vanda Claudino-Sales Kenneth Banks Kazimierz K. Furman´czyk Vladimir N. Kosmynin Hugh Parker Vallam Sundar Niki Evelpidou Subscription information is available upon request by writing to: Marine Cartography Coral Reefs, Coastal Ecology Coral Reef Geomorphology Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Coastal Engineering Omar Defeo Kazimierz K. Furmanczyk [email protected]. The CERF-JCR subscriptions office is located at: Plantation, Florida Szczecin, Poland Tallahassee, Florida Adelaide, SA, Australia Chennai, India Allen Press, Inc., P.O. Box 1897, Lawrence, KS 66044, U.S.A. Patrick Barnard Allen Gontz Michael J. Lace Charitha B. Pattiaratchi Oceania Southeast Asia E. Robert Thieler Coastal Geomorphology Geophysics, Stratigraphy Coastal Landforms & Processes Physical Oceanography Charles Lemckert Hak Soo Lim Santa Cruz, California San Diego, California West Branch, Iowa Crawley, WA, Australia Marine Geology Editor-in-Chief Woods Hole, Massachusetts Anja Scheffers Nobuo Mimura Lindino Benedet Gary B. Griggs Stephen P. Leatherman Carlos Pereira da Silva Christopher Makowski, Ph.D. Oceanography, Modeling Coastal Engineering & Hazards Barrier Islands, Beach Erosion Coastal Zone Management Hannes Tõnisson Vic Semeniuk Florianopolis, SC, Brazil Santa Cruz, California Miami, Florida Lisbon, Portugal Coastal Evolution Dr. Christopher Makowski is the Senior Vice President and As- Pramod Hanamgond Andrew D. Short David M. Bush Jay Jooyong Lee Michael Phillips Tallinn, Estonia Coastal Geomorphology Rip Currents, Coastal Hazards sistant Director of the Coastal Education and Research Foundation Coastal Geology & Hazards Coastal Geomorphology Belgaum, India Busan, Republic of Korea Arthur C. Trembanis Board of Directors (Trustees) (CERF), the official publisher of the international Journal of Coastal Carrollton, Georgia Swansea, Wales, UK Coastal Morphodynamics Hans Hanson Charles Lemckert J. Andrew G. Cooper Stephen P. Leatherman Elijah W. Ramsey, III Ilya V. Buynevich Orrin H. Pilkey, Jr. Newark, Delaware Research (JCR). He received B.Sc. (Marine Biology), M.Sc. (Marine Coastal Geology Coastal Protection Environmental Fluid Dynamics Charles W. Finkl Charles Lemckert Vic Semeniuk Ecosystem Diversity), and Ph.D. (Coastal Geoscience and Remote Lund, Sweden Bruce, ACT, Australia Coastal Geology Frank Van Der Meulen Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Durham, North Carolina Duncan M. FitzGerald Gonzalo C. Malvárez Douglas J. Sherman Sensing of Biogeomorphological Resources) degrees from Florida At- Javier A. Carrió Simon Haslett Hak Soo Lim Coastal Zone Management Paleoceanography Hydrodynamics, Coastal Nobert P. Psuty Delft, The Netherlands Gary B. Griggs Christopher Makowski Andrew D. Short lantic University of Boca Raton, Florida, USA, and has worked for Sediment Processes Coastal Geomorphology Valencia, Spain Swansea, Wales, UK Engineering Ana Vila Concejo James R. Houston Carlos Pereira da Silva Daniel J. Stanley over 25 years in the coastal research community, holding titles of As- Michael Hilton Busan, Republic of Korea New Brunswick, New Jersey Insik Chun Coastal Morphodynamics Robert Huff Michael Phillips Marcel J.F. Stive sistant Director (Coastal Planning & Engineering’s Marine Science Dune Geomorphology & Ecology Ioannis Liritzis Elijah W. Ramsey, III Coastal Engineering Dunedin, New Zealand Coastal Image Processing Sydney, NSW, Australia Joseph T. Kelley Orrin H. Pilkey, Jr. Allan Williams and Biological Research Department), Principal Marine Scientist Seoul, Republic of Korea Geophysical Proxy Data, James R. Houston Archaeometry Lafayette, Louisiana Ian J. Walker Victor V. Klemas Norbert P. Psuty (Collier County, Florida, USA), and Senior Advisor (International Vanda Claudino-Sales Sea-Level Change Rhodes, Greece Tiffany Roberts Briggs Coastal Dunes & Sediments Coastal Dynamics, Dunes Coastal Symposium [ICS]). Dr. Makowski has published numerous Vicksburg, Mississippi J. Paul Liu Coastal Geomorphology Tempe, Arizona Lifetime Members Ceará, Brazil Wenrui Huang Sea-Level Change, Deltas Boca Raton, Florida Ping Wang peer reviewed papers, authored multiple chapters, and co-edited vari- Mark Crowell Camilo M. Botero Tetsuya Kusuda Nelson G. Rangel- Coastal Hydrodynamics Raleigh, North Carolina Kirt Rusenko Beach Morphodynamics ous volumes in Springer's Coastal Research Library (CRL) Series and Coastal Zone Management Tallahassee, Florida