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Soil Disturbance and Recovery After Coppicing a Mediterranean Oak Stand: the Effects of Silviculture and Technology

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Soil Disturbance and Recovery After Coppicing a Mediterranean Oak Stand: the Effects of Silviculture and Technology sustainability Article Soil Disturbance and Recovery after Coppicing a Mediterranean Oak Stand: The Effects of Silviculture and Technology Rachele Venanzi 1,2,*, Rodolfo Picchio 1 , Raffaele Spinelli 3 and Stefano Grigolato 2 1 Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; [email protected] 2 Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; [email protected] 3 CNR Institute of Bioeconomy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino FI, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0761357400; Fax: +39-0761357250 Received: 24 April 2020; Accepted: 12 May 2020; Published: 15 May 2020 Abstract: Traditional coppice management system is one of the most debated topics in the Mediterranean area, as it is a forest management system that accounts for over 23 million hectares. Coppicing is considered the oldest form of sustainable forest management. Its past and current widespread popularity is mainly due to its capacity to positively contribute to the rural economy and ecosystem services. This research aimed at assessing the effect of coppicing on soil characteristics, understanding a possible treatment return time, and evaluating the implementation of proper sustainable forest operations (SFOs) in order to have a better understanding of the disturbance caused by silvicultural treatment and forest operations with two different harvesting techniques. The results demonstrated that physical, chemical, and biological soil features were partially disturbed by the coppicing. Both silvicultural treatment and forest operations influenced soil disturbance. The least impactful technique was extraction by winch, while forwarding resulted in heavier alterations of soil characteristics. It took about five years for the soil to recover its original pre-harvest conditions when the disturbance was caused by the silvicultural treatment alone (non-trafficked areas) and about eight to nine years when the disturbance was the cumulated effect of silvicultural treatment and logging activity (trafficked areas). Keywords: forest operation; skidding-winch; forwarding; soil resilience; Mediterranean area 1. Introduction The coppice management system is one of the most debated topics in the Mediterranean area, as it is a forest management system that accounts for over 23 million hectares [1]. Coppicing is considered the oldest form of sustainable forest management and for this reason it is considered as a natural forest management system [2]. Its past and current popularity is mainly due to its capacity to positively contribute to the rural economy and ecosystem services [3]. Even if this management system presents environmental shortcomings, coppicing represents a valid and flexible management system that requires low inputs and guarantees maintenance of many aesthetic, environmental, social, and economic functions [1,4,5]. Recent findings in ecological and forestry research have highlighted that coppice forests contribute to soil protection and biodiversity conservation [6,7], showing good resilience and significant adaptability to climate change [1,8]. In the past, Mediterranean oak coppice stands were an important source of timber, firewood, and charcoal [9], as well as litter and pasture [10]. Today, they are mostly invested in the production of Sustainability 2020, 12, 4074; doi:10.3390/su12104074 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2020, 12, 4074 2 of 20 wood biomass for energy use due to their capacity to yield sustained amount of raw material at short intervals (on average one cutting cycle is every 12–18 years) [2]. These short cutting cycles could negatively affect soil quality and regeneration vigor [11,12]. Special concern is aroused by the risk for soil degradation connected with frequent machine traffic, which may cause compaction, topsoil removal, and general disturbance [13–16]. Nevertheless, not all logging techniques have the same impact potential and the specific characteristics of any given operation depend on site characteristics, silvicultural management, technological level, and product strategy [17,18]. Furthermore, technological innovations in forest logging and mechanization [19,20] could positively contribute to the improvement of work conditions, compared with traditional logging systems [21,22]. Assessing ground disturbance and minimizing possible damage due to silvicultural treatments and forest operations remain the main focus of sustainable forest management (SFM) [23–25]. In order to reach this aim, numerous suggestions have come from recent research, namely: to minimize the area of soil disturbance and compaction by appropriate operation planning [18,26,27]; to make careful execution of logging operations [28,29]; and to use suitable mechanization [12,30–34]. All this is in consideration of the fact that adequately managed forest ecosystems are highly resilient in the long-term [25,35]. Focusing the attention on coppice systems, there is a need to acquire more information about the impacts due to silvicultural treatment, i.e., actual logging and their interactions. These topics are very often the subject of heated arguments and detailed scientific results are needed to better understand the issue and provide best practice suggestions [2]. For these reasons, the concept of sustainability is frequently overlooked and is not considered as a clear instrument to assess the impact of global change and development. SFM is based on continuous improvements of silvicultural practice and logging methods. In particular, better knowledge is needed on the recovery time of managed forest ecosystems after the inevitable disturbance cause by forest operations, however well they are managed. This is one of the key factors for sustainable use and an important issue both for high forests and coppices [1]. Recent studies [4,5,36] on coppicing in the Mediterranean area have highlighted that within a short time after harvesting (0–3 years), soil and regeneration characteristics show clear signs of recovery. These findings demonstrated that physical, chemical, and biological soil features were only marginally affected by the silvicultural treatment applied, but strongly impacted by harvesting operations. Coppicing maintains a cyclical pattern of extreme changes in ground-level light penetration [1,37,38], producing heterogeneous mosaics of forest in various stages of succession that harbor a rich variety of animals and vascular plants [39–43]. Only efficient planning and management of forest operations and accurate knowledge of the environmental dynamics of the forest will offer high social and environmental benefits and provide various ecosystem services in the long term [44]. These aspects can be guaranteed only through SFM in synergy with sustainable forest operations (SFO) [45]. These tools are essential for proper environmental protection and they are mandatory in order to maintain forests and their multiple functions [45]. In particular, forest operations and coppice management are interesting but delicate issues to be analyzed and evaluated in order to achieve real sustainability. Starting from this background to increase scientific knowledge on the effects of coppicing, the present experiment was designed with four specific goals: to investigate the impact of the silvicultural treatment on soil condition; • to find out how both silvicultural treatment and forest operations influence soil characteristics; • to compare the impact of two different harvesting techniques on soil condition; • to assess the recovery capacity of soil after harvesting in order to project a possible treatment • return time; and evaluating the existence of a proper SFO. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4074 3 of 20 To this end, soil conditions in a Turkey oak coppice located in central Italy were monitored every year for five years after harvesting. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study Sites The study stand was Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) forest managed as coppice with standards. The stand was located in Central Italy, Lazio Region, Tarquinia municipality (42◦34037.0700 N, 11◦76040.0000 E). The whole forest covered about 100 ha, with homogeneous elevation, slope gradient, and roughness: 100 m a.s.l., 25% slope gradient and ca 5% of the surface presenting obstacles to machine traffic, respectively. The accessibility of the forest was therefore fairly good (12 m/ha of main forest roads) but the road network in the area included few permanent skid trails. The soil was an Abruptic Luvisol (EpiArenic Cutanic) (WRB, 2014) alluvial, with good depth (ranging from 0.6 to 0.9 m) non-hydromorph and with a neutral reaction. Soil texture was defined as Silty-Loam (SL), due to the high silt content (52%), moderate sand content (38%) and low clay content (10%). Soil field capacity (CC) was 24%, determined using the soil water method [46]. 2.2. Silviculture and Harvesting Technique The study coppice was clear-cut at the age of 35 years, releasing 140 standards per hectare. Standards belonged to three age classes: 35-years-old (60%), 45-years-old (30%), and 60-years-old or older (10%). The harvesting operation was completed within approximately 150 days for the about 100 ha studied. Only one harvesting system was applied, the tree length system (TLS) [47]. One control study area was selected of about 20 ha of coppice unharvested and not impacted for more than 20 years. Felling was performed motor-manually by three teams of two operators equipped
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