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Cît Din Substratul Lexical Al Limbii Române E Dacic?

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Cît Din Substratul Lexical Al Limbii Române E Dacic? ANALELE BANATULUI, S.N., ARHEOLOGIE ISTORIE, XXVII, 2019 http://analelebanatului.ro/aparitii-issues/analele-banatului-xxvii-2019/ CÎT DIN SUBSTRATUL LEXICAL AL LIMBII ROMÂNE E DACIC? Dan Ungureanu* Cuvinte cheie: substrat lexical, limba română, limba dacilor, lingvistică istorică. Keywords: lexical substratum, Romanian language, Dacian language, historical linguistics. How much of the lexical substratum of the Romanian language is Dacian? (Abstract) e article is a comprehensive review of the research (to date) on the lexical substratum of Romanian. For many words belonging to the substratum, Celtic, Alpine, Italic etymologies are available. We should therefore dispense with the Dacian, racian or Balcanic hypothesis for most of these words, all the more so considering the scant evidence about these languages. e methodological rigor imposes a conclusion – that there is no compelling evidence of an influence of the Dacian language on the Latin that would later evolve into Romanian. Introducere de Pârvu Boierescu (ed. Academiei, 2018). E un imp de un secol, cuvintele care nu erau tablou a etimologiilor deja propuse pentru diverse Tevident latine sau slave (sau din împru- cuvinte. Din păcate, e o juxtapunere. Autorul: 1) muturile de mai tîrziu) au fost atribuite substra- nu dezbate validitatea etimologiilor propuse, nu tului – ceea ce era firesc – substrat care era apoi selectează una și 2) nu detaliază de ce o opţiune ar calificat drept dacic sau traco-dacic. Cuvintele care fi mai bună ca alta, care sînt dificultăţile, lacunele aveau un echivalent albanez erau automat atribuite și dubiile. substratului. Comparaţia cu albaneza nu e un indiciu fiabil. Trecerea de la “termen de substrat” la “termen Româna are în comun cu albaneza peste o mie de de substrat dacic” pare firească, pare normală. Dar cuvinte: avem de-a face cu introducerea unui criteriu isto- Cuvinte latinești, ric în lingvistică. Știm că dacii au locuit înainte de agjinoj/ a ajuna, argjend/argint, mërkurë/mier- romani pe acest teritoriu, DECI substratul e nece- curi, kërkoj/a cerca, ngushtë/ îngust, luftë/luptă, sarmente dacic. Acest sofism se perpetuează de un pranverë/primăvară, urroj/ a urî secol. Cuvinte slave, Așa că a fost necesar să enumerăm cuvintele atri- arqitë/răchită, bashtinë/baștină, brazdë/brazdă, buite de diverși autori – Ioan Iosif Russu, Ariton daltë/daltă, lopatë/lopată, plug/plug, trup/trup, Vraciu, Alexandru Rosetti, George Ivănescu, ugar/ogor, opingë/opincă, grazhd/grajd, vlagë/ Grigore Brâncuș substratului și să arătăm de ce vlagă, zid/zid majoritatea lor covîrșitoare nu aparţin substratului Cuvinte grecești, dacic, tracic, traco-dacic sau balcanic. Unele sînt kamatë/camătă livadhe/livadă, kuti/cutie, italice, alpine, celtice, pre-romane. Altele sînt pur Cuvinte turcești, și simplu cuvinte slave sau chiar cuvinte latine. baclava, halva, caimac, pilaf, ciorap, perdea, Iar altele, pur și simplu au origine necunoscută. capac, calabalîc, nazuri, musafir, fișic, cioban, Desigur, cîteva sînt dacice. cirac, conac, ogeac. Nu mai cităm, mai jos, ce au scris diverși Ca pentru un cuvînt să afirmăm că e dacic, lingviști despre subiect. Există deja un studiu, tracic, balcanic el trebuie să fie: 1) dovedit că Elementele de substrat (autohtone) ale limbii române există în albaneză, 2) dar nu mai există și în altă limbă romanică europeană. Or acest lucru e difi- * Universitatea Aurel Vlaicu Arad; e-mail: afrasiab30@ cil și presupune parcurgerea unui număr mare de gmail.com dicţionare. 