Zhenling Liu Frédéric Bouchette Stephen P. Leatherman Buitrago McLean, Virginia Sea Turtles, Dune Restoration Tampa, Florida Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series (EESS). In addition to these Federico I. Isla Sustainable Development, Boca Raton, Florida Yong-Sik Cho Charles Lemckert Yoshiki Saito Omar Defeo Phil Watson accomplishments, he is professionally recognized by the American Sea-Level Change Energy Economics Daniele Scarponi Nicholas K. Coch J. Paul Liu Anja Scheffers Sandy Beach Ecology Mar Del Plata, Argentina Zhengzhou, China Sea-Level Change Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) and is certified as a Master Montevideo, Uruguay Marine Paleoecology Gosford, NSW, Australia Hany Elwany Gonzalo C. Malvárez Charles Thibault Nancy L. Jackson Michel M. de Mahiques Bologna, Italy Scuba Diver Trainer through the Professional Association of Diving Joseph F. Donoghue Sediment Processes Allan Williams Kazimierz K. Norberto C. Nadal- Erik van Wellen Coastal Geomorphology Anja Scheffers Instructors (PADI), having logged over 2,000 underwater dives on Coastal Morphology & Hazards Newark, New Jersey São Paulo, Brazil Coastal Geology Furmanczyk Caraballo Ya Ping Wang Orlando, Florida Coastal Hazards, six different continents. Other professional registrations, certifica- Markes E. Johnson Gonzalo C. Malvárez Palaeoclimatology Swansea, Wales, UK Carl H. Hobbs, III Fatima Navas Robert S. Young Jean Ellis Paleoshores, Coastal Sand Dunes Beach Morphodynamics Lismore, NSW, Australia Harry F. Williams tions, and accreditations include: Journal of Coastal Research (JCR) Aeolian Sediment Transport Williamstown, Massachusetts Seville, Spain Paul S. Kench Philip D. Osborne Wei Zhang Vic Semeniuk Paleotempestology Editorial Board Member, International Society for Reef Studies Columbia, South Carolina Nobuo Mimura Björn Kjerfve Michael Phillips Timothy Kana Mangroves Denton, Texas (ISRS) Member, Florida Association of Environmental Professionals Hany Elwany Environmental Engineering Coastal Science & Engineering Perth, WA, Australia Coastal Engineering, Columbia, South Carolina Ibaraki, Japan Colin D. Woodroffe Patron Members (FAEP) Chapter Member, American Academy of Underwater Sciences Oceanography Dieter H. Kelletat Fatima Navas Douglas J. Sherman Coastal Geomorphology Lindino Benedet John W. Jenson Norbert P. Psuty (AAUS) Registered Diving Safety Officer, American Association for La Jolla, California Coastal Geomorphology Coastal Morphodynamics Coastal & Aeolian Geomorphology Wollongong, NSW, Australia Tuscaloosa, Alabama Georges Chapalain Timothy W. Kana the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Member, Coastal Education and Luciana Esteves Essen/Cologne, Germany Seville, Spain Zhaoqing Yang Research Foundation (CERF) Board of Directors (Trustees), National Coastal Flooding & Erosion Joseph T. Kelley Robert Nicholls Andrew D. Short Hydrodynamic Modeling Bournemouth, England, UK Sea-Level Change Global Climate Change Coastal Geomorphology Seattle, Washington CERF-JCR Society Information Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Certified Marine Mammal and Pro- Orono, Maine Southampton, England, UK Sydney, NSW, Australia Niki Evelpidou Robert S. Young The Coastal Education and Research Foundation (CERF) is a non- tected Species Observer, Professional Association of Diving Instructors Sea-Level Change, Pravi Shrestha Björn Kjerfve Karl F. Nordstrom Coastal Processes (PADI) Open Water Scuba Diver Instructor, PADI Enriched Air Nitrox Palaeogeography Physical Oceanography, Wetlands Coastal Geomorphology Coastal Engineering profit research society dedicated to the advancement of the coastal Athens, Greece Sharjah, United Arab Emirates New Brunswick, New Jersey Irvine, California Cullowhee, North Carolina sciences and serves as the official publisher of the international Jour- Specialty Instructor, Emergency First Responder (CPR/FirstAid/AED) Oscar Manuel Ferreira Vic Klemas Julian Orford Tom Spencer Guoliang Yu nal of Coastal Research (JCR). CERF-JCR is devoted to the multi- Instructor, PADI Specialty Underwater Photographer Instructor, and Storm Impacts Remote Sensing Gravel Beaches, Storm Events Biogeomorphology Sediment Transport disciplinary study of complex problems related to the coastal zone. Divers Alert Network (DAN) Sustaining Member. Faro, Portugal Newark, Delaware Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK