Journal of Coastal Research (JCR) CERF Environmental Sustainability: Water SPECIAL ISSUE NO. 94 (pages 1–1002) SUMMER 2019 J Resources Integrated Management and the ISSN 0749-0208 O U R Development of Coastal Environments N A L Guest Editor: Tongshun Yu of C O A S T A L R E COASTAL SUSTAINABILITY S E A OCEAN ENGINEERING R C SHIPPING INDUSTRY H COASTAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT Journal of Published by Coastal Research Special Issue #96 SI 94 An International Forum for the Littoral Sciences Christopher Makowski Editor-in-Chief JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH An International Forum for the Littoral Sciences COASTAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH FOUNDATION (CERF) 7570 NW 47th Avenue CHEF-HERAUSGEBER EDITOR-IN-CHIEF RÉDACTEUR-EN-CHEF Coconut Creek, FL 33073, U.S.A. Christopher Makowski Officers of the Foundation Coastal Education and Research Foundation, Inc. (CERF) Founded in 1983 by: Charles W. Finkl, Sr. (Deceased), Editorial Offices: Charles W. Finkl, Jnr., Rhodes W. Fairbridge (Deceased), 313 S. Braeside Court 7570 NW 47th Avenue (Business Office, Coconut Creek) and Maurice L. Schwartz (Deceased) Asheville, NC Coconut Creek, FL Website: www.CERF-JCR.org 28803, U.S.A. 33073, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] President & Senior Vice President & Executive Director: Assistant Director: EDITOR-IN-CHIEF EMERITUS EDITORIAL ASSISTANT BOOK REVIEW EDITOR WEB DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT Charles W. Finkl Christopher Makowski Charles W. Finkl Barbara Russell Luciana S. Esteves Jon Finkl Coastal Education and Research Coastal Education and Research Faculty of Science and Technology Media Mine Secretary: Executive Assistant: Foundation, Inc. (CERF) Foundation, Inc. (CERF) Bournemouth University 17600 River Ford Drive Heather M. Vollmer Barbara Russell 313 S. Braeside Court 7570 NW 47th Avenue Dorset, England, U.K. Davidson, NC 28036, U.S.A. Regional Vice Presidents Asheville, NC 28803, U.S.A. Coconut Creek, FL 33073, U.S.A. [email protected] [email protected] North America Western Europe CERF-JCR MEMBERSHIP [email protected] [email protected] Gary B. Griggs Luciana Esteves Society members are those individuals that support the aims of James R. Houston Carlos Pereira da Silva CERF and the JCR. More information is available at: www.cerf-jcr. MITHERAUSGEBER ASSOCIATE EDITORS COMITÉ DE REDACTION Victor V. Klemas Michael Phillips org. CERF-JCR Memberships are available in different categories with Orrin H. Pilkey, Jr. Edward J. Anthony Duncan M. FitzGerald Nobuhisa Kobayashi Phil D. Osborne Marcel Stive Marcel J.F. Stive certain privileges and can be viewed at: https://cerf.allenpress.com/ Coastal Geomorphology Sediment Transport Coastal Engineering Sediment Dynamics Coastal Hydrodynamics South America Eastern Europe cerf/MEMBERSHIP.aspx Dunkerque, France Boston, Massachusetts Newark, Delaware Vancouver, BC, Canada Delft, The Netherlands Vanda Claudino-Sales Kenneth Banks Kazimierz K. Furman´czyk Vladimir N. Kosmynin Hugh Parker Vallam Sundar Niki Evelpidou Subscription information is available upon request by writing to: Marine Cartography Coral Reefs, Coastal Ecology Coral Reef Geomorphology Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Coastal Engineering Omar Defeo Kazimierz K. Furmanczyk [email protected]. The CERF-JCR subscriptions office is located at: Plantation, Florida Szczecin, Poland Tallahassee, Florida Adelaide, SA, Australia Chennai, India Allen Press, Inc., P.O. Box 1897, Lawrence, KS 66044, U.S.A. Patrick Barnard Allen Gontz Michael J. Lace Charitha B. Pattiaratchi Oceania Southeast Asia E. Robert Thieler Coastal Geomorphology Geophysics, Stratigraphy Coastal Landforms & Processes Physical Oceanography Charles Lemckert Hak Soo Lim Santa Cruz, California San Diego, California West Branch, Iowa Crawley, WA, Australia Marine Geology Editor-in-Chief Woods Hole, Massachusetts Anja Scheffers Nobuo Mimura Lindino Benedet Gary B. Griggs Stephen P. Leatherman Carlos Pereira da Silva Christopher Makowski, Ph.D. Oceanography, Modeling Coastal Engineering & Hazards Barrier Islands, Beach Erosion Coastal Zone Management Hannes Tõnisson Vic Semeniuk Santa Cruz, California Miami, Florida Florianopolis, SC, Brazil Lisbon, Portugal Coastal Evolution Dr. Christopher Makowski is the Senior Vice President and As- Pramod Hanamgond Andrew D. Short David M. Bush Jay Jooyong Lee Michael Phillips Tallinn, Estonia Coastal Geomorphology Rip Currents, Coastal Hazards sistant Director of the Coastal Education and Research Foundation Coastal Geology & Hazards Coastal Geomorphology Belgaum, India Busan, Republic of Korea Arthur C. Trembanis Board of Directors (Trustees) (CERF), the official publisher of the international Journal of Coastal Carrollton, Georgia Swansea, Wales, UK Coastal Morphodynamics Hans Hanson Charles