Growth Performance of Teak ( Tectona Grandis Linn
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98 lPAClIJFlI([; §OllJTHWlEST ]fORlE§T & RANGlE lEXlPlERTIMlENT §TAl'TION 1.----- Be r k e ley , C a I i for n i a____ _ ____ 1966_ _ Pacific Madrone ..... a general bibliography for a promising species PHIL1P M.McDONALD and WILLIAM E.SUNDAHL ABSTRACT: Lis t s 60 references, 21 The supply of merchantable of which emphasize the desirable wood working characteristics of the species. hardwoods in California is esti mated at about 1.6 billion board feet (Int. 1/4 -inch log rule), ac cording to the 1963 Forest Survey. A significant portion of this total is Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii PurshJ, whose range extends along the Pacific Coast from southern British Columbia to southern california (fig.l). So far, the demand for this raw material has been rather small largely because no profitable market has existed. Recently, several operators - -both large and small- -have begun to manufacture hardwood products in 0 reg 0 nan d California. Their activities have created interest in the available knowledge on the species, particularly on its wood working charactenstics. This note b r in g s together most of the available references on Pacific madrone. Index Subject Reference Dendrology .4, 7, 14, 25, 32, 33, 53 Ecology... .44, 54 Biotic factor s. · 6, 29 Climatic factors · . 3 Exceptional size and longevity. 1, 2, 12 Forest types · . 50 Injuries Disease. 5,38,52,55 Insects . 28 Management 45 Mensuration Site quality 42 Surveys .. 34,40, 58, 59 Volume tables . .... 24 Forest Serv i ce -U . S . Department of Agriculture 0 0 0 0 0 ~ ~ . -
Environmental Effects of Stump and Root Harvesting
Research Note Environmental effects of stump and root harvesting Andy Moffat, Tom Nisbet and Bruce Nicoll September 2011 The removal of tree stumps and coarse roots from felling sites as a source of woody biomass for bioenergy generation is well established in parts of Europe, and interest has been expressed in replicating this practice in some regions of the UK. Overseas research shows that stump harvesting can pose a risk to sustainable forest management, unless care is taken in site selection and operational practice. Poor practice can lead to detrimental effects on soil structure, increasing the risk of soil erosion, and depletes soil nutrient and carbon capital. Stump and root harvesting can also have impacts on woodland biodiversity, archaeological heritage and tree health. This Research Note offers a synthesis of available evidence on the effects of stump harvesting, drawn from largely overseas sources but critically considered for their applicability to British conditions. The overall environmental effects of stump harvesting on forest sites in the UK, and the relative magnitude of these effects compared with conventional restock site preparation, are under ongoing investigation. The results will be used to develop more definitive guidance. Preliminary guidance published by Forest Research sets out how the risks of potential damaging effects can be minimised, notably by careful assessment of site suitability and location of activities on low risk sites. It is recommended that this is used to guide the planning and location of stump and root harvesting operations in Britain. FCRN009 1 Introduction Figure 1 A tracked excavator (a) fitted with a stump removal head (b). -
Forest Protection Unifies, Silviculture Divides
Article Forest Protection Unifies, Silviculture Divides: A Sociological Analysis of Local Stakeholders’ Voices after Coppicing in the Marganai Forest (Sardinia, Italy) Giampiero Branca 1,2, Irene Piredda 2, Roberto Scotti 2 , Laura Chessa 3,4, Ilenia Murgia 2,5 , Antonio Ganga 2 , Sergio Francesco Campus 2, Raffaella Lovreglio 2 , Enrico Guastini 2, Massimiliano Schwarz 6 and Filippo Giadrossich 2,4,* 1 Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Sassari, Piazza Conte di Moriana, 07100 Sassari, Italy; [email protected] 2 Nuoro Forestry School, Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, 08100 Nuoro, Italy; [email protected] (I.P.); [email protected] (R.S.); [email protected] (I.M.); [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (S.F.C.); [email protected] (R.L.); [email protected] (E.G.) 3 AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy; [email protected] 4 Desertification Research Center, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy 5 Department of Architecture, Design and Planning, University of Sassari, Piazza Duomo 6, 07041 Alghero, Italy 6 School of Agricultural Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Länggasse 85, 3052 Zollikofen, Switzerland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 May 2020; Accepted: 22 June 2020; Published: 25 June 2020 Abstract: Today, a forest is also understood as a real social actor with multiple-scale influences, capable of significantly conditioning the social, economic, and cultural system of a whole territory. The aim of this paper is to reconstruct and interpret the population’s perception of the silvicultural activities related to traditional use of forest resources of the southwestern Sardinian Marganai State Forest. -