349 https://biblioteca-digitala.ro ANALELE BANATULUI, S.N., ARHEOLOGIE ISTORIE, XXVII, 2019 Iată o ecuaţie facilă: Calabria nefinaru “dafin, Laurus nobilis” (din gr. δάφνη dafne) prin analogie cu fr. “afine” cioară s.f. „corneille”: alb. sorrë s.f. „Krähe”; myrtille din myrtus. Evoluţia myrtus > myrtillus e adap- Să repetăm o platitudine, o tautologie: un tarea unui cuvînt dintr-o limbă mediteraneană, cuvînt e de origine dacică, tracică, balcanică, latina, pentru a denumi o plantă care crește în Alpi, în munţi friguroși, cu numele unei plante dacă e specific, tipic, exclusiv, românei și alba- mediteraneene, mirtul. Și “alloro”. - nezei. cioară însă (vezi infra) îl regăsim în toată nafia nefi Italia și Franţa. naru, nafia sînt probabil fonetic recente. E brad cuvînt balcanic? Toţi autorii greci îl dau Posibil din dafin > afin cu afereză. Fructele de dafin drept cuvînt semitic, levantin. În română e un seamănă la formă și culoare cu afinele. împrumut din greacă și nimic mai mult. a agăţa, a acăţa din lat. adcaptiare. Nu e de substrat. E cioară un cuvînt balcanic? În nici un caz. Nu a adia arom. adil’are. etim. nec. are nimic specific balcanic. E un cuvînt din Italia, a ameţi Franţa amatir “a umili, a slăbi; refl. a fi din substratul italian. epuizat, frînt; a fi copleșit de oboseală, teamă, E brîu balcanic? Da, e atestat și în albaneză. De durere” Quatre livres des Rois, cartea I, cap.7, v. unde vine? E un cuvînt germanic, răspîndit din 13: la force Deu amatid les Philistiens. // amatir limba francilor în Italia și la slavi. “se fatiguer” Lille; omas de Kent, Le Roman Nu e vorba de cazuri izolate. O treime din ter- de toute Chevalerie v. 7848: Son lignage affolé e menii consideraţi de substrat, și implicit ca dacici, il memes assotiz, Devisé par les terres e forment NU sînt dacici. Sînt semitici (măgar, brad), sînt amatiz.; romand Montbeliard aimaiti “affai- celtici (balegă, gheară, molid) sau germanici (brîu, blir”; umbr.-laz. ammattì Blera. buștean, mal) sau ne vin din substratul din Italia amurg > murg poate înrudit cu gr. v. ἀμολγóς “mie- (sterp, cioară, ţap) sau sînt, pur și simplu, latini zul nopţii sau vremea mulsului de dimineaţă”. (fluier, zer). aprig etim. nec. posibil din lat. aper “mistreţ” > Avem un singur termen despre care se poate *apricus “agresiv ca un mistreţ”. argumenta că e dacic, brusture. argea termen dialectal din Muntenia, necunoscut O altă obiecţie metodologică: cuvintele cu o în Transilvania. Probabil împrumut tardiv din arie prea localizată (a mădări, Ardeal; argea, cătun, bulgară sau greacă. Muntenia) sau absente în aromână (multe): aceste a arunca lat. eruncare, cu același a- > e- ca la heri- cuvinte sînt foarte probabil împrumuturi tîrzii. cius >arici. Lista cuvintelor de substrat B A baci etim. nec. abur alternanţă arbitrară a lui v- /Ø iniţial: rom. baier din lat. baiulus. abur / lat. vapor, dar rom. vatră/ lat. atrium. 