Cambridge, England, UK Shangai, China Our purpose is to help in the translation and interpretation of coastal For more information, please visit Dr. Makowski's home page at: issues for the public and to assist professional and academic research www.cerf-jcr.org programs by supporting and encouraging field and laboratory studies on a local, national, and global basis. Through printed scientific pub- International Coastal Symposium (ICS) lications, current online content, and renowned international sym- Official Meeting of CERF-JCR posiums, CERF-JCR brings accurate information to both the public and researchers alike on all aspects of coastal issues in an effort to The International Coastal Symposium (ICS) was originally set up maintain and improve the quality of shoreline resources. by Per Bruun (deceased) and Charles W. Finkl as the official meeting The Journal of Coastal Research (JCR) is one of the leading inter- of the Coastal Education and Research Foundation (CERF) and the national journals for coastal studies and processes, and is published Journal of Coastal Research (JCR), with one of the first meetings be- bi-monthly by the Coastal Education and Research Foundation ing held in Hilton Head, South Carolina, in 1993. After the repeated (CERF). By covering the entire field of coastal research, the JCR success of these meetings, CERF-JCR moved the ICS to an interna- encompasses all subjects relevant to natural and engineered envi- tional platform by holding these conferences in conjunction with local THE JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH (JCR) (ISSN 0749–0208) IS PUBLISHED BIMONTHLY FOR $115.00 FOR INDIVIDUAL US CERF MEMBERS, $125.00 ronments (i.e. freshwater, brackish, or marine) and the protection/ sponsors in Australia, Brazil, Iceland, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, FOR INDIVIDUAL INTERNATIONAL CERF MEMBERS, $519.00 FOR US INSTITUTIONS, AND $541.00 FOR INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS BY THE management of their resources in the vicinity of coastlines around Poland, Portugal, and South Korea. The ICS brings together delegates COASTAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC. (CERF), 7570 NW 47TH AVENUE, COCONUT CREEK, FL 33073–2723. PERIODICALS POST- the world. Even though the journal broadly focuses on immediate from all over the world to collaborate and discuss the most current AGE PAID AT FORT LAUDERDALE, FL AND ADDITIONAL MAILING OFFICES. POSTMASTER: SEND ADDRESS CHANGES TO JOURNAL OF COASTAL shoreline zones, the JCR also embraces those coastal environments coastal research studies and projects. During the ICS 2014, which was RESEARCH, ALLEN PRESS ASSOCIATION MANAGEMENT, P.O. BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044–3018. that either reach some indefinite distance inland or that extend sea- held in Durban, South Africa, a grand celebration took place to mark q 2019 Coastal Education and Research Foundation, Inc. [CERF]. ward beyond the outer margins of the sublittoral (neritic) zone. We the 30th Anniversary of CERF and the JCR. Our next ICS meeting is encourage you to visit www.cerf-jcr.org for more information and scheduled for April of 2020 in Seville, Spain. For more information, a This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). invite you all to be a part of our CERF-JCR coastal research society. please visit www.cerf-jcr.org. JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH An International Forum for the Littoral Sciences Supporting Scientiﬁc Institutions

Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (Co.N.I.S.Ma.) [Rome, Italy; www.conisma.it/] Delft University of Technology [Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Delft, The Netherlands; http://www.citg.tudelft.nl/over-faculteit/afdelingen/hydraulic-engineering/] Duke University [Earth and Ocean Sciences Division, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A.; https://nicholas.duke.edu/marinelab] Grifﬁth University [Center for Infrastructure Engineering and Management, Southport, Queensland, Australia; https://www.grifﬁth.edu.au/] Ibaraki University [Center for Water Environmental Studies, Mito, Japan; http://www.cwes.ibaraki.ac.jp/] International Geographical Union (IGU) [Commission on Coastal System (CCS); http://www.igu-ccs.org/] Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences [Management Unit of the North