Summer School on Human-Earth System Interactions in Estuaries and Coasts

July 28-29, 2021

State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research East China Normal University How to join it?

July 28-29, 2021

Zoom Meeting Room: 82350981917 Link: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/82350981917 Password: 403880

组委会联系方式（国内）: Contacts (International affairs) : Contact: Mrs Li Tan 联系人：金老师 021-54836042 Tel: 021-54836491 电话： [email protected] Email: [email protected] 邮箱：

技术支持： Technical support： Contact: Mr. Yuan 联系人：袁老师 13764476296 Tel: 13764476296 电话： [email protected] Email: [email protected] 邮箱： Programme

Day 1: Wednesday, July 28, 2021

Time(UTC+0) Time(UTC+8) Theme: Building Coastal Resilience

Moderator: Professor Zhong Peng

Delta response to rapid sediment decline 7:00-7:55 15:00-15:55 Qing He (East China Normal University)

Building resilient coastal communities in the face of Covid-19 8:00-8:55 16:00-16:55 and rising sea level Bruce C. Glavovic (Massey University, New Zealand)

9:00-10:00 17:00-18:00 Coffee break

Moderator: Dr. Leicheng Guo

Coastal protection in the Netherlands and sediment management in the Dutch coastal system 10:00-10:55 18:00-18:55 Zheng Bing Wang (Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands)

Coastal resilience as a management concept and how 11:00-11:55 19:00-19:55 managed realignment can contribute Ian Townend (University of Southhampton, UK)

12:00-12:30 20:00-20:30 Coffee break

Moderator: Professor Zhixuan Feng

Challenges of most Asian deltas are facing: natural and 12:30-13:25 20:30-21:25 anthropogenic impacts Paul Liu (North Carolina State University, USA)

Improving coastal resilience with grey-green coastal defence 13:30-14:25 21:30-22:25 infrastructure Han Winterwerp (Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands)

2 Summer School on Human-Earth System Interactions in Estuaries and Coasts Day 2: Thursday, July 29, 2021

Time(UTC+0) Time(UTC+8) Theme: Coastal Ecosystem Science

Moderator: Professor Hui Wu

Life cycle of marine plastic and microplastics and solution 7:00-7:55 15:00-15:55 Daoji Li (East China Normal University)

River-estuary-coastal zone: a coherent dynamic system 8:00-8:55 16:00-16:55 H.J. de Vriend (Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands)

9:00-10:00 17:00-18:00 Coffee break

Moderator: Professor Ning Zhao

Mekong deltaic coastal and estuarine mangrove related 10:00-10:55 18:00-18:55 processes Marcel Stive (Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands)

Introduction to social-environmental frameworks in the coastal 11:00-11:55 19:00-19:55 zone Alice Newton (University of Algarve, Portugal)

12:00-12:30 20:00-20:30 Coffee break

Moderator: Professor Qiqing Chen

Coastal wetland loss consequences and challenges for 12:30-13:25 20:30-21:25 restoration Xiuzhen Li (East China Normal University)

Tracing episodic events in estuaries and coasts using 13:30-14:25 21:30-22:25 atmospherically-delivered radionuclide tracers Mark Baskaran (Wayne State University, USA)

Summer School on Human-Earth System Interactions 3 in Estuaries and Coasts Speakers

Prof. Qing He (East China Normal University) Title: Delta response to rapid sediment decline

Abstract: Many estuaries in the world are suffering from sediment decline, sinking deltas and wetland loss due to anthropogenic effects, potentially leading to regime shifts. In recent 50 years. The Yangtze Estuary has mainly experienced sediment decline and local engineering works. The change in hydrodynamics is pronounced in changes in tidal damping and flow structures. Tidal damping was weakened in the South Branch mainly due to reduced sediment supply whereas it was enhanced in the mouth zone mainly caused by the local engineering works. Lateral flow structures were also modified in the mouth zone due to the deepening and narrowing. Riverine sediment discharges initially decreased gradually since the mid-1980s but accelerated to the present-day amount of ~70% since 2003. Subsequently, the decrease in the SSC occurred shortly after the accelerated sediment decline in the South Branch but until ~2015 in the mouth zone. The regime shifts in the morphology of the Yangtze Estuary include the deepening and narrowing in the main channels, a shift from accretion to erosion in the subaqueous delta, and a shift from fast to slower accretion and even erosion in the tidal flats. Moreover, the regime shifts indicate time lags, particularly in the mouth zone where the morphological response time lag to sediment decline is 20-30 years.