Tree and Stump Removal Policy (PDF)
City of Green Bay Parks, Recreation, and Forestry Department Policies and Procedures General Subject: Forestry Specific Subject: Tree and Stump Removal Authorization/Date: November 28, 2006 Park Committee December 5, 2006 Common Council Legal References: Municipal Code Chapter 25 State Statute 27.09 Policy Statement The City shall have the authority and jurisdiction to remove trees within the rights-of-way of all streets, alleys, avenues, lanes, and public properties and parks and tree-planting easements as may be necessary to insure public safety or to preserve or enhance the symmetry and beauty of such public property. (Municipal Code Chapter 25) Trees historically maintained by the City fall under this policy. I. Definitions A. Chronic Pathogen – a disease, virus, or bacteria that will eventually cause the death of the tree B. Crown Area – the air space that a full, healthy tree crown would occupy (varies by species) C. Decay Pathogen – a fungus or canker rot that will compromise the strength and/or structure of the wood in the tree to the point that the tree becomes a hazard D. Forester – the City Forester, Assistant City Forester, or Department of Parks, Recreation and Forestry designee E. Infectious Pathogen – a disease, virus, bacteria, or fungus - that has the ability to pass from tree to tree through grafting, insect vector, or other method - that will eventually cause the death of the infected tree F. Invasive Species – trees, plants, and insects recognized by the Wisconsin DNR as detrimental to the environment of Wisconsin G. Mortality Causing Insect – invasive species insects known to kill trees if left uncontrolled H. -
Coppicing: Using a Forester's Tool on Range- Lands Linda Howell Hardesty
Rangelands 9(3), June 1987 129 Coppicing: Using A Forester's Tool on Range- lands Linda Howell Hardesty The phenomenon of coppicing, widelyused by foresters, ments. The coppicing stump uses the root system and can also bean important range managementtool. Coppice is reserves of the original plant, and under the influence of a defined as "all regeneration that is derived from vegetative chemical "contingency plan" reinitiates growth with proper- sprouting of dormant or adventitious buds." Range manag- ties very different from seedling growth. These properties ers talk about sprouting in conjunction with brush control, can affect forage production and quality. generally in a negative sense, as in: "mesquite's sprouting ability makes control almost impossible." While most people know what sprouting is, coppicingis only vaguely familiaras a managementtool. Foresters use coppice methods to insure a rapid, economical return to full stocking after wood is harvested, to maintain a desirable species and genetic composition, and to shorten rotation times. Following this more positive vein, what advantages might coppicinghave for the range manager interested in improving forage production? Coppiceregeneration and uncut caatinga woodlandsin northeast Brazil. The most familiar phenomenon is the speed with which coppice shoots emerge and grow. Most range managers have seen coppice shoots emerge from charred shrubs withindays ofa range fire, or have cut a tree in theyard only to have it begin almost immediately to fight back. The for- estry literature notes that coppice shoots may out-grow seed- lings for as long as 40 years (Daniel et al. 1979). Coppicing Cutting backcoppice growth of Auxemmaoncocalyx. stumps can provide browse in a hurry. -
Stump Removal:Removal: Selectedselected Bibliographybibliography by Dr
StumpStump Removal:Removal: SelectedSelected BibliographyBibliography by Dr. Kim D. Coder School of Forest Resources University of Georgia June 2003 This publication was prepared to assist professionals interested in exploring all aspects of stump removal to enter the literature. This bibliography is not comprehensive, but was designed to highlight important works and authors. Many of these papers have literature citations which lead to many other sources on various aspects of stump removal and decay. Anderson, C.J., M.P. Coutts, R.M. Ritchie, & D.J. Campbell. 1989. Root extraction force measurements for sitka spruce. Forestry 62(2):127-137. Biller, C.J. & J.E. Baumgras. 1987. Failure loads of small diameter hardwood stumps. Transactions of the ASAE 30(6):1587-1590. Coder, K.D. 2003. Accelerating stump decay processes. University of Georgia School of Forest Resources publication FOR03-13. Pp.7. Coder, K.D. 2003. Removing tree stumps from landscapes. University of Georgia School of Forest Resources publication FOR03-11. Pp.6. Coder, K.D. 2003. Stump removal by accelerated decay: Field worksheet. University of Georgia School of Forest Resources publication FOR03-15. Pp.2. Coder, K.D. 2003. Stump removal methods. University of Georgia School of Forest Resources publication FOR03-12. Pp.7. Coutts, M.P. 1983. Root architecture and tree stability. Plant and Soil 71:171-188. Deans, J.D. & E.D. Ford. 1983. Modeling root structure and stability. Plant and Soil 71:189-195. Entry, J.A. & C.B. Backman. 1995. Influence of carbon and nitrogen on cellulose and lignin degradation in forest soils. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25(8):1231-1236. -