Lemckert J. Andrew G. Cooper Stephen P. Leatherman Elijah W. Ramsey, III Ilya V. Buynevich Orrin H. Pilkey, Jr. Newark, Delaware Research (JCR). He received B.Sc. (Marine Biology), M.Sc. (Marine Coastal Geology Coastal Protection Environmental Fluid Dynamics Charles W. Finkl Charles Lemckert Vic Semeniuk Ecosystem Diversity), and Ph.D. (Coastal Geoscience and Remote Lund, Sweden Bruce, ACT, Australia Coastal Geology Frank Van Der Meulen Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Durham, North Carolina Duncan M. FitzGerald Gonzalo C. Malvárez Douglas J. Sherman Sensing of Biogeomorphological Resources) degrees from Florida At- Javier A. Carrió Simon Haslett Hak Soo Lim Coastal Zone Management Paleoceanography Hydrodynamics, Coastal Nobert P. Psuty Delft, The Netherlands Gary B. Griggs Christopher Makowski Andrew D. Short lantic University of Boca Raton, Florida, USA, and has worked for Sediment Processes Coastal Geomorphology Valencia, Spain Swansea, Wales, UK Engineering Ana Vila Concejo James R. Houston Carlos Pereira da Silva Daniel J. Stanley over 25 years in the coastal research community, holding titles of As- Michael Hilton Busan, Republic of Korea New Brunswick, New Jersey Insik Chun Coastal Morphodynamics Robert Huff Michael Phillips Marcel J.F. Stive sistant Director (Coastal Planning & Engineering’s Marine Science Dune Geomorphology & Ecology Ioannis Liritzis Elijah W. Ramsey, III Coastal Engineering Dunedin, New Zealand Coastal Image Processing Sydney, NSW, Australia Joseph T. Kelley Orrin H. Pilkey, Jr. Allan Williams and Biological Research Department), Principal Marine Scientist Seoul, Republic of Korea Geophysical Proxy Data, James R. Houston Archaeometry Lafayette, Louisiana Ian J. Walker Victor V. Klemas Norbert P. Psuty (Collier County, Florida, USA), and Senior Advisor (International Vanda Claudino-Sales Sea-Level Change Rhodes, Greece Tiffany Roberts Briggs Coastal Dunes & Sediments Coastal Dynamics, Dunes Coastal Symposium [ICS]). Dr. Makowski has published numerous Vicksburg, Mississippi J. Paul Liu Coastal Geomorphology Tempe, Arizona Lifetime Members Ceará, Brazil Wenrui Huang Sea-Level Change, Deltas Boca Raton, Florida Ping Wang peer reviewed papers, authored multiple chapters, and co-edited vari- Mark Crowell Camilo M. Botero Tetsuya Kusuda Nelson G. Rangel- Coastal Hydrodynamics Raleigh, North Carolina Kirt Rusenko Beach Morphodynamics ous volumes in Springer's Coastal Research Library (CRL) Series and Coastal Zone Management Tallahassee, Florida Zhenling Liu Frédéric Bouchette Stephen P. Leatherman Buitrago McLean, Virginia Sea Turtles, Dune Restoration Tampa, Florida Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series (EESS). In addition to these Federico I. Isla Sustainable Development, Boca Raton, Florida Yong-Sik Cho Charles Lemckert Yoshiki Saito Omar Defeo Phil Watson accomplishments, he is professionally recognized by the American Sea-Level Change Energy Economics Daniele Scarponi Nicholas K. Coch J. Paul Liu Anja Scheffers Sandy Beach Ecology Mar Del Plata, Argentina Zhengzhou, China Sea-Level Change Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) and is certified as a Master Montevideo, Uruguay Marine Paleoecology Gosford, NSW, Australia Hany Elwany Gonzalo C. Malvárez Charles Thibault Nancy L. Jackson Michel M. de Mahiques Bologna, Italy Scuba Diver Trainer through the Professional Association of Diving Joseph F. Donoghue Sediment Processes Allan Williams Kazimierz K. Norberto C. Nadal- Erik van Wellen Coastal Geomorphology Anja Scheffers Instructors (PADI), having logged over 2,000 underwater dives on Coastal Morphology & Hazards Newark, New Jersey São Paulo, Brazil Coastal Geology Furmanczyk Caraballo Ya Ping Wang Orlando, Florida Coastal Hazards, six different continents. Other professional registrations, certifica- Markes E. Johnson Gonzalo C. Malvárez Palaeoclimatology Swansea, Wales, UK Carl H. Hobbs, III Fatima Navas Robert S. Young Jean Ellis Paleoshores, Coastal Sand Dunes Beach Morphodynamics Lismore, NSW, Australia Harry F. Williams tions, and accreditations include: Journal of Coastal Research (JCR) Aeolian Sediment Transport Williamstown, Massachusetts Seville, Spain Paul S. Kench Philip D. Osborne Wei Zhang Vic Semeniuk Paleotempestology Editorial Board Member, International Society for Reef Studies Columbia, South Carolina Nobuo Mimura Björn Kjerfve Michael Phillips Timothy Kana Mangroves Denton, Texas (ISRS) Member, Florida Association of Environmental Professionals Hany Elwany Environmental Engineering Coastal Science & Engineering Perth, WA, Australia Coastal Engineering, Columbia, South Carolina Ibaraki, Japan Colin D. Woodroffe Patron Members (FAEP) Chapter Member, American Academy of Underwater Sciences Oceanography Dieter H. Kelletat Fatima Navas Douglas J. Sherman Coastal Geomorphology Lindino Benedet John W. Jenson Norbert P. Psuty