Biography: Professor Qing HE is an expert on flow-sediment dynamics and morpho-dynamics in estuaries and coasts. She was the Principal Investigator of multiple national and international projects, and largely contributed to the understanding of morpho-dynamics in the Yangtze River Estuary. She developed a high-resolution fluid-sediment observation system in the near-bed boundary layer in navigational channels, and identified the transformation of sediment sources and sinks and the associated controlling mechanism in the Yangtze River Estuary. Her research achievements also consist of revealing the mechanism of physical-biological process interaction of fine sediment flocculation, and discovering the delayed response of morphological evolution in Yangtze River Estuary to the reduction of sediments in the watershed. Professor He published more than 150 research papers and was awarded with the silver prize of Shanghai Science and Technology Award, and the first prize of Science and Technology Award of China Water Transportation Construction As- sociation.

Professor He is currently the director of State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research in China, and is also member of the International Fine Sediment Science Steering Committee, and deputy president of the estuary committee of the Chinese Water Resources Society.

4 Summer School on Human-Earth System Interactions in Estuaries and Coasts Prof. Bruce Glavovic (Massey University, New Zealand) Title: Building resilient coastal communities in the face of Covid-19 and rising sea level

Abstract: Covid-19 has sent shockwaves around the world, at a time when the existential threat posed by climate change, and global change more broadly, is beginning to be recognised by society. Coastal cities and settlements are on the frontline of the struggle to chart pathways towards just, climate resilient and sustainable development. What are the enabling conditions to catalyse such transformational change? This presentation outlines current sea-level rise projections and the associate climate impacts and risks facing coastal communities in a Covid-19 world. Enabling conditions for transformational change are identified. Experience and diverse streams of critical scholarship demonstrate that translating ‘good intentions’ into practical reality is rooted in ethical and political imperatives that are deeply contested. They are contingent on local circumstances and driving forces in the political economy. Institutionalising promising pathways takes place in the face of deep complexity, uncertainty, turbulence and contestation. To compound matters further, the window of time to undertake necessary radical change is closing fast. Action or inaction by coastal nations, and cities and settlements by the sea, over the next decade will determine future prospects for human and planetary well-being.

Biography: Bruce has degrees in economics and agricultural economics, environmental science, and urban and environmental planning. He has worked in academia, environmental consulting and Government, chiefly in New Zealand, South Africa, and the USA.

Bruce’s research centres on how governance shapes social choices in the Anthropocene. His focus is on coastal communities, cities and settlements, and bridging the science-policy-practice nexus in the face of global change. He explores the roles of environmental planning, reflexivity and deliberation, and conflict transformation and citizen engagement, in confronting the sustainable development problématique.

He has published over 100 journal articles, book chapters and conference papers, authored over 100 consulting reports and technical publications, and co-edited five books.

He is co-Editor-in-Chief of Ocean & Coastal Management, Senior Editor for the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natu- ral Hazard Science, and on several other Editorial Boards. He was Coordinating Lead Author of the sea-level rise chapter in the IPCC’s 2019 Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. He is a Lead Author of the Climate Resilient Development Pathways chapter, and Cross-Chapter Paper Lead on Cities and Settlements by the Sea, in the IPCC’s Working Group II contribution to AR6.

He led the team that designed and facilitated South Africa’s coastal policy formulation process that culminated in the Government’s White Paper for Sustainable Coastal Development in 2000 and the world’s first Integrated Coastal Man- agement Act.

