Hawai’i

Volcanoes and Silverswords

A Greentours Tour Report

15th May to 2nd June 2015

Led by Paul Cardy and Vanessa Handley

Trip Report and Systematic Lists written by Paul Cardy, with much input from Vanessa Handley

Paul’s 200th Greentours Our first tour to Hawai’i was particularly memorable for me, part of a trilogy between Northern California and the Canadian Rockies, it was the 200th I had led for Greentours.

Hawai’i

Days 1 & 2 Friday 15th & Saturday 16th May Arrival

Vanessa and I met Heather and Gordon, Graeme and Gael, at Hilo’s small airport. All New Zealanders, they arrived on the short flight from the bustling airport at Honolulu.

We drove straight to the hotel in the verdant small settlement of Volcano, and after leaving luggage there went straight into the adjacent Volcanoes National Park for an afternoon walk. Centred on Mauna Loa, the world’s largest volcano, and the younger Kilauea the world’s most active, the park is a refuge for biodiversity on the island and is an International Biosphere Reserve and a World Heritage Site.

At the Steam Vents we walked the Sulphur Banks Trail, where progress was slow as we were seeing everything for the first time. Leptecophylla tameiameiae was a feature and the red ‘shaving brush’ of the endemic , ohia, were admired. The was here, and the endemic Smilax melastomifolia. The non-native terrestrial orchid Arundina graminifolia was in impressive . Among the many other naturalised were Wahlenbergia gracilis, Polygala paniculata, Chamaecrista nictitans, Lonicera japonica, Crotalaria lanceolata, and Spermacoce assurgens. A boardwalk took us past steaming sulphur vents coloured yellow and orange from the sulphuric gasses.

Long-tailed Blue was our first butterfly, a very widespread species. Our first endemic bird, Apapane, our first Hawaiian Honeycreeper, was much in evidence, with numbers of them flying into the ohia .

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After time back at the hotel to settle in, our first dinner together was eaten in a very good Thai restaurant a short walk down the road, with a great choice available. The calls of Coqui Rainfrogs were a constant soundtrack here, a problematic alien from Puerto Rico that has proliferated here.

Day 3 Sunday 17th May Volcanoes National Park

We awoke to persistent rain and it had in fact rained all night. Undetered we set out again into the park, and managed to avoid the worst of the weather, seeing much of interest. Initially we sheltered in the two visitor centres, where fascinating displays on the geology and wildlife of the park were very informative. A good selection of publications on the islands’ flora and fauna was available.

White-tailed Tropicbirds glided gracefully over the extensive Kilauea crater, and the attractive Saffron Finches around the car park originated from South America. The views of the smoking Kilauea were sublime.

Despite the continuing rain we set out along one of the trails. were a feature, and among the many other ferns was fine Lace . Luzula hawaiiensis was an endemic wood-rush, and Microlaena stipoides was a distinctive naturalised grass. Wikstroemia sandwicensis represented the Thymelaeaceae and Oenothera laciniata was naturalised.

Fine views were had of the Hawaiian Honeycreepers Apapane and Hawaiian Amakihi, both much in evidence. Japanese White-eyes, probably the commonest passerine on the islands, was often encountered. Both endemic Vaccinium reticulatum and Vaccinium calycosum were here, and the endemic lily Astelia menziesiana. was in flower and distinctive . Lycopodiella cernua carpeted the ground. The endemic Gesneriaceous Cyrtandra platyphylla was seen, and Hypericum parvulum flowered at the tracksides. Kyllinga brevifolia and Bulbostylis capillaris were attractive sedges, and Boehmeria grandis was an endemic nettle.

Lunch was eaten in the shelter of the HQ visitor centre. In the afternoon we set out on the excellent Kilauea Iki Trail. Initially through forest this led us down onto an extensive lava field. Filmy ferns grew on lush mossy trunks, and naturalised Phaius tankervilliae was in impressive flower. The endemic begonia Hillebrandia sandwicensis was in flower.

The endemic shrubby composite Dubautia scabra, and the rubiaceous Coprosma erneoides grew on the lava, where Polypodium pellucidum vulcanicum grew in crevices, and the attractive lichen Stereocaulon vulcanum was a feature. Other species included Pipturus albidus, a Rubus species, Morella faya, and particularly impressive Rumex maximum.

Day 4 Monday 18th May Volcanoes National Park

Birds in the hotel gardens included Kalij Pheasant. Among sedges near the lodge were Mariscus hypochlorus, Carex echinata, and Rhynchospora caduca. Fine weather saw us driving the short distance to a fine patch of forest, where we walked the Kipukapuaulu Trail. Here Koa and Ohia forest

Greentours Natural History Holidays www.greentours.co.uk 2 supported a fine flora, with much naturalised, but also many endemics. Where we parked the rosaceous Osteomeles anthyllidifolia was in flower and fruit at the roadside.

Whilst Vanessa led everyone on the clockwise circuit, I went in the other direction to see what birds the area supported. There was indeed much bird activity, although it was something of a cosmopolitan birding walk with most being non-native species. Kalij Pheasants were seen again, remarkably closely (much more so than we see them in Burma!), and also from Asia were Red-billed Leiothrix and Hwamei. Northern Cardinal represented North America.

But there were endemic birds here too, and Omao was seen very clearly, and sang beautifully. This is a Hawaiian native thrush, belonging to the same as the new world solitaires, and an endangered species. Hawaiian Creeper worked tree trunks, the characterful Elepaio, an endemic named after it’s call, was seen for the first time, and of course Apapane and Hawaiian Amakihi were much in evidence.

A highlight here was several Hawaiian Blues, a striking endemic butterfly, green on the underside. The foodplant is Koa, and we watched a female ovipositing. Long-tailed Blue and Red Admiral were also on the wing.

Small Indian Mongoose scampered across the trail, an introduced mammal we would see all too many of during the tour.

Plants continued with Pittosporum hosmeri, Coprosma rhyncocarpa, and Rubus hawaiiensis with its golf ball sized . Ferns included Microlepia strigosa, there was the endemic tree Xylosma hawaiiense, and the endemic nettle Urera glabra. Peperomia cookiana formed terrestrial mats, whilst Peperomia tetraphylla was epiphytic. Among the many other ferns were Nephrolepis exaltata and Nephrolepis cordifolia. hawaiiensis hillebradii had a very small endemic snail on its . A highlight was the translocated giffardianus in flower, an endemic extinct in the wild. Ochrosia haleakalae was from , and among the many other were Linaria canadensis, a Gnaphalium, Oenothera stricta, Verbena litoralis, Neostegia sandwicensis and Cordyline fruticosa.

Gordon spotted a Garden Skink and there was an interesting selection of spiders and various other invertebrates.

Back near the vehicles, Erckel’s Francolin was especially interested in our picnic lunch!

In the afternoon we drove to the highest point of the road up Mauna Loa via a beautiful narrow little-driven road