Sea Mathematical Models (MUMM), Brussels, Belgium; http://www.mumm.ac.be/EN/index.php] Rutgers University [Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences (IMCS), New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A.; http://marine.rutgers.edu/main/] Universidad de la Republica´ [Marine Science Unit, Montevideo, Uruguay; http://www.imber.info/Science/National-Network/URUGUAY] Universidade Nova de Lisboa [e-Geo Center for Geographical and Regional Planning Studies, Lisbon, Portugal; http://e-geo.fcsh.unl.pt/] University of California, Santa Cruz [Institute of Marine Sciences, Santa Cruz, California, U.S.A.; http://ims.ucsc.edu/] University of Delaware [School of Marine Science and Policy, Newark, Delaware, U.S.A.; http://www.ocean.udel.edu] University of Maine [Climate Change Institute, Orono, Maine, U.S.A.; http://climatechange.umaine.edu/] University of Sydney [Coastal Studies Unit, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; http://sydney.edu.au/] University of Szczecin [Institute of Marine and Coastal Science, Szczecin, Poland; http://www.wnoz.ztikm.szczecin.pl/en/1/inom/structure/] University of Ulster [Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Coleraine, Northern Ireland; http://www.ulster.ac.uk/es/research/] University of Wales, Trinity Saint David [Swansea Metropolitan University, Mount Pleasant, Swansea, South Wales, U.K.; http://www.uwtsd.ac.uk/] U.S. Army Corps of Engineers [Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory (CHL), Vicksburg, Mississippi, U.S.A.; http://chl.erdc.usace.army.mil/] U.S. Geological Survey [National Wetlands Research Center, Lafayette, Louisiana, U.S.A.; http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/] Aims and Scope of the Journal

Journal of Coastal Research, an International Forum for the Littoral Sciences, is dedicated to all aspects of coastal research. These include geology, biology, geomorphology (physical geography), climate, littoral oceanography, hydrography, coastal hydraulics, environmental (resource) management, engineering, and remote sensing. Although each field functions effectivelywithin itsownpurview, the cross-disciplinarynature of coastal studies requires familiarity with other fields as well. Hence, the scope of topics is necessarily broad in order to address the complexity of coastal biophysical and socio-economic interactions. Because of the wide range of interrelated topics, the journal invites original contributions and manuscripts dealing with theory, methodology, techniques, and field or applied topic studies on interdisciplinary coastal issues. The journal encourages the dissemination of knowledge and understanding of the coastal zone by promoting cooperation and communication between specialists in different disciplines. Natural scientists, for example, are encouraged to collaborate with professionals in other fields to prepare contributions relating to the coastal zone that foster increased appreciation of coastal environments and processes. By means of this journal, with its scholarly and professional papers, systematic review articles, book and symposia reviews, communications and news, and special topical issues, an international forum for the development of integrated coastal research is provided. Advertising, Editorial, and Subscription Information Advertising and Editorial Office: All advertising and editorial correspondence should be sent to Dr. Chris Makowski, Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Coastal Research, 7570 NW 47th Avenue, Coconut Creek, FL 33073, U.S.A. PHONE: (þ1) 954-899-8416. E-MAIL: [email protected] WEBSITE: www.cerf-jcr.org

Subscription Information: The Journal of Coastal Research is a bimonthly publication. Calendar-year (2019) print and online subscription prices for the JCR are: $115.00 for US CERF members / $125.00 for International CERF members ($95.00 for online only), and $519.00 for US institutions / $541.00 for International institutions ($437.00 for online only). Additional surface charges may apply to subscribers located outside of the USA. For additional membership and subscription forms and information, please go to www.cerf-jcr.org. To obtain a membership or subscription form by mail, please send request to Journal of Coastal Research, P.O. Box 7065, Lawrence, KS 66044. Back Issues and Special Issues of the JCR, when available, can be directly requested at: [email protected].