Summer School on Human-Earth System Interactions 5 in Estuaries and Coasts Speakers

Prof. Zheng Bing Wang (Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands) Title: Coastal protection in the Netherlands and sediment management in the Dutch coastal system

Abstract: The Netherlands is a low-lying country and has a long tradition of coastal protection against flooding. In the last century a series of large engineering works raised the flood protection standard in the Netherlands to the highest in the world, but these “hard” engineering works also caused some environmental problems in especially the tidal basins of the Dutch coastal system. Nowadays, the coastal protection in the Netherlands follows the “soft” dynamic preservation strategy. Sand nourishment along the coast is carried out maintain- ing the coastline at its 1990 position and raising the coastal foundation with the rising sea level. This dynamic preservation strategy involves sediment management in the Dutch coastal system. Various research programs are carried out for the optimization of the sediment management for guarantying safety against flooding and balancing between the conservation of the natural environment and economic use, and for the preparation of the long-term dynamic preservation strategy coping with future accelerated sea level rise due to climate change. This presentation reports the recent research within this framework, especially concern- ing sediment management issues in the tidal basins of the Dutch coastal system.

Biography: Zheng Bing Wang is professor Morphodynamics of Estuaries and Tidal Lagoons in the Coastal Engineering section. He is also a senior specialist / expert advisor at Deltares, Unit Coastal Systems, Department of Applied Morphodynamics. He serves also as Associate Editor for the International Journal of Sediment Research; Member of Scientific Advisory Board of the Wadden Academy; Member International Consultation Board of SKLEC (State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, China).

Prof. Wang acts as: PI of the KNAW-project “Effects of human activities on the eco-morphological evolution of rivers and estuaries” Programme Strategic Scientific Alliances between China and the Netherlands; PI of the NWO-project “Fate or future of intertidal flats in estuaries and tidal lagoons – Effects of Climate change and anthropogenic activities”, Sino-Dutch Joint Scientific Thematic Research Programme; PI of the Wadden Academy project “Morphodynamics of the Wadden Sea”; PI of the STW-project SEAWAD (SEdiment supply At the WAdden Sea ebb-tidal Delta), STW-Wa- ter programme.; Co-PI of the NWO-project EMERGO-Eco-morphological functioning and management of tidal flats, NWO-Building with Nature programme.

6 Summer School on Human-Earth System Interactions in Estuaries and Coasts Prof. Ian Townend (University of Southampton, UK) Title: Coastal resilience as a management concept and how managed realignment can contribute

Abstract: Resilience is widely seen as an important attribute of coastal systems and, as a concept, is increasingly prominent in policy documents. However, there are conflicting ideas on what constitutes resilience and its operationalisation as an overarching principle of coastal management remains limited. In this paper, we show how resilience to coastal flood and erosion hazard could be measured and applied within policy processes, using England as a case study. We define resilience pragmatically, in economic, environmental and social terms, integrat- ing what is presently a disparate set of policy objectives for coastal areas. We apply a prototype Coastal Resilience Model to England’s coastal hazard zone , capturing a range of different stakehold- er perspectives using relative indicator weightings. The illustrative results demonstrate the practicality of formalising and quantifying resilience.

Providing space to allow the natural dynamics of the coast to function is seen as a key component of enhancing coastal resilience. Managed realignment is a coastal adaptation that removes a part, or all, of a sea wall in order to allow some additional land area to be subject to tidal action. The primary motives for carrying out managed realignment are to adapt to sea level rise, to enhance coastal resilience, to create a more cost-effective defence alignment and/or to create new coastal habitats. Across northern Europe over 120 realignment schemes have been completed over the last 30 years, including a number of Regulated Tidal Exchange (RTE) projects, where the tidal flows are managed through control structures such as sluices or weirs rather than full openings of the sea wall (see Online Managed Realignment Guide: http://www.abpmer.net/omreg/ for further details). The primary drivers for these schemes have varied greatly (nature conservation, coastal adaptation and project/plan compensation), but the problems encountered, such as public oppo- sition and planning delays, have often been very similar.

