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Being and Technology PHAENOMENOLOGICA COLLECTION FONDEE PAR H.L Being and Technology PHAENOMENOLOGICA COLLECTION FONDEE PAR H.L. VAN BREDA ET PUBLIEE SOUS LE PATRON AGE DES CENTRES D' ARCHIVES-HUSSERL 82 JOHN LOSCERBO Being and Technology A STUDY IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF MARTIN HEIDEGGER Comite de redaction de la collection: President: S. IJsseling (Louvain); Membres: M. Farber (Buffalo). E. Finkt (Fribourg en Brisgau), L. Landgrebe (Cologne). W. Marx (Fribourg en Brisgau). J.N. Mohanty (New York). P. Ricoeur (Paris), E. Stroker (Cologne), J. Taminiaux (Louvain), K.H. Volkmann-Schluck (Cologne); Secretaire: J. Tam i n ia ux. JOHN LOSCERBO Being and Technology A STUDY IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF MARTIN HEIDEGGER 1981 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS THE HAGUE / BOSTON / LONDON Distributors: for the United States and Canada Kluwer Boston Inc. 190 Old Derby Street Hingham, MA 02043 USA jor all other countries Kluwer Academic Publishers Group Distribution Center P.O. Box 322 3300 AH Dordrecht The Netherlands This volume is listed in the Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data ISBN-13: 978-94-009-8224-6 e-ISBN- 13: 978-94-009-8222-2 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-8222-2 Copyright © 1981 by Martinus Nijhojf Publishers bv, The Hague. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1981 All rights reserved. No part oj this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyjorm or by any means, mechanical,photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permissIOn oj the publisher, Martinus Nijhojf Publishers bv, P.O. Box 566, 2501 eN The Hague, The Netherlands. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface IX Abbreviations XI PART ONE: PREPARATION FOR THE QUESTION CONCERNING MODERN TECHNOLOGY 1 I. Beginnings: nXV1J and the Origin of Modern Tech- nology 3 A. The Primordial Notion of CPV(J/(; 4 B. CPr5ali; and A6yo~ (Heraclitus and Parmenides) 10 1. Heraclitus and the A6yo~ 10 2. Parmenides 13 C. The Notion of nXv1J (Sophocles' Chorus) 16 1. Stage One 17 2. Stage Two 19 3. Stage Three 20 D. The Notion of nXV1J as Responsive "Wissen" 21 II. The Platonic '[(jerx and '[(jelv 43 A. The Platonic '[(jerx: "Affinity" and "Distance" 44 B. A More Appropriate Interpretation of the Relationship '[(jerx- '[be,V 49 C. The "Primacy of Beings" ("Vorrang des Seienden") 50 III. Descartes: The "Beginning" of Modern Technology 59 A. The Notion of "Reality" 59 B. The Second Determination of the Notion of Reality 62 C. The Cartesian Task 62 1. Preliminary 62 2. The Execution of the Task 66 VI IV. Nietzsche and the "Consummation" of Metaphysics 77 A. First Approximation to the Notion of the Will to Power 79 B. The Will to Power as the Most Radical Sub- jectivity 81 C. The Will to Power and the Eternal Return of the Same 86 D. The "Consummation" and the "End" of Meta- physics 89 PART Two: FIRST ApPROACH TOWARD THE QUESTION OF THE ESSENCE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY 97 I. Remarks concerning Some Earlier Texts 101 A. A Text from Nietzsche II (pp. 20-29) 101 B. "Seinsverlassenheit und Irrnis" 106 II. Texts from "Wozu Dichter" 115 A. The Will (der Wille) and Human Willing (Wollen) 116 B. Human Willing 118 C. The "Danger" and the "Turn" 120 III. The Essay "Die Frage nach der Technik" 129 A. "Technology Is Not Identical with the Essence of Technology" 129 B. The "Correct" Notion of Technology and the Analysis of Causality (nXvl1) 131 C. Modern Technology as a Manner of "Revealing" 136 D. The Notion of "Unconcealment" , Especially the Thesis that the Unconcealment of Beings Implies the Concealment of Being 141 E. The Notion of Ge-stell 145 PART THREE: SECOND ApPROACH TOWARD THE QUESTION OF THE ESSENCE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY 155 I. The Notion of Geschick 157 A. The Truth-Untruth Structure 159 1. Sein und Zeit: Dasein's Openness 159 a. Attunement 160 VII b. Primary Understanding 163 c. Rede 165 d. Fallenness 166 e. Being-toward-Death and Resolute Openness (Entschlossenheit) 168 2. VWW and the Notion of Truth 183 a. The Inner Possibility of Accordance 183 b. The Ground of the Possibility of "Richtigkeit" (section 3) 186 c. The Essence of Dasein's Opening (Freiheit) 187 d. The Essence of Truth (section 5) 192 e. Untruth as Concealment 194 f. Untruth as Errancy 197 3. Truth-Untruth according to "Der Ursprung des Kunstwerkes" 198 B. The Self-Revealing Self-Concealing of Being Itself 202 1. "Die Seinsgeschichtliche Bestimmung des Nihilismus" 204 a. The Determination of Nihilism or Meta­ physics 204 b. The "Remaining Aloof' of Being Itself 206 c. "Inauthentic Nihilism" 208 2. The Principle of the Ground and Being's Self-Sending 209 a. The First Formulation 209 b. The Second Formulation 211 C. Conclusion: A Note on the Time of Being 213 II. Being's Self-Sending, the Danger, and the Saving 239 A. Being's Self-Sending and the Danger ("Die Frage nach der Technik," pp. 24ff) 240 B. Being's Self-Sending and the Saving 242 C. The Notion of Essence (Wesen) 244 III. Technology and Ereignis 249 A. Preliminary 249 B. Technology and Ereignis according to "Die Kehre" 253 C. Technology and Ereignis according to "Der Satz der IdentiHit" 258 Bibliography 271 Index 279 PREFACE The present wntmg attempts a clarification of the questIon bearing on technology and of its "Essence" in the Philosophy of Martin Heidegger. In view of this, our initial task will consist in examining the origins of modern technology, which Heidegger descries in the primordial "experience" of Being as cpvO'u;, together with the human manners of comportment to this the primordial manifestness of Being. We will begin in Part One by attending primarily, but not exclusively, to the subjective dimen­ sion, allowing thereby the manner of the historical "progression" of Being, that is, its transforming self-showing, to stand in the background. This procedure seems to us not merely appropriate with respect to our purpose as a whole, but moreover cor­ responds to the matter at issue, for Being in its own progression is essentially self-concealing, which in turn brings to prominence the "subjective" in union with the varied modes of the "Being of beings", termed "beingness". In conformity with Heidegger's interpretation of "Metaphysics", there can be but little doubt that Being itself persists throughout in presence only as absence. Thus, we will trace out this manner of Being's presence in absence and the respective dominating human manners of relatedness to Being's beingness, that is, we must observe the transformation of original vo6v (or I,SYElV, TSXV1J), into Platonic i6slV ( 'j6S!Y.). But Platonic 16slV, in its ambiguity, only sets the stage for the oncoming of metaphysical "Vorstellen", in which we will detect the fundamental features of the prevailing technological Tun, called "Her-stellen" (in "Wozu Dichter") or more characteristi­ cally "Bestellen". Modern technology, as distinguished from the "Essence" of technology, must first be exposed "meta­ physically", that is, in terms of human, technological "ordering" of Nature (Part Two). x However, this will give rise to the question of whether this way of interrogation which accents the "metaphysical" - that is, the subjective aspect and its "product" - is at all adequate. Is modern Technology simply an affair of man, perhaps the unbridled exercise of human "free" choice; or is this anthropological dimension already and unwittingly a "response" to Being's way to be? Does the "measure" ("MaW') reside in that which is "without measure" (viz. technology viewed subjectively) or is it, as Heidegger's essay "Holderlin und das Wesen der Dichtung" suggests, the "measure" which must be placed before that which heeds no measure? To be sure, Heidegger opts for the latter alternative in his attempt to "recover" ("verwinden") tradition­ a tradition which purports to have mastered its life-source. Hence, we must explore more closely this "measure", namely, Being itself in its own historical "Entwerfen", that is, in its own Self-Sending (Being as "Geschick") (Part Three). This will lead us to the point of passing-over, to the possible initiation of what Heidegger calls "Ereignis". The work has no pretense to "criticize" in the sense of "refuting" - which task we leave to those more able. We owe gratitude to J. Taminiaux, Professor at the University of Louvain and Director of the "Centre d'Etudes Phenomenologiques", for his encouragement and advice. ABBREVIA TIONS SZ Sein und Zeit VWG Vom Wesen des Grundes KM Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik WM Was ist Metaphysik? VWW Vom We sen der Wahrheit EM Einftihrung in die Metaphysik FD Die Frage nach dem Ding SA Schellings Abhandlung tiber das We sen der mensch­ lichen Freiheit EHD ErHiuterungen zu Holderlins Dichtung NI Nietzsche, Erster Band NIl Nietzsche, Zweiter Band HW Holzwege PL Platons Lehre von der Wahrheit BH Brief tiber den Humanismus G Gelassenheit WHD Was Hei13t Denken VAl Vortrage und Aufsatze, Teil 1 VA II Vortrage und Aufsatze, Teil 2 VA III Vortrage und Aufsatze, Teil 3 SVG Der Satz vom Grund XII US Unterwegs zur Sprache SF Zur Seinsfrage ID Identitat und Differenz SD Zur Sache des Denkens GA Gesamtausgabe PART ONE PREPARATION FOR THE QUESTION CONCERNING MODERN TECHNOLOGY CHAPTER I BEGINNINGS: TEXNH AND THE ORIGIN OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY In opposition to the more current view regarding the historical reciprocity between the rise of modern science and that of modern technology,l Martin Heidegger holds that the latter has its essential origin in Greek r{;xvIJ. For it (i.e. technology) goes back to the r{;xvIJ of the Greeks not merely in name, but originates essential-historically out of r{;xvIJ as a mode of IXAIJ()£IJ£IV ... 2 Hence, at the very outset some acquaintance with Heidegger's r{;xvIJ-interpretation is necessary.
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