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Stevensonii in Belize

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Stevensonii in Belize TÍTULO ANALYSIS OF REGENERATION BY COPPICING OF DALBERGIA STEVENSONII IN BELIZE AUTORA Mercedes Antonia Valdez Esta edición electrónica ha sido realizada en 2019 Tutor Dr. Percival Cho Cotutora Dra. Patricia De Angelis Máster Propio en Gestión y Conservación de Especies en Comercio : el Curso Marco Internacional (2018/2019) ISBN 978-84-7993-529-0 Mercedes Antonia Valdez De esta edición: Universidad Internacional de Andalucía Fecha 2019 documento Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2019 Reconocimiento-No comercial-Sin obras derivadas Usted es libre de: Copiar, distribuir y comunicar públicamente la obra. Bajo las condiciones siguientes: Reconocimiento. Debe reconocer los créditos de la obra de la manera. especificada por el autor o el licenciador (pero no de una manera que sugiera que tiene su apoyo o apoyan el uso que hace de su obra). No comercial. No puede utilizar esta obra para fines comerciales. Sin obras derivadas. No se puede alterar, transformar o generar una obra derivada a partir de esta obra. Al reutilizar o distribuir la obra, tiene que dejar bien claro los términos de la licencia de esta obra. Alguna de estas condiciones puede no aplicarse si se obtiene el permiso del titular de los derechos de autor. Nada en esta licencia menoscaba o restringe los derechos morales del autor. Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2019 UNIA MASTER’S DEGREE IN MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF SPECIES IN TRADE: THE INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK (13th edition) Academic year 2017-2018 Master Thesis “Analysis of Regeneration by Coppicing of Dalbergia stevensonii in Belize” ________________________________________ By: Mercedes Antonia Valdez Tutor: Dr. Percival Cho Co-Tutor: Dr. Patricia De Angelis To obtain the UNIA Master Title in Management and Conservation of Species in Trade: The International Framework (13th edition) Belize, March 25th, 2019 i Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Dr. Percival Cho, who always cleared my doubts throughout the data analysis and writing process. To my co-advisor, Dr. Patricia DeAngelis of the US Fish and Wildlife Service for providing her technical expertise especially during the writing process. Extreme gratitude goes towards the data collection team, Lewis Usher and Michael Burton, who with their experience greatly assisted me in the data collection process. To those persons from the village of Santa Ana and Boom Creek who with their familiarity of the area assisted us in traversing the study area. I would also like to acknowledge the US Fish and Wildlife Service and the Wildlife Conservation Society Belize for providing me with this wonderful opportunity of study and for financially supporting this research. Without you, none of this would have been possible. In addition, I would like to acknowledge Dr. Yula Kapetanakos, senior analyst of the US Fish and Wildlife Service for always being of great help especially during the months in Baeza, Spain and for always following up with the thesis progress. To Lee Mcloughlin of the Wildlife Conservation Society for facilitating communication in regard to funding and for always offering assistance in proofreading this manuscript. I would also like to thank the Universidad Internacional De Andalucia professors for sharing their knowledge on CITES implementation and especially, Dr. Margarita Clemente, coordinator of the Master’s course and Mr. Carlos Iberio from ATECMA for always offering their support and advice. To my fellow classmates who helped me cope with being away from home and made my stay in Baeza a memorable one. To the Chief Forest Officer, Mr. Wilber Sabido for supporting my study leave and providing much needed information during my stay in Baeza. Also, for supporting my absence from work during the data collection period, facilitating transportation and the assistance of the data collection team. To German Lopez for facilitating the use of the equipment and for immediately answering my doubts despite the seven-hour time difference. To Jorge Nabet for assisting in the creation of the study area maps. ii Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2019 Finally, I must express my gratitude to my parents for providing me with unconditional support during the months of study and throughout the writing process. This would have not been possible without their support. iii Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2019 Contents LIST OF ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................viii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................... ix 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Rosewood in Belize ....................................................................................................................... 8 2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT .......................................................................................................... 12 3.0 RESEARCH QUESTIONS .......................................................................................................... 14 3.1 Hypotheses .................................................................................................................................. 16 4.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 17 Species Taxonomy............................................................................................................................. 17 4.1 Dalbergia Genus Overview.......................................................................................................... 17 4.2. Dalbergia stevensonii Species Range .......................................................................................... 18 4.2.1 Species Biology ........................................................................................................................ 19 4.2.2 Properties of Wood ................................................................................................................... 21 4.2.3 Population Distribution and Status ............................................................................................ 22 4.2.4 Threats ...................................................................................................................................... 24 4.2.5 Utilization and Trade ................................................................................................................ 25 4.2.6 International Trade .................................................................................................................... 26 4.2.7 Illegal Harvest........................................................................................................................... 29 4.2.8 National and International Legislation/Protection ...................................................................... 31 4.2.9 Current Forest Management of D. Stevensonii ........................................................................... 31 4.3 Management by Coppicing .......................................................................................................... 33 4.3.1 Coppicing in Fabaceae/ Leguminosae ....................................................................................... 37 4.3.2 Coppicing in Other Families...................................................................................................... 39 4.3.3 Management of Coppiced Forests ............................................................................................. 42 4.3.4 Sprouting and Non-Sprouting Species ....................................................................................... 44 4.3.5 Coppiced and Non-Coppiced Lumber........................................................................................ 45 5.0 MATERIAL AND METHODS .................................................................................................... 47 5.2 Data Collection ............................................................................................................................ 49 5.3 Data Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 52 6.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................... 54 iv Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2019 6. 1 Frequency of Stumps Per Diameter Size Classes ......................................................................... 54 6.2 Mean Number of Resprouts by Stump Diameter Size Class .......................................................... 56 6.3 Relationships between Resprout Height and Stump Height and Diameter ..................................... 57 7.0 CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................... 71 8.0 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................
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