This talk will provide a brief introduction to the Coastal Resilience Model and an illustration of some recent managed realignment schemes in the UK.

Biography: Prof. Ian Townend is a Visiting Professor at the University of Southampton and Hohai University in Nanjing. Previously he was responsible for the strategic direction and development of the research capability at HR Wallingford, helping to develop new initiatives within the water sector. Prior to that he spent 13 years as Managing Director at ABPmer (a research laboratory focussed on the ports industry) and 18 years as a consultant with Halcrow, an international civil engineering company. He has served as an Honorary Professor of Nanjing Hydraulics Research Institute (2014-19) and a Guest Professor at the State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research at East China Normal in Shanghai Uni- versity (2013-18) and is a fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.

His own research is largely related to estuaries and coasts and involves a wide range of interests including hydraulics, sediment transport, and geomorphology, as well as the associated habitats and ecosystems.

Summer School on Human-Earth System Interactions 7 in Estuaries and Coasts Speakers

Prof. Paul Liu (North Carolina State University, USA) Title: Challenges of most Asian deltas are facing: natural and anthropogenic impacts

Abstract: In the past 50 years, water and sediments from world major rivers have sharply changed. Particularly in Asia, sediment discharge from most of major river has decreased 80-90% due to the increased human activities (like building dams, overusing water, or sand mining) and climatic changes. Many of those river deltas have been experiencing severe subsidence and coastal erosions, like the Yellow, Red, Mekong, Chao Phraya, and Indus, etc. Most of these deltas have turned from constructive growing mode to destructive declining mode, for example, the Mekong Delta has shown overall negative net land gain starting the year of 2005. Our studies also show not only the deltaic shorelines are retreating, but also some delta’s subaqueous por- tions are under strong erosion, such as the Yangtze, Mekong, Chao Phraya and Indus, etc. Major rivers in Europe, Africa and North America show a similar trend. However, our recent study of the South American rivers shows a different picture, most of major rivers’ water discharge in SA somehow have increased due to the climate changes. Besides the severe shoreline erosions, many Asian deltas are also facing problems of subsidence, salt-water intrusion, mangrove loss, sand mining, and inundation.

Biography: In the past 20 years, Prof. Liu has participated a series of sediment source-to-sink studies of the Asian major river systems. He has been the chief scientist for more than 30 research cruises off the Yellow, Yangtze, Choushui, Lanyang, Pearl, Red, Mekong, Irrawaddy and Salween river mouths. Prof. Liu has initiated and organized many international col- laborations, published a series of original, groundbreaking and highly cited research publications, and chaired multiple international conferences. Since the pandemic in 2020, Prof. Liu has started, organized and hosted a worldly well recognized “2020-2021 World River and Delta Systems Source-to-Sink Webinar Series”. Every weekly he has been inviting two internationally well known scientists in river and delta field to give a webinar, see: https://www.meas.ncsu.edu/sea- level/s2s/talks.html

8 Summer School on Human-Earth System Interactions in Estuaries and Coasts Prof. Han Winterwerp (Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands) Title: Improving coastal resilience with grey-green coastal defence infrastructure

Abstract: Coastal resilience can be measured through the number of degrees of freedom of a coastal system in response to stresses, such a extreme wate levels and wave heights. Natural, pristine coasts are dynamic and are therefore charac- terized by many more degrees of freedom than static embanked coastlines. This argument is illustrated with the highly dynamic coasts of the Guianas, stretching from Cabo Cassipore (Brazil) to the Orinoco River (Venezuela). This 1600 km long coastal system can be regarded to form part of the larger Amazon delta, as the majority of the sediments and fresh water in the coastal system originate from this large river.

The sediment dynamics in this system are governed by the migration of large shore-detached mudbanks, several 10 km long, stretching out to the -20 m isobath. Typical migration speeds are about 1 km/yr, though subject to large variations. While migrating, large quantities of fine sediment are mobilized as each of the about 15 – 25 mudbanks may contain the equivalent of one year of Amazon sediment load. When these mobilized sediments arrive at the shoreline, intertidal mudflats are formed, which provide habitat to large mangrove forests. During one migration cycle, the coastline of Suri- name was found to accrete and retreat by hundreds of meters, sometimes by a kilometre.