Abstracting Information: The Journal of Coastal Research (JCR) is currently surveyed in: Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection / Web of Knowledge (Clarivate Analytics); Science Citation Index Expanded; SCOPUS (Elsevier); BioOne Complete; JSTOR; EBSCO; ProQuest; Charlesworth; BIOSIS Previews; Zoological Record; Biological Abstract; H.W. Wilson Company; Thomson Reuters (ISI); Cabells Scholarly Analytics; Essential Science Indicators; Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS); Gale Group (Gale/Cengage Learning); Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC); Current Contents - Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences; and Current Contents - Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences. COVER PHOTOGRAPH www:JCRonline:org www:cerf-jcr:org

The Tonsai Pier (Phi Phi), Thailand. Tonsai Pier (Phi Phi), situated in the center of Tonsai Bay, north of of Phi Phi Don. The pier is located in Tonsai Bay, jutting out to the south of a narrow isthmus on the Phi Phi Don island. The Tonsai Pier essentially serves all of the Phi Phi Islands, with travel to many destinations completed by a longtail boat ride from the ferry. It's the island's main pier and the busiest, with ferries arriving from Phuket, Krabi and Lanta. With cliffs surrounding it - and inviting tourists to hike and explore - the pier and nearby Tonsai Village are the gateway to the island and its tropical adventures. (Photograph taken by Jessie LU, International Energy and Environmental Research Institute (IEERI), Hongkong.) JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH An International Forum for the Littoral Sciences COASTAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH FOUNDATION (CERF) 7570 NW 47th Avenue CHEF-HERAUSGEBER EDITOR-IN-CHIEF RÉDACTEUR-EN-CHEF Coconut Creek, FL 33073, U.S.A. Christopher Makowski Officers of the Foundation Coastal Education and Research Foundation, Inc. (CERF) Founded in 1983 by: Charles W. Finkl, Sr. (Deceased), Editorial Offices: Charles W. Finkl, Jnr., Rhodes W. Fairbridge (Deceased), 313 S. Braeside Court 7570 NW 47th Avenue (Business Office, Coconut Creek) and Maurice L. Schwartz (Deceased) Asheville, NC Coconut Creek, FL Website: www.CERF-JCR.org 28803, U.S.A. 33073, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] President & Senior Vice President & Executive Director: Assistant Director: EDITOR-IN-CHIEF EMERITUS EDITORIAL ASSISTANT BOOK REVIEW EDITOR WEB DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT Charles W. Finkl Christopher Makowski Charles W. Finkl Barbara Russell Luciana S. Esteves Jon Finkl Coastal Education and Research Coastal Education and Research Faculty of Science and Technology Media Mine Secretary: Executive Assistant: Foundation, Inc. (CERF) Foundation, Inc. (CERF) Bournemouth University 17600 River Ford Drive Heather M. Vollmer Barbara Russell 313 S. Braeside Court 7570 NW 47th Avenue Dorset, England, U.K. Davidson, NC 28036, U.S.A. Regional Vice Presidents Asheville, NC 28803, U.S.A. Coconut Creek, FL 33073, U.S.A. [email protected] [email protected] North America Western Europe CERF-JCR MEMBERSHIP [email protected] [email protected] Gary B. Griggs Luciana Esteves Society members are those individuals that support the aims of James R. Houston Carlos Pereira da Silva CERF and the JCR. More information is available at: www.cerf-jcr. MITHERAUSGEBER ASSOCIATE EDITORS COMITÉ DE REDACTION Victor V. Klemas Michael Phillips org. CERF-JCR Memberships are available in different categories with Orrin H. Pilkey, Jr. Edward J. Anthony Duncan M. FitzGerald Nobuhisa Kobayashi Phil D. Osborne Marcel Stive Marcel J.F. Stive certain privileges and can be viewed at: https://cerf.allenpress.com/ Coastal Geomorphology Sediment Transport Coastal Engineering Sediment Dynamics Coastal Hydrodynamics South America Eastern Europe cerf/MEMBERSHIP.aspx Dunkerque, France Boston, Massachusetts Newark, Delaware Vancouver, BC, Canada Delft, The Netherlands Vanda Claudino-Sales Kenneth Banks Kazimierz K. Furman´czyk Vladimir N. Kosmynin Hugh Parker Vallam Sundar Niki Evelpidou Subscription information is available upon request by writing to: Marine Cartography Coral Reefs, Coastal Ecology Coral Reef Geomorphology Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Coastal Engineering Omar Defeo Kazimierz K. Furmanczyk [email protected]. The CERF-JCR subscriptions office is located at: Plantation, Florida Szczecin, Poland Tallahassee, Florida Adelaide, SA, Australia Chennai, India Allen Press, Inc., P.O. Box 1897, Lawrence, KS 