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LETHAL CONCENTRATION ANGGANG-ANGGANG (Gerris Marginatus) TERHADAP DETERGEN DAN PEWARNA KAIN SINTETIS

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LETHAL CONCENTRATION ANGGANG-ANGGANG (Gerris Marginatus) TERHADAP DETERGEN DAN PEWARNA KAIN SINTETIS I.K PUTRA JULIANTARA. Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento 3(1) 2017; 48-52 LETHAL CONCENTRATION ANGGANG-ANGGANG (Gerris marginatus) TERHADAP DETERGEN DAN PEWARNA KAIN SINTETIS (LETHAL CONCENTRATION OF WATER STRIDER TO DETERGENT AND ARTIFICIAL TEXTIL COLOR) I K. PUTRA JULIANTARA1x, I GUSTI PUTU AGUS FERRY SUTRISNA PUTRA1 1Program Studi Teknologi Laboratorium Medik, IIK Medika Persada Bali Abstrak: Anggang-anggang (Gerris marginatus) merupakan salah satu serangga air yang dapat digunakan sebagai bioindikator perairan. Namun sampai saat ini, penelitian yang dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan anggang-anggang sebagai bioindikator terhadap pencemaran di perairan tawar yang disebabkan oleh polutan dari detergen dan pewarna kain sintetis belum pernah dilakukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui konsentrasi detergen dan pewarna kain sintetis yang dapat mematikan anggang-anggang (Gerris marginatus) berdasarkan prinsip LC50-24 jam. Penelitian ini terdiri dari dua faktor, yaitu detergen dan pewarna kain sintetis. Faktor detergen terdiri dari empat konsentrasi yaitu konsentrasi 0 ppm, 3 ppm, 6 ppm, dan 9 ppm, demikian juga dengan pewarna kain sintetis terdiri dari empat konsentrasi yaitu konsentrasi 0 ppm, 15 ppm, 30 ppm, dan 45 ppm. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan perlakuan faktorial 4x4 dan rancangan percobaan RAK (Rancangan Acak Kelompok). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan hasil analisis probit, 50% anggang-anggang mati dalam jangka waktu 24 jam (LC50-24 jam) jika diperlakukan dengan konsentrasi detergen 4,33 ppm atau pewarna kain sintetis 33,49 ppm. Kata kunci: anggang-anggang, bioindicator, detergen, LC50-24 jam, pewarna kain sintetis. Abtract: Water strider (Gerris marginatus) is one of the aquatic insects that can be used as bio-indicators of water. However, the research conducted by utilizing water strider as bio-indicators of pollution in freshwater are caused by pollutants from detergents and artificial textile color have not been done. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of detergents and artificial textile color which can be deadly water strider (Gerris marginatus) based on the principle LC50-24 hours. This study was designed in two factors, detergent and artificial textile color. There were four levels of detergent concentrations: 0 ppm, 3 ppm, 6 ppm and 9 ppm, as well as four levels artificial textile color concentrations: 0 ppm, 15 ppm, 30 ppm, and 45 ppm. This study designed in 4x4 factorial and randomized block design (RBD). The results of Probit analysis showed that 50% of water striders died within 24 hours (LC50-24 hours) when treated with the concentration of 4.33 ppm detergent or 33.49 ppm artificial textile color. Keywords: artificial textile color, bioindicator, detergents, LC50-24 hours, water strider. PENDAHULUAN Budiawan dkk., 2009; Agustina dkk., 2011). Biota akuatik dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai Kualitas air dari suatu perairan dapat bioindikator kualitas air untuk mengatasi dipengaruhi oleh