In Guyana, these dynamics have been disturbed by the erection of embankments and seawalls many decades ago to protect the low-lying hinterland. Wave reflection against these embankments erode the foreshore and crease unfavour- able conditions for mudflat formation, which has become rare in Guyana. As a result, the embankments have become vulnerable, and breach frequently. Restoration of the local sediment dynamics to restore mangrove habitat and mangrove colonization in front of the embankments is a means to improve the resilience of the coastline to current and climate-change-induced stresses. We refer to grey-green coastal defence infrastructure, and we use Building with Nature techniques to achieve the restoration of the mangrove habitat.

The Summer School lecture will explain the relation between coastal dynamics and coastal resilience, and dives into the processes governing these sediment dynamics in the Guianas.

Biography: Prof. Winterwerp is expert on morphodynamics and sediment transport and Senior Specialist on cohesive sediment transport at Deltares. He is participating in and responsible for basic research and consultancy on sediment transport and morphological development in estuarine and coastal environments. He has executed many hydrodynamic, hydro-thermal and hydro-morphological studies all over the world as project leader and as expert in multi-disciplinary project teams, using the various mathematical models developed by Deltares. Amongst these are sediment transport studies for the ports of Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Antwerp in the Scheldt estuary, Belgium/Netherlands; of Cochin, India; for Neva Bay, St. Petersburg, Russia; for the Segara Anakan Lagoon, Java, Indonesia; for the Yangtze estuary and the Yellow River, China; for the Humber estuary, UK; for the Loire estuary, France; for the Amazon River and Patos Lagoon, Brazil; and for the Atchafalaya estuary and Passaic River, USA. Furthermore, he has worked on the mud-mangrove coasts of Thailand, Guyana and Suriname.

Summer School on Human-Earth System Interactions 9 in Estuaries and Coasts Speakers

Prof. Daoji Li (East China Normal University) Title: Life cycle of marine plastic and microplastics and solution

Abstract: The destructive effects of plastic waste and microplastics on the marine environment have become the focus of global attention in recent years. The rapid development of marine microplastics research and emer- gence of new knowledge has led to the awareness of the significant variations in the composition, size, abundance, and spatial distribution of marine microplastics. However, there is insufficient research on the changes that plastics and microplastics undergo through physical, biological, and chemical mechanisms in the ocean. Their source to fate processes and ecological risks are currently not well understood. At the same time, various interest sectors are seeking solutions to combat this environment issue. Here, we want to give a comprehensive introduction about the work we have done to explore the flux, transportation, deg- radation, fate, and risks of marine plastic debris and microplastics for the prevention and control of marine plastic and microplastic pollution. Meanwhile, global efforts will also be reviewed.

Biography: Li Daoji, a biological oceanographer, senior professor of State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, and the director of marine plastics research center, East China Normal University. In addition, he is the chairman of Shanghai Soci- ety of Limnology and Oceanography, the director of UNESCO-IOC regional training and Research Center for plastic marine debris and microplastics, and a member of UNEP Scientific Advisory Committee on marine litter and microplastics.

Over last three decades, he has been dedicated to marine scientific studies with a focus on the response of estuarine and coastal ecosystems to human activities and climate changes, and made pioneering contributions on it. This enables him to be one of renowned scientists in China. Building on his high level of passion for ocean, he has developed and taken an active part in the national response to the challenges of major scientific issues in the field of marine science and national major needs, and had undertaken the National Key Basic Research Development Program, National Ma- rine Public Welfare Program, National Natural Science Foundation Program, and so on. He initiated and promoted the research of marine microplastics in China, presided over a number of important national and international academic conferences to guiding the research and development direction.