66044, U.S.A. Patrick Barnard Allen Gontz Michael J. Lace Charitha B. Pattiaratchi Oceania Southeast Asia E. Robert Thieler Coastal Geomorphology Geophysics, Stratigraphy Coastal Landforms & Processes Physical Oceanography Charles Lemckert Hak Soo Lim Santa Cruz, California San Diego, California West Branch, Iowa Crawley, WA, Australia Marine Geology Editor-in-Chief Woods Hole, Massachusetts Anja Scheffers Nobuo Mimura Lindino Benedet Gary B. Griggs Stephen P. Leatherman Carlos Pereira da Silva Christopher Makowski, Ph.D. Oceanography, Modeling Coastal Engineering & Hazards Barrier Islands, Beach Erosion Coastal Zone Management Hannes Tõnisson Vic Semeniuk Florianopolis, SC, Brazil Santa Cruz, California Miami, Florida Lisbon, Portugal Coastal Evolution Dr. Christopher Makowski is the Senior Vice President and As- Pramod Hanamgond Andrew D. Short David M. Bush Jay Jooyong Lee Michael Phillips Tallinn, Estonia Coastal Geomorphology Rip Currents, Coastal Hazards sistant Director of the Coastal Education and Research Foundation Coastal Geology & Hazards Coastal Geomorphology Belgaum, India Busan, Republic of Korea Arthur C. Trembanis Board of Directors (Trustees) (CERF), the official publisher of the international Journal of Coastal Carrollton, Georgia Swansea, Wales, UK Coastal Morphodynamics Hans Hanson Charles Lemckert J. Andrew G. Cooper Stephen P. Leatherman Elijah W. Ramsey, III Ilya V. Buynevich Orrin H. Pilkey, Jr. Newark, Delaware Research (JCR). He received B.Sc. (Marine Biology), M.Sc. (Marine Coastal Geology Coastal Protection Environmental Fluid Dynamics Charles W. Finkl Charles Lemckert Vic Semeniuk Ecosystem Diversity), and Ph.D. (Coastal Geoscience and Remote Lund, Sweden Bruce, ACT, Australia Coastal Geology Frank Van Der Meulen Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Durham, North Carolina Duncan M. FitzGerald Gonzalo C. Malvárez Douglas J. Sherman Sensing of Biogeomorphological Resources) degrees from Florida At- Javier A. Carrió Simon Haslett Hak Soo Lim Coastal Zone Management Paleoceanography Hydrodynamics, Coastal Nobert P. Psuty Delft, The Netherlands Gary B. Griggs Christopher Makowski Andrew D. Short lantic University of Boca Raton, Florida, USA, and has worked for Sediment Processes Coastal Geomorphology Valencia, Spain Swansea, Wales, UK Engineering Ana Vila Concejo James R. Houston Carlos Pereira da Silva Daniel J. Stanley over 25 years in the coastal research community, holding titles of As- Michael Hilton Busan, Republic of Korea New Brunswick, New Jersey Insik Chun Coastal Morphodynamics Robert Huff Michael Phillips Marcel J.F. Stive sistant Director (Coastal Planning & Engineering’s Marine Science Dune Geomorphology & Ecology Ioannis Liritzis Elijah W. Ramsey, III Coastal Engineering Dunedin, New Zealand Coastal Image Processing Sydney, NSW, Australia Joseph T. Kelley Orrin H. Pilkey, Jr. Allan Williams and Biological Research Department), Principal Marine Scientist Seoul, Republic of Korea Geophysical Proxy Data, James R. Houston Archaeometry Lafayette, Louisiana Ian J. Walker Victor V. Klemas Norbert P. Psuty (Collier County, Florida, USA), and Senior Advisor (International Vanda Claudino-Sales Sea-Level Change Rhodes, Greece Tiffany Roberts Briggs Coastal Dunes & Sediments Coastal Dynamics, Dunes Coastal Symposium [ICS]). Dr. Makowski has published numerous Vicksburg, Mississippi J. Paul Liu Coastal Geomorphology Tempe, Arizona Lifetime Members Ceará, Brazil Wenrui Huang Sea-Level Change, Deltas Boca Raton, Florida Ping Wang peer reviewed papers, authored multiple chapters, and co-edited vari- Mark Crowell Camilo M. Botero Tetsuya Kusuda Nelson G. Rangel- Coastal Hydrodynamics Raleigh, North Carolina Kirt Rusenko Beach Morphodynamics ous volumes in Springer's Coastal Research Library (CRL) Series and Coastal Zone Management Tallahassee, Florida Zhenling Liu Frédéric Bouchette Stephen P. Leatherman Buitrago McLean, Virginia Sea Turtles, Dune Restoration Tampa, Florida Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series (EESS). In addition to these Federico I. Isla Sustainable Development, Boca Raton, Florida Yong-Sik Cho Charles Lemckert Yoshiki Saito Omar Defeo Phil Watson accomplishments, he is professionally recognized by the American Sea-Level Change Energy Economics Daniele Scarponi Nicholas K. Coch J. Paul Liu Anja Scheffers Sandy Beach Ecology Mar Del Plata, Argentina Zhengzhou, China Sea-Level Change Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) and is certified as a Master Montevideo, Uruguay Marine Paleoecology Gosford, NSW, Australia Hany