Creating a Forest Garden Working with Nature to Grow Edible Crops
Creating a Forest Garden Working with Nature to Grow Edible Crops Martin Crawford Contents Foreword by Rob Hopkins 15. Ground cover and herbaceous perennial species Introduction 16. Designing the ground cover / perennial layer 17. Annuals, biennials and climbers Part 1: How forest gardens work 18. Designing with annuals, biennials and climbers 1. Forest gardens Part 3: Extra design elements and maintenance 2. Forest garden features and products 3. The effects of climate change 19. Clearings 4. Natives and exotics 20. Paths 5. Emulating forest conditions 21. Fungi in forest gardens 6. Fertility in forest gardens 22. Harvesting and preserving 23. Maintenance Part 2: Designing your forest garden 24. Ongoing tasks 7. Ground preparation and planting Glossary 8. Growing your own plants 9. First design steps Appendix 1: Propagation tables 10. Designing wind protection Appendix 2: Species for windbreak hedges 11. Canopy species Appendix 3: Plants to attract beneficial insects and bees 12. Designing the canopy layer Appendix 4: Edible crops calendar 13. Shrub species 14. Designing the shrub layer Resources: Useful organisations, suppliers & publications Foreword In 1992, in the middle of my Permaculture Design Course, about 12 of us hopped on a bus for a day trip to Robert Hart’s forest garden, at Wenlock Edge in Shropshire. A forest garden tour with Robert Hart was like a tour of Willy Wonka’s chocolate factory with Mr Wonka himself. “Look at this!”, “Try one of these!”. There was something extraordinary about this garden. As you walked around it, an awareness dawned that what surrounded you was more than just a garden – it was like the garden that Alice in Alice in Wonderland can only see through the door she is too small to get through: a tangible taste of something altogether new and wonderful yet also instinctively familiar. -
California's Hardwood Resources; 1986 November 12- Green, C.B
Figure 4--Black oak logs on this truck in Butte County, California, indicate a wide range of grades common to California hardwoods. (USDA Forest Service photo) though log quality often was high, drying problems and degrade 1965). These studies have generally followed a standard format thwarted most efforts for manufacturing lumber from this species. using the then current Forest Service rules for hardwood log Another problem was that log grading standards for species grades and National Hardwood Lumber Association rules for in the eastern United States were the only standards available; hardwood lumber grades. Test procedures in these studies standards for western species did not yet exist. A basic rule of account for lumber yield based on "green" grades and estimated thumb for comparing yields based on log grades, first stated by dry volumes (tally) adjusted for a 5 percent loss due to shrinkage Hall (1987), was that the combined grade recovery and value (Malcolm 1962). The yield studies did not follow the boards was 20 to 40 percent lower for the average #1 hardwood sawlog, through the processing steps of kiln drying and surfacing. No given identical exterior appearances and dimensions. determination was made of final recovery in surfaced dry ship- Years of experience by many sawmill processors have shown ping grades, volumes, and values. Consequently, the actual that California hardwoods yield a predominance of lower lum amount of degrade and loss during these subsequent manufac ber grades (#2 and #3 Common) with limited yields of higher turing steps was not accounted for in the results. quality FAS and Select grades (Chick 1979, Hall 1986, Hecathorn Although these studies were nationally accepted by both 1979, Schmidbauer 1979). -
Simple Taper: Taper Equations for the Field Forester
SIMPLE TAPER: TAPER EQUATIONS FOR THE FIELD FORESTER David R. Larsen1 Abstract.—“Simple taper” is set of linear equations that are based on stem taper rates; the intent is to provide taper equation functionality to field foresters. The equation parameters are two taper rates based on differences in diameter outside bark at two points on a tree. The simple taper equations are statistically equivalent to more complex equations. The linear equations in simple taper were developed with data from 11,610 stem analysis trees of 34 species from across the southern United States. A Visual Basic program (Microsoft®) is also provided in the appendix. INTRODUCTION Taper equations are used to predict the diameter of a tree stem at any height of interest. These can be useful for predicting unmeasured stem diameters, for making volume estimates with variable merchantability limits (stump height, minimum top diameter, log lengths, etc.), and for creating log size tables from sampled tree measurements. Forest biometricians know the value of these equations in forest management; however, as currently formulated, taper equations appear to be very complex. Although standard taper equations are flexible and produce appropriate estimates, they can be difficult for many foresters to calibrate or use. Most foresters would not use taper equations unless they are embedded within a computer program. Additionally, very few would consider collecting the data to parameterize the equations for their local conditions. The typical taper equation formulations used today are a splined set of two or three polynomials that are usually quadratic (2nd-order polynomial) or cubic (3rd-order polynomial) (Max and Burkhart 1976). -