He is currently responsible for leading the National Ministry of Science and Technology’s Key R&D Program on “marine microplastics research” which has made significant progress and produced a series of systematic innovative research results, and he is leading the IOC / WESTPAC “marine microplastics research” project to actively play a leading role in the international communities. He is committed to developing and promoting international science and technology in the Asia Pacific region and around the world through the establishment of marine scientific research network and research coop- eration among scientists, so as to make the world realize the important role of China in dealing with global marine plastic pollution. He vigorously promoted the formulation process of policies and regulations related to the research and control of marine plastic waste and microplastic pollution in China, laid a scientific research foundation for the formulation of policies and regulations related to them, and provided strong policy consultation and scientific and technological support.

10 Summer School on Human-Earth System Interactions in Estuaries and Coasts Prof. dr. H.J. de Vriend (Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands) Title: River-estuary-coastal zone: a coherent dynamic system

Abstract: The basic elements of a river-estuary-coastal zone system are usually a non-tidal river, a tidal river, an estuary, an outer delta and the adjacent coastlines. These elements form a chain with a two-way interaction: seaward as well as land- ward. When undisturbed, this system generally tends towards a (quasi-)equilibrium state. Natural hazards may offset the system, but often only temporarily. Disturbances, due to either environmental changes or human activities, tend to make the system more vulnerable to extreme events and susceptible to irreversible change.

Biography: Prof. de Vriend (NL) is emeritus from the universities of Twente (chair Integrated Modelling) and Delft (chairs River Dy- namics and Eco-hydraulics). He combined the latter with the function of Director Science of Deltares, an institute for applied research and consultancy in the field of water and soil. He has also led the first stages of the eco-hydraulic in- novation program Building with Nature. His expertise is in hydrodynamics, sediment transport and morphology is rivers, estuaries, coastal zones and shallow shelf seas. At the moment, he is a visiting professor at SKLEC.

Summer School on Human-Earth System Interactions 11 in Estuaries and Coasts Speakers

Prof. Marcel Stive (Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands) Title: Mekong deltaic coastal and estuarine mangrove related processes

Abstract: The Mekong Delta Coast has undergone many physical changes that have increased its vulnerability. Issues that have grown in importance are erosion, human occupation of coastal and estuarine mangroves, decreased sediment supply by the Mekong River and subsidence due to groundwater extraction. These issues have led to the loss of coastal and estuarine land and mangroves, increasing flood vulnerability and salinity intrusion. Recently, young Vietnamese researchers have undertaken a number of in-depth studies to increase our understanding of the above issues. The ob- jective of the present paper is to give a concise description of their work and place it into a broader context. The topics concerned are satellite mapping of coastal landuse changes, numerical simulation of the tide and wave climate and of coastal erosion, coastal and estuarine mangrove squeeze, wave and current damping in mangroves and wave transmission through bamboo fences. The main findings are that (1) coastal landuse has changed significantly over the last decades with the largest change due to conversion of mangroves to aquaculture and a modest change due to coastal erosion, (2) the understanding of the tide and wave climate and of the resulting erosion has increased due to successful numerical modelling, (3) the role of mangrove squeeze along the coast and along the estuaries has been assessed, (4) the understanding of wave and current damping in mangroves and of wave transmission through bamboo fences has increased through the combined efforts of laboratory and numerical modelling.

Biography: Professor Stive, since March 2017 emeritus professor, has plus 40 years experience in research and consultancy projects in the fields of hydraulic engineering, coastal morphodynamics, coastal bio-geomorphology and coastal and estuarine management, as team member, as team leader and as advisor. His record involves coasts, estuaries, harbours and offshore projects in many countries in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas, using fieldwork, experimental physical and mathematical physical models. He was involved in several projects sponsored by the science and technology pro- grammes of the EU, of two of which he was overall co-ordinator.

12 Summer School on Human-Earth System Interactions in Estuaries and Coasts Prof. Alice Newton (University of Algarve, Portugal) Title: Introduction to social-environmental frameworks in the coastal zone

Abstract: The coastal zone is a unique place in the Earth System, where land, sea and atmosphere all meeat and where about 45% of the Human population lives.