1 balegă Lombardia Canton Ticino: Ligornetto belegot “băleguţe care se agaţă în lâna oii”; afină “Vaccinium myrtillus” etimologie extrem Piem. bilekit: Antronapiana, Ceppomorelli, de dificilă. galeză (Welsh) mafon, afan ெzme- Malesco, Ornavasso în Sachatlas, hărţile 1173, ură, Rubus idaeus” Cornish avan, avanen 1174. Lombard Comasco baguleitt, Bergamo fem.ࣔzmeură, Rubus idaeus” (vezi J. Cameron bagula; Varese bagaritt “sterco di pecora”; Busto pentru nomenclatura completă) sau poate Arsizio balíti “escrementi di pecore” Bosino myrtus (plantă sudică) > myrtille (plantă nor- bagulìn. Languedoc: Claude François Achard, dică, montană) Dictionnaire de la Provence et du Comté-Venaissin: daphne (plantă sudică) > afin (plantă nordică, Vocabulaire provençal, 1785 velego: vilainie, salo- montană) perie, ordures; J. T. Avril, Dictionnaire provençal- mastikinu (Pistachia lentiscus, arborele de mas- français, suivi d’un vocabulaire français-provençal, tic, mediteranean, sudic) > mesteacăn (plantă Edouard Cartier, Imprimeur, Apt, 1839: veleguo: nordică, adaptată la frig)1. crotte Étienne Garcin, Nouveau dictionnaire pro- vençal-français, Fabre, Draguignan, 1841: vele- guo: crotte que l’on prend dans les rues, salope- 1 Mesteacănul şi arborele de mastic nu seamănă, fizic, deloc; rie, ordures. Absent în dicţionarul lui Léger Gary există o asemănare mică între răşina de mastic şi smoala de (occitană din Tarn) din 1845. Jacques Azaïs, mesteacăn. 350 https://biblioteca-digitala.ro Dieu, l’ homme et la parole, ou la langue primitive, bardeta “tachetée/pătată” Bresse. Cuvîntul e de Imprimerie de Mlle Paul, Béziers, 1853: fiente clară origine celtică. des bêtes à laine: bélégo languedocien (267). bască “lîna întreagă așa cum a fost tunsă de pe Gabriel Azaïs, Dictionnaire des idiomes langue- oaie”: alban. bashkë “întreg, împreună” dociens étymologique, comparatif et technologique, balaur etim. nec. Delpech Imprimeur, Béziers, 1864: belego: excré- a băga arom. bagu “a mînca” germanic, cf. engl. to ment des bêtes à laine en forme de boulettes, bag. crotte /.../ crottes attachées à la toison des ani- băiat posibil din baliatico “copil alăptat de doică” maux. Frédéric Mistral, Lou trésor dóu Felibrige, Italia Laţiu Genzano bajàticu; Franţa Lorraine, 1878, vol. 2, 1094: velego, belego: flocon de Champagne bacelle “fată”. laine grasse, mèche de cheveux gras, gringue- beregată celt. *brāgant “gît, gîtlej” cf. și gr. pharynx. naude (ordure attachée à l’anus) crotte attachée boare Franţa: Annonay esbaura “vent qui sèche”; à la laine ou au poil. Louis Rouquier, Contes a bòria Azi numai cu sensul “a-și da aere”. Sensul la troubilho, 1925, fără editură, Levallois-Perret, concret păstrat în zonele galo-italice din Sicilia, conte Lou Roumiu, glosat fumier de mouton. v. infra, și dialectele sudice. Și toscan Benedetto Dialectul din Puisserguier, Hérault. Jean-Louis Varchi sec. XVI Storia fiorentina vol. III: “tutto Garrot, Lexique des mots patois employés à vento e boria”. // din *buria > boare ca muria > Barre (Tarn): bélégo glosat fumier sec des brebis. Și moare. Meyer-Lübke REW 1219; vòria < bòria La Salvetat, Olargues, Hérault. Molise; sard Cagliari bória SSI 365 NEBBIA: baltă paltaun în tot nordul
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