detergen dan pewarna kain ketidakpraktisan pengukuran kualitas air secara sintesis. Kandungan senyawa Linier Alkylbenzene kimia dan fisika (Wardhana, 1999; Gullan and Sulfonate (LAS) pada detergen memiliki tingkat Cranston, 2005). Kelompok hewan invertebrata toksisitas empat kali lipat lebih tinggi yang berukuran makroskopis (makro-invertebrata) dibandingkan dengan senyawa Alkyl Benzene memiliki beberapa kelebihan jika dimanfaatkan Sulfonate (ABS), sedangkan pewarna kain sintesis sebagai bioindikator pencemaran organik, seperti dapat menyebabkan perubahan kekeruhan, warna, diantaranya dapat memberikan tanggapan terhadap dan pH air pada suatu perairan (Heath, 2000 dalam perubahan kualitas air, sehingga dapat Zahri, 2005; Susana dan Rositasari, 2009; Agustina dimanfaatkan sebagai petunjuk terjadinya suatu dkk., 2011). Jika dilihat dari daya urai pencemaran (Wardhana, 1999). (biodegradable), dibutuhkan waktu beberapa hari Sampai saat ini, penelitian tentang agar LAS dapat terurai 100 % dan pewarna kain pemanfaatan anggang- anggang sebagai sintesis juga sulit terurai di alam (Tai, 2000; bioindikator terhadap pencemaran di perairan x email korespondensi: [email protected] Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento{Vol.3 No.1{îìíó{ISSN-e: 2356-4814 48 LETHAL CONCENTRATION ANGGANG-ANGGANG (Gerris marginatus) TERHADAP DETERGEN DAN PEWARNA KAIN SINTETIS tawar yang disebabkan oleh polutan dari detergen Bahan. Bahan-bahan dalam penelitian ini antara dan pewarna kain sintesis belum maksimal lain: detergen, pewarna kain sintetis, anggang- dilakukan Kriteria organisme sebagai bioindikator anggang, aquades, air sungai, kertas label, alkohol uji hayati tergantung dari beberapa faktor yaitu: 70% serta indikator universal. sensitif terhadap material beracun dan perubahan lingkungan, distribusi geografis luas, Metode. Data yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini kemelimpahan di alam tinggi, memiliki relevansi adalah data kuantitatif berupa jumlah kematian dengan tujuan penelitian, bebas dari parasit dan anggang-anggang dalam 24 jam. Sebelum data penyakit, serta mudah dipelihara di laboratorium diuji, terlebih dahulu dilakukan uji normalitas dan (American Public Health Association, 1999). Oleh uji homogenitas. Data kuantitatif dianalisis dengan karena itu, pemanfaatan anggang-anggang (makro- menggunakan Two-Way ANOVA. Sedangkan invertebrata) sebagai bioindikator diharapkan untuk mengetahui LC50-24 jam, dianalisis dengan dapat memberikan manfaat kepada masyarakat menggunakan analisis probit. sebagai gejala awal (early warning) terhadap perubahan lingkungan akibat berbagai aktivitas manusia, seperti: industri tekstil, pertanian, HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN perumahan, dan pariwisata (Tjokrokusumo, 2006). Lethal Concentration 50 (LC50) merupakan Secara umum, rata-rata waktu yang konsentrasi yang dapat menyebabkan kematian diperlukan untuk membunuh 50% (LC50) 50% pada suatu organisme di dalam uji toksisitas anggang-anggang menurun seiring dengan pada suatu waktu observasi. LC50 bermanfaat meningkatnya konsentrasi detergen dan pewarna untuk memprediksi dampak potensial dari kain sintesis (Tabel 01). Namun, pada konsentrasi toksisitas polutan dalam suatu sistem perairan dan detergen 3 ppm dengan pewarna kain sintesis 30 membantu untuk menentukan konsentrasi polutan ppm, kematian 50% anggang- anggang lebih cepat maksimum yang