In the Anthropocene, we recognise that Humans are part of the ecosystem and may modify it.

Several frameworks that allow the analysis of the social-environmental ecosystem interconnections in order to identify issues and possible management options will be presented.

The main focus will be on the DPSIR (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) framework that is widely used by reg- ulatory agencies such as UNEP, theFAO and the OCED and used in many assessments, such as the UN World Ocean Assessment.

Links:

UNEP: https://www.unep.org/zh-hans

FAO: http://www.fao.org/home/zh/

OCED: https://www.oecd.org/china/

UN World Ocean Assessment: https://www.un.org/regularprocess/woa2launch

Some background reading:

Elliott, M., Burdon, D., Atkins, J.P., Borja, A., Cormier, R., De Jonge, V.N. and Turner, R.K., 2017. “And DP- SIR begat DAPSI (W) R (M)!”-a unifying framework for marine environmental management. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 118(1-2), pp.27-40.

Gari, S.R., Newton, A., Icely, J.D., 2015. A Review of the application and evolution of the DPSIR framework with an emphasis on coastal social-ecological systems. Ocean & Coastal Management, v. 103, pp. 63-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.11.013

Patrício, J., Elliott, M., Mazik, K., Papadopoulou, K.N. and Smith, C.J., 2016. DPSIR—two decades of trying to develop a unifying framework for marine environmental management?. Frontiers in Marine Science, 3, p.177.

P de Alencar, N.M., Le Tissier, M., Paterson, S.K. and Newton, A., 2020. Circles of coastal sustainability: a framework for coastal management. Sustainability, 12(12), p.4886. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124886

Summer School on Human-Earth System Interactions 13 in Estuaries and Coasts Speakers

Biography: An internationally known Chemical Oceanographer, Dr Alice Newton has made an important contribution to the assessment of eutrophication and coastal lagoons.

Dr Newton is a tenured Professor in the Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences (DCMTA), Faculty of Scienc- es and Technology (FCT) of the University of Algarve (UAlg, Portugal).

Alice Newton is:

・a member of Portugal’s Institute of Marine Research (IMAR);

・a member of the Marine and Environmental Research Center (CIMA);

・a Council member of the Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association (ECSA);

・the European Engagement Partner of Future Earth Coasts, (FEC, formally LOICZ);

・a member of RAMSAR Mediterranean Wetlands Scientific and Technical Network Climate Change Specialist Group;

・a member of the Future Earth Ocean Knowledge Action Network development team;

・a member of the Integrated Marine Biosphere Research (IMBeR) Science Executive Committee;

・a member of the pool of experts for the second United Nations World Ocean Assessment;

・a member of the Future Earth Coast Academy;

・a member of the Dialogue Forum of the Oceans-Pact.

14 Summer School on Human-Earth System Interactions in Estuaries and Coasts Prof. Xiuzhen Li (East China Normal University) Title: Coastal wetland loss consequences and challenges for restoration

Abstract: Coastal wetlands are located along the shorelines within a narrow tidal influenced zone, mainly include ecosystems of mangroves, coral reefs, salt marsh and sea grass beds. As the buffer zone between land and sea, they are frequently threatened from both sides.

The world coastal wetland lost 50% of its area in the 20th century, while the loss was 50% from 1950 to 2000 in China and many other developing countries. It was accelerated in the last three decades, caused by both anthropogenic and natural factors such as land reclamation, aquaculture, urbanization, harbor and navigation channel construction, sea level rise and erosion. Coastal aquaculture is one of the most important contribution to world fisheries with the cost of coastal wetland loss. Large area of coastal wetlands was lost before their great values were fully recognized, such as wave attenuation and erosion control, sediment trapping, biodiversity support as food and habitat, carbon sequestra- tion, and purification.

Consequences are often beyond the “coastal zone”: Birds migrate from inland and along the coast, while many marine species spend some life stages in the coastal wetlands and shallow sea. Turning mangroves and saltmarsh into aquaculture ponds will result in more CO2 and N2O emission, while increasing coastal wetlands will not cause much CH4 emission.

