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Everyday Life and the Politics of Urgency in Kathmandu

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Everyday Life and the Politics of Urgency in Kathmandu Mutable Aspirations and Uncertain Futures: Everyday life and The Politics of Urgency in Kathmandu by Sabin Ninglekhu A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy in Geography Department of Geography and Program in Planning University of Toronto © Copyright by Sabin Ninglekhu, 2016 Mutable Aspirations and Uncertain Futures: Everyday life and the Politics of Urgency in Kathmandu Sabin Ninglekhu Doctor in Philosophy in Geography Department of Geography and Program in Planning University of Toronto 2016 Abstract This dissertation interrogates the right to the city as a category of analysis with recourse to an account of extreme marginality. As a starting premise, it seeks inspiration from Kristin Ross’ (1987) take on everyday life as a site of dominant relations of power on the one hand, and an incubator of utopian possibilities on the other. To this end, the dissertation probes three key questions. The first question asks: what are the conditions of possibility enabling the “slum dwellers” (sukumbasi in Nepali) in Kathmandu, Nepal, to make claims for the right to the city? I document the rituals of everyday life and the capacity to make claims that are organized through a metaphorical framework of a “house with three pillars." The second question broaches the issue of how claims for a right to the city come up against governmental programs seeking to secure norms of private property, environmental sustainability, and elite aesthetics. It asks: How does the threat of violence forge sukumbasi ii political subjectivity and inform renewed strategies of inhabitance? The third question investigates what implications these strategies have for diminishing, or modifying, the right to the city project? The last two questions prompt us to locate the practices of the poor within the context of a “politics of urgency” – an ad hoc creative and counterintuitive “non- movement” forged in the crucible of crisis, in which the organized ritual of everyday life is disrupted and stretched in new and uncertain directions. It is under these conditions that the demand for the right to the city loses its aspirational spirit on the one hand, while ushering in an evolving politics of possibility, on the other. In considering the politics and contingencies of the right to the city, we are presented with a stark understanding of the possibilities and limits of the political aspirations of the poor. The dissertation draws on ethnographic research of “the slum” in Kathmandu, and aims to combine Postcolonial Urbanism, Planning Theory and Critical Urban Studies to constructively probe the role of urban everyday life in troubling the political contours of the right to the city project. iii Acknowledgement This dissertation is an outcome of countless moments of feeling empowered and disempowered; these experiences have been interspersed over years of reading, researching, writing, and rewriting, and procrastinating, that have been both inspiring and excruciating in equal measure. I am pleased that the dissertation has finally seen the light of the day. A heartfelt note of thank you, therefore, should go to my supervisor, comrade, and colleague, Dr. Katharine N. Rankin, for relentlessly and passionately pushing me over and over again as if she was never prepared to give up on me. Enormous gratitude goes to my partner, Sirjana Pant, whose notes of encouragement conveyed through a perfect balance of patience and urgency always served as an everyday source of motivation and focus. Dr. Kanishka Goonewardena, Dr. Rachel Silvey and Dr. Anderson Sorensen are my dissertation committee members who have together provided constructive criticism, incisive feedback, and much- needed empathy in constantly re-invigorating the intellectual self that was necessary to inject energy into the dissertation time and again. Dr. Mark Hunter, the internal dissertation examiner, provided insightful comments during the final exam that has pushed the dissertation in a new direction. I owe a special thank you to my external examiner and the appraiser during the final exam, Dr. AbdouMaliq Simone, for a meticulous reading of my work and a very thoughtful set of encouraging comments that have helped me take ownership of the future direction of this project with renewed vigor and confidence. Without Yogendra Shakya, friend and mentor, this journey would not even have begun. Likewise, it would have been impossible to end this journey without Smita Acharya, Raju Lama and Moti lama, the fellow inhabitants of the city that I come from, Kathmandu, with whom I continue to collaborate in activism and planning for the right to the city. To my mom and dad, I dedicate this work for their dignified silence towards the latter stages of the PhD, which could have meant anything, but I mostly decided to take it as a source of inspiration. Few names remain unnamed because I have already thanked them in the hearts of my heart. iv Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Prologue .............................................................................................................................................. 1 2. Misplaced Dreams? .......................................................................................................................... 8 2.1 The Conjuncture of Naya Nepal (or New Nepal) ............................................................................ 8 2.2 Dreams Devoid of a Base ....................................................................................................................... 12 3. The Rise of Neoliberal Governance and Planning .............................................................. 17 4. Everyday Life and The Right to the City: Framing the Sukumbasi Demand .............. 25 5. Methodological Orientation ...................................................................................................... 30 5.1 Research Site ............................................................................................................................................... 31 5.1.1 The Site of Citizenship ...................................................................................................................................... 32 5.1.2 The Site of Governance ..................................................................................................................................... 33 5.2 Research Design and Strategy ............................................................................................................. 36 5.3 Research Sampling ................................................................................................................................... 38 5.3.1 Random Sampling and Sampling Size ......................................................................................................... 38 5.3.2 Snowballing ........................................................................................................................................................... 40 5.4 Research Methods .................................................................................................................................... 41 5.4.1 Interviews ............................................................................................................................................................... 41 5.4.2 Participant Observation ..................................................................................................................................... 42 5.4.3 Oral History ........................................................................................................................................................... 43 5.5 Positionality and Ethics .......................................................................................................................... 46 6. Dissertation Outline ..................................................................................................................... 48 Chapter 1 Right to the City, Everyday Life and Urban Revolution .............................. 51 1. Right to The City and Urban Revolution ............................................................................... 53 2. Everyday Life in Postcolonial Urbanism: The Organized and The Unanticipated .. 59 3. Concluding Thoughts ................................................................................................................... 65 Chapter 2 “House With Three Pillars”: The Politics of Patience .................................. 68 1. Condition of Compulsion: Transgression and Subversion .............................................. 69 2. Condition of Possibility: Space and Subjectivities ............................................................. 74 3. “House With three pillars” .......................................................................................................... 77 3.1 Savings: Enacting entrepreneurial subjectivities ....................................................................... 84 3.2 Sharing: A “Cosmopolitanism from below” ................................................................................... 91 4. Entangled Everyday Life and Alternative Imaginations .................................................. 96 Chapter 3 The Politics of Urgency ....................................................................................... 101 1.
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