Elwany Gonzalo C. Malvárez Charles Thibault Nancy L. Jackson Michel M. de Mahiques Bologna, Italy Scuba Diver Trainer through the Professional Association of Diving Joseph F. Donoghue Sediment Processes Allan Williams Kazimierz K. Norberto C. Nadal- Erik van Wellen Coastal Geomorphology Anja Scheffers Instructors (PADI), having logged over 2,000 underwater dives on Coastal Morphology & Hazards Newark, New Jersey São Paulo, Brazil Coastal Geology Furmanczyk Caraballo Ya Ping Wang Orlando, Florida Coastal Hazards, six different continents. Other professional registrations, certifica- Markes E. Johnson Gonzalo C. Malvárez Palaeoclimatology Swansea, Wales, UK Carl H. Hobbs, III Fatima Navas Robert S. Young Jean Ellis Paleoshores, Coastal Sand Dunes Beach Morphodynamics Lismore, NSW, Australia Harry F. Williams tions, and accreditations include: Journal of Coastal Research (JCR) Aeolian Sediment Transport Williamstown, Massachusetts Seville, Spain Paul S. Kench Philip D. Osborne Wei Zhang Vic Semeniuk Paleotempestology Editorial Board Member, International Society for Reef Studies Columbia, South Carolina Nobuo Mimura Björn Kjerfve Michael Phillips Timothy Kana Mangroves Denton, Texas (ISRS) Member, Florida Association of Environmental Professionals Hany Elwany Environmental Engineering Coastal Science & Engineering Perth, WA, Australia Coastal Engineering, Columbia, South Carolina Ibaraki, Japan Colin D. Woodroffe Patron Members (FAEP) Chapter Member, American Academy of Underwater Sciences Oceanography Dieter H. Kelletat Fatima Navas Douglas J. Sherman Coastal Geomorphology Lindino Benedet John W. Jenson Norbert P. Psuty (AAUS) Registered Diving Safety Officer, American Association for La Jolla, California Coastal Geomorphology Coastal Morphodynamics Coastal & Aeolian Geomorphology Wollongong, NSW, Australia Tuscaloosa, Alabama Georges Chapalain Timothy W. Kana the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Member, Coastal Education and Luciana Esteves Essen/Cologne, Germany Seville, Spain Zhaoqing Yang Research Foundation (CERF) Board of Directors (Trustees), National Coastal Flooding & Erosion Joseph T. Kelley Robert Nicholls Andrew D. Short Hydrodynamic Modeling Bournemouth, England, UK Sea-Level Change Global Climate Change Coastal Geomorphology Seattle, Washington CERF-JCR Society Information Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Certified Marine Mammal and Pro- Orono, Maine Southampton, England, UK Sydney, NSW, Australia Niki Evelpidou Robert S. Young The Coastal Education and Research Foundation (CERF) is a non- tected Species Observer, Professional Association of Diving Instructors Sea-Level Change, Pravi Shrestha Björn Kjerfve Karl F. Nordstrom Coastal Processes (PADI) Open Water Scuba Diver Instructor, PADI Enriched Air Nitrox Palaeogeography Physical Oceanography, Wetlands Coastal Geomorphology Coastal Engineering profit research society dedicated to the advancement of the coastal Athens, Greece Sharjah, United Arab Emirates New Brunswick, New Jersey Irvine, California Cullowhee, North Carolina sciences and serves as the official publisher of the international Jour- Specialty Instructor, Emergency First Responder (CPR/FirstAid/AED) Oscar Manuel Ferreira Vic Klemas Julian Orford Tom Spencer Guoliang Yu nal of Coastal Research (JCR). CERF-JCR is devoted to the multi- Instructor, PADI Specialty Underwater Photographer Instructor, and Storm Impacts Remote Sensing Gravel Beaches, Storm Events Biogeomorphology Sediment Transport disciplinary study of complex problems related to the coastal zone. Divers Alert Network (DAN) Sustaining Member. Faro, Portugal Newark, Delaware Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK Cambridge, England, UK Shangai, China Our purpose is to help in the translation and interpretation of coastal For more information, please visit Dr. Makowski's home page at: issues for the public and to assist professional and academic research www.cerf-jcr.org programs by supporting and encouraging field and laboratory studies on a local, national, and global basis. Through printed scientific pub- International Coastal Symposium (ICS) lications, current online content, and renowned international sym- Official Meeting of CERF-JCR posiums, CERF-JCR brings accurate information to both the public and researchers alike on all aspects of coastal issues in an effort to The International Coastal Symposium (ICS) was originally set up maintain and improve the quality of shoreline resources. by Per Bruun (deceased) and Charles W. Finkl as the official meeting The Journal