Managing Deadwood in Forests and Woodlands
Practice Guide Managing deadwood in forests and woodlands Practice Guide Managing deadwood in forests and woodlands Jonathan Humphrey and Sallie Bailey Forestry Commission: Edinburgh © Crown Copyright 2012 You may re-use this information (not including logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence. To view this licence, visit: www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence or write to the Information Policy Team at The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or e-mail [email protected]. This publication is also available on our website at: www.forestry.gov.uk/publications First published by the Forestry Commission in 2012. ISBN 978-0-85538-857-7 Jonathan Humphrey and Sallie Bailey (2012). Managing deadwood in forests and woodlands. Forestry Commission Practice Guide. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh. i–iv + 1–24 pp. Keywords: biodiversity; deadwood; environment; forestry; sustainable forest management. FCPG020/FC-GB(ECD)/ALDR-2K/MAY12 Enquiries relating to this publication should be addressed to: Forestry Commission Silvan House 231 Corstorphine Road Edinburgh EH12 7AT 0131 334 0303 [email protected] In Northern Ireland, to: Forest Service Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Dundonald House Upper Newtownards Road Ballymiscaw Belfast BT4 3SB 02890 524480 [email protected] The Forestry Commission will consider all requests to make the content of publications available in alternative formats. Please direct requests to the Forestry Commission Diversity Team at the above address, or by email at [email protected] or by phone on 0131 314 6575. Acknowledgements Thanks are due to the following contributors: Fred Currie (retired Forestry Commission England); Jill Butler (Woodland Trust); Keith Kirby (Natural England); Iain MacGowan (Scottish Natural Heritage). -
Managing and Regenerating Timber in Bottomland Swamps History
July 2012 FM-17 Managing and Regenerating Timber in Bottomland Swamps History North Carolina has prime examples of high-quality and productive bottomland hardwood and cypress swamps. These swamps have provided a sustainable source of timber products and wood fiber for more than 200 years, and served as a foundation for the creation of the forest products industry in much of North Carolina. The forests of North Carolina, including hard-to-access bottomland swamps, have been harvested in multiple cycles since the settlement of the state in colonial times. Practically-speaking, it is inconceivable that any appreciable amount of “old growth” or “virgin” timber remains in North Carolina’s swamps, simply due to the numerous harvest cycles that have been conducted through history. The Basics of Bottomland Swamp Forests A diversity of forest tree species are adapted to grow in bottomland swamps. Tree species that are most frequently found in North Carolina’s swamps include (alphabetically): Baldcypress Swamp blackgum / Water tupelo Black willow Swamp chestnut oak Cherrybark oak Sweetgum Green ash Sycamore Red maple Yellow-poplar River birch However, that is not to say that you should expect to see all of these species in every bottomland swamp. On the contrary, the trees in some bottomland swamps can be predominately comprised of only a few species. In addition, North Carolina’s diversity of soils and topography promotes a diverse range in the types of bottomland swamps. The types of bottomland swamps most often found in North Carolina include (alphabetically): Black River Bottom: Bottomland areas of major river systems that originate in the coastal plain. -
Urban Forest Management Plan
2014 Urban Forest Management Plan California State University Northridge 10/15/2014 Table of Contents Vision ............................................................................................................................................................. 2 Mission .......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Plan Synopsis ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Historical Overview ................................................................................................................................... 3 Environmental Overview ...................................................................................................................... 3 Current State of the CSUN Urban Forest .............................................................................................. 3 Purpose of the CSU Northridge Urban Forest Management Plan ............................................................ 3 Benefits of the CSU Northridge Urban Forest........................................................................................... 5 Heating and Cooling .............................................................................................................................