Great effort has been done to maintain the area and functionalities of coastal wetlands, but challenges remain because of the changed morphological and sediment conditions. Exotic species invasion has also threatened the ecological integrity and stability in some of the coastal area as a measure for quick wetland restoration or land accretion. How to balance the different functionalities should be considered during restoration of coastal wetlands.

Wetland loss is a global problem. But it happens at landscape scale, with influences imposed at larger scales. Resto- ration and protection are even more a landscape issue that needs the knowledge from landscape ecologists to provide strategies for stake holders and decision makers to compromise different benefits. Wetland restoration challenges re- garding aquaculture ponds, Spartina alterniflora and dredging sediments will be discussed with suggestions provided. Biography: Professor of Ecology in the State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. She worked as a professor of Landscape Ecology in the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Acad- emy of Sciences between 2001 and 2006. She obtained her Ph.D and M.Sc from Wageningen University and Research Centre, the Netherlands. Her research interests include evolution and functioning of natural wetlands, landscape met- rics, and relationship between pattern and processes for different landscapes. She has conducted more than 20 national level research projects, including National Key R&D projects, and NSFC projects as PI. She has published more than 200 papers and several monographs in English and Chinese, with H-index 21. She serves as associate editor for Ocean and Coastal Management, and as editorial board member for Ecological Engineering, Wetlands Ecology and Management, and several other journals. She was elected as the IALE Council Chair in 2011, and Secretary General of IALE-China Chapter. She is also an active member of Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS), and Ecological Society of China. She obtained the Distinguished Young Scientist Award from the Ecological Society of China in 2009, and Out- standing Scientist Award from the China Society of Natural Resources in 2013.

Summer School on Human-Earth System Interactions 15 in Estuaries and Coasts Speakers

Prof. Mark Baskaran (Wayne State University, USA) Title: Tracing episodic events in estuaries and coasts using atmospherically-delivered radionuclide tracers

Abstract: Global environmental and climate change manifest in the changes in frequency and amount of precipitation, which in turn affect the amount and duration of water discharge from rivers to coastal ocean. During major thunderstorm/snow- storm, large-scale injection of atmospherically-delivered radionuclides take place which can serve as a powerful tracer of biogeochemical cycles and pollutant transport from coast to interior. Examples of changes in the scavenging intensity in the coastal regions in the Gulf of Mexico to transport of pollutants from the coastal regions to interior Arctic via Trans- polar Drift and Beaufort Gyre will be presented. Furthermore, the current velocities of these can be estimated using the ages obtained from the disequilibrium between the atmospherically-delivered radionuclides, which can be compared to the values obtained from other methods.

Biography: Mark Baskaran, is a tenured Full Professor and Chair of the Department of Environmental Science and Geology at Wayne State University, Detroit. He has published over 155 peer-reviewed articles (with over 9,000 Google Scholar cumulative citations, h-index 57), most of which are related to the applications of isotopes as tracers and chronome- ters in Earth systems. He edited a two-volume Handbook entitled “Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry” with forty articles contributed by eminent scholars in the field in 2012 (Springer) and published a monograph on radon entitled “Radon: A Tracer for Geological, Geophysical and Geochemical Studies” in 2016. He was a Senior Fulbright Scholar at Ege University (Izmir, Turkey) in 2015. He was elected to the Academy of Scholars in 2021 at Wayne State University, a life-time appointment. He has given over 60 plenary talks/seminars at over sixty national/international conferences, workshops, universities and research institutions around the world. Currently, he serves as the inaugural Chair (2017-2021) of the Devendra Lal Memorial Medal Selection Committee, a union-level award at the American Geophysi- cal Union. He also serves a member of the National Fulbright Screening Committee.

16 Summer School on Human-Earth System Interactions in Estuaries and Coasts State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research East China Normal University Dongchuan Road 500 Shanghai 200241, China Tel: +86-21-54836003 Fax: +86-21-54836458d