diperbolehkan di lingkungan terjadi (3,0 jam) daripada perlakuan detergen yang (American Public Health Association, 1999; Boyd, sama dengan konsentrasi pewarna kain sintesis 45 2005). ppm (6,7 jam). Untuk mengetahui daya racun (toksisitas) detergen dan pewarna kain sintesis terhadap Tabel 01. Rata-rata Waktu LC50 anggang-anggang (Gerris marginatus) sebagai Perlakuan Rata-rata salah satu bioindikator pencemaran di badan air Pewarna Detergen Waktu tawar, penulis meneliti —Lethal Concentration Kain Sintesis (ppm) LC 50 (jam) Anggang-anggang (Gerris marginatus) terhadap (ppm) Detergen dan 3ewarna .ain Sintetis“. 0 50,7 15 27,0 0 30 22,3 BAHAN DAN METODE 45 23,0 0 24,3 15 18,7 Rancangan Penelitian. Penelitian ini terdiri dari 3 30 3,0 dua faktor, yaitu detergen dan pewarna kain 45 6,7 sintetis. Faktor detergen terdiri dari empat level 0 21,0 yaitu konsentrasi 0 ppm, 3 ppm, 6 ppm, dan 9 ppm. 15 2,5 6 Faktor pewarna kain sintetis terdiri dari empat level 30 0,8 yaitu konsentrasi 0 ppm, 15 ppm, 30 ppm, dan 45 45 0,4 ppm. 0 5,0 15 0.7 Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan 9 perlakuan faktorial 4x4 sehingga terdapat 16 30 0,7 perlakuan. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan 45 0,4 adalah RAK (Rancangan Acak Kelompok) dengan tiga ulangan sehingga diperoleh 48-unit penelitian Konsentrasi detergen dan pewarna kain (4x4x3). Masing-masing unit penelitian terdapat sintesis yang menyebabkan 50% kematian 10 subunit penelitian sehingga terdapat 480 subunit anggang-anggang dalam waktu 24 jam disajikan penelitian. pada Tabel 0.2. Pada tabel tersebut terlihat bahwa 50% anggang-anggang mati dalam waktu 24 jam jika diperlakukan dengan konsentrasi detergen 4,33 ppm dan pewarna kain sintesis 33,49 ppm. Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento{Vol.3 No.1{îìíó{ISSN-e: 2356-4814 49 I.K PUTRA JULIANTARA. Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento 3(1) 2017; 48-52 anggang-anggang dalam jangka waktu 24 jam Tabel 02. Hasil Analisis Probit LC50-24 jam Detergen (Juliantara dkk., 2015). dan Pewarna Kain Sintesis LC50 detergen selama satu jam pada lintah 95% Fiducial CI (Hirudo medicinalis) terjadi pada konsentrasi 140 Pe ppm dengan ciri-ciri adanya lendir dan terjadinya Per rc Stan Low Upp hemorrhagi (Juliantara, 2011). Pada tikus, cen en dard p er er t til Error kerusakan jaringan dapat disebabkan oleh e konsentrasi LAS sekitar 20-30% setelah kontak 4. kulit lebih dari 15 hari. Peningkatan pola aktivitas, 32 0.58 3.10 5.54 0.0 Detergen 50 95 0344 290 910 00 inaktivasi, immobilasi serta kematian dapat terjadi 3 pada ikan setelah diberikan konsentrasi 25 mg/l 33 Pewarna .4 7.53 20.7 74.5 0.0 LAS. (Budiawan dkk., 2009). Kain 50 94 601 005 830 10 Lethal Concentration 50-24 jam (LC50-24 Sintesis 1 jam) adalah konsentrasi yang dapat menyebabkan kematian 50% pada suatu organisme di dalam uji Anggang-anggang merupakan serangga toksisitas selama 24 jam. LC50-24 jam termasuk bertungkai panjang yang hidup di atas permukaan uji toksisitas jangka pendek. Uji toksisitas jangka air. Kebanyakan jenis anggang-anggang memiliki pendek biasanya digunakan untuk pemantauan warna gelap atau hitam dengan ukuran antenna terhadap persyaratan izin pembuangan limbah dan yang lebih panjang dari kepala, sungut berbentuk uji eksplorasi. Selain itu, uji toksisitas jangka silindris, panjang metafemur melewati
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