of Coastal Research (JCR) is one of the leading inter- of the Coastal Education and Research Foundation (CERF) and the national journals for coastal studies and processes, and is published Journal of Coastal Research (JCR), with one of the first meetings be- bi-monthly by the Coastal Education and Research Foundation ing held in Hilton Head, South Carolina, in 1993. After the repeated (CERF). By covering the entire field of coastal research, the JCR success of these meetings, CERF-JCR moved the ICS to an interna- encompasses all subjects relevant to natural and engineered envi- tional platform by holding these conferences in conjunction with local THE JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH (JCR) (ISSN 0749–0208) IS PUBLISHED BIMONTHLY FOR $115.00 FOR INDIVIDUAL US CERF MEMBERS, $125.00 ronments (i.e. freshwater, brackish, or marine) and the protection/ sponsors in Australia, Brazil, Iceland, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, FOR INDIVIDUAL INTERNATIONAL CERF MEMBERS, $519.00 FOR US INSTITUTIONS, AND $541.00 FOR INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS BY THE management of their resources in the vicinity of coastlines around Poland, Portugal, and South Korea. The ICS brings together delegates COASTAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC. (CERF), 7570 NW 47TH AVENUE, COCONUT CREEK, FL 33073–2723. PERIODICALS POST- the world. Even though the journal broadly focuses on immediate from all over the world to collaborate and discuss the most current AGE PAID AT FORT LAUDERDALE, FL AND ADDITIONAL MAILING OFFICES. POSTMASTER: SEND ADDRESS CHANGES TO JOURNAL OF COASTAL shoreline zones, the JCR also embraces those coastal environments coastal research studies and projects. During the ICS 2014, which was RESEARCH, ALLEN PRESS ASSOCIATION MANAGEMENT, P.O. BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044–3018. that either reach some indefinite distance inland or that extend sea- held in Durban, South Africa, a grand celebration took place to mark q 2019 Coastal Education and Research Foundation, Inc. [CERF]. ward beyond the outer margins of the sublittoral (neritic) zone. We the 30th Anniversary of CERF and the JCR. Our next ICS meeting is encourage you to visit www.cerf-jcr.org for more information and scheduled for April of 2020 in Seville, Spain. For more information, a This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). invite you all to be a part of our CERF-JCR coastal research society. please visit www.cerf-jcr.org. Journal of Coastal Research (JCR)

SPECIAL ISSUE NO. 96 (pages 1–83) WINTER 2019 ISSN 0749-0208 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Natural Disasters Caused by Climate Change and Agricultural Products Loss in Cross-Strait Industry: An Input-Output Analysis...... 1 ...... Hsing-Chun Lin and Li-Chen Chou The Impact of Institutional Ownership on Corporates’ Environmental Responsibility: Empirical Evidence from Coastal Public Companies in China...... 5 ...... Peihao Shi, Peng Hu,Xiding Chen, and Fangfang Zhang The Relationship between Industrial Production Performance and Energy Conservation Efficiency in Coastal and Inland Cities in China ...... 12 ...... Haoxianyi Huang, Xiding Chen, Xiao-Guang Yue, and Meilan Chen A Study on the Relationship between Economic Production Performance and Pollution in Chinese Coastal Cities: An Analysis of the Undesired Output...... 21 ...... Yi-Ming Dong, Jie Yang, Peng Hu, and Li-Chen Chou Apply Supply-Driven Input-Output Model to Evaluate Economic Losses from Coastal Typhoons...... 26 ...... Jinyan Yu, Peng Hu, and Lichen Chou The Influence of Industrial Policy on the Industrial Economy of the Urban Agglomeration Around the Coast of Hangzhou Bay...... 32 ...... Mengjia Tang, Huabing Wang, and Weilun Huang

Financial Loss Auditing Model of Coastal Pollution in China: Based on Comparative Analysis...... 42 ...... Wanmei Chen, Xin-Man Zhu, and Wei Shan Applying the System Conservation Planning Method to the South Penghu Marine National Park in Taiwan...... 50 ...... Li-Shu Chen, Wen-Hong Liu, and Hsiu- Lin Yen Analysis of the Effect of Low Impact Development on Urban Runoff Control Based on the SWMM Model 62 ...... Jing Zhang, Yu Zhang, Shijun Sun, Wangwang Zhang, and Shuhan Zhang Impacts of Human Activities in the Hanjiang River Basin, China...... 68

...... Weiwei Hu Impact of Land Cover Change Trajectories on Water Cycle Dynamics in the Jing-Jin-Ji Region, China, from 2000 to 2015...... 76 ...... Weijie Diao, Yong Zhao, Jiaqi Zhai, Fan He, Qingming Wang, and Guohua He