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Tarit Bose an Introduction Springer Aerospace Technology Tarit Bose Airbreathing Propulsion An Introduction Springer Aerospace Technology For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8613 Tarit Bose Airbreathing Propulsion An Introduction Tarit Bose Aerospace Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036, India ISSN 1869-1730 ISSN 1869-1749 (electronic) ISBN 978-1-4614-3531-0 ISBN 978-1-4614-3532-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-3532-7 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012938708 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface This book is an outgrowth of my lectures to undergraduate and postgraduate students in aerospace engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India. Before the first course in aircraft propulsion is offered, it is expected that the student has already undergone a course in both thermodynamics and gasdynamics and has a sufficient understanding of the laws of fluidmechanics. The actual course material is divided into two parts. In the first part, the aircraft propulsion systems, including ramjet, straight turbojet, small bypass jet, and large bypass fanjets, and piston engines are treated in systems approach, in which certain amount of fuel mass and energy are introduced without really considering the flow inside the blade rows. The equations are written in terms of nondimensional parameters for analysis in ideal cycles, or in terms of dimensional performance parameters in a real gas system. This part has been analyzed with the help of one cycle analysis code written in Fortran and given along with the text in this book. The engine parameters of a large number of piston engines, turboprops, and turbojets are also included as an appendix in this book, and will be made available online as spreadsheets on the book’s webpage at www.springer.com. It is expected that the reader will use them in deepening his or her understanding of the subject and update also the data from time to time from the Internet. The files may be copied for personal use, but commercial exploitation is not allowed. In the second part, the subject of the design of aircraft gasturbines is treated more exhaustively and the results are compared with the engines, which either were designed earlier or currently exist. While preparing the second part, however, I had difficulties in referring to books on aircraft engines that would be suitable for teaching the subject, which is the prime motivation for writing this book. However, some of the books that I consulted during the preparation of the course lectures and the manuscript of this book are given in the Bibliography, and any reproduction of figures has been acknowledged. For example, the figures prepared by reproducing figures in Traupel’s famous work, Thermische Turbomaschinen, are given after explicit permission was granted by the publisher, Springer. v vi Preface Much of the information was taken from unknown authors on the Internet. Thanks to all of them. Readers of this book are strongly encouraged to browse the Internet to collect information. To a large extent, I wrote this book (text and graphics) myself on a personal computer. In the early stage of writing the manuscript, while I was still at the Indian Institute of Technology in Madras, some of the text was typed on a PC by Jayanthi and some graphics were made by a number of my students; my hearty thanks to them. At that stage I used the Corel Ventura program. Unfortunately, at a later date, Corel Ventura’s subsequent version was not compatible with the PC’s operating system and so I had to convert my work line by line into the WINWORD editor. This process involved difficulties in putting the engine database in ASCII format into Word format, and hence it was decided to put the matter separately. Unfortu- nately, all that is new in WINWORD is not good, and what is good there is not new. Thanks go to Dr. M. Ramakanth for help with various publication issues and to the anonymous reviewers for making very useful suggestions. Thanks go also to my wife, Preetishree, for maintaining a congenial environment for writing the book, and also to my three children, Mohua, Mayukh, and Manjul, for bearing with me while writing this book, especially Manjul for procuring some necessary software. I also would like to thank Springer New York for taking lot of interest in publishing this book following their exacting high standards. I am now retired from the Indian Institute of Technology in Madras. I worked for some time in California but am now back in Kolkata. My e-mail address is [email protected]. I look forward to suggestions, reactions, or discussions with readers through e-mail. Kolkata, India Tarit Bose Contents 1 Introduction............................................................... 1 1.1 Historical ............................................................ 1 1.2 Comparison Among Piston Engines, Turboprops, and Turbojets........................................................ 4 1.3 Thermal Efficiency, Overall Efficiency, and Specific Fuel Consumption..................................... 8 1.4 Fuel Combustion with Air .......................................... 11 1.4.1 Future Fuels ................................................. 15 1.5 Specific Impulse and Range......................................... 16 1.6 Some Selected Aircraft Engines and Future Trends................ 18 1.7 Exercises............................................................. 25 2 Thermodynamic Ideal Cycle Analysis................................... 27 2.1 Propeller-Driven Engines ........................................... 27 2.1.1 Ideal Otto Cycle............................................. 28 2.1.2 Ideal Diesel Cycle........................................... 33 2.1.3 Force and Moment Analysis for Piston Engines ........... 37 2.1.4 An Interactive Code for Performance of Otto/Diesel Engines...................................... 41 2.1.5 Ideal Turboprop Cycles ..................................... 42 2.2 Jet Engines .......................................................... 46 2.2.1 Ideal Ramjet Cycle.......................................... 47 2.2.2 Ideal Straight-Jet Cycle with Afterburner .................. 54 2.2.3 Ideal Bypass Jet Cycle with Afterburner ................... 64 2.2.4 Ideal Fanjet Cycle with Afterburner . ....................... 74 2.2.5 An Interactive Computer Program for Ideal Jet Engine Analysis (PAGIC)............................... 80 2.3 Exercises............................................................. 85 vii viii Contents 3 Friction, Work, and Heat Addition in a One-Dimensional Channel ........................................ 87 3.1 Discussion on Efficiencies ......................................... 96 3.1.1 Diffuser Efficiency ......................................... 96 3.1.2 Combustion Chamber Efficiencies. .. ...................... 98 3.1.3 Exhaust Nozzle Efficiencies ............................... 99 3.2 Compressor and Turbine Stage and Polytropic Efficiencies ...... 99 3.3 Heating Factor During Compression and Expansion.............. 107 3.4 Exercises............................................................ 110 4 Flow Through a Turbomachine........................................ 111 4.1 Elementary Theory of a Stage ..................................... 113 4.2 Reaction and Shape of Blades ..................................... 124 4.3 Exercises............................................................ 132 5 Estimating Losses....................................................... 133 5.1 Estimating Losses for Axial Turbomachinery Blades............. 133 5.1.1 Losses in an Axial Turbine ................................ 135 5.1.2 Losses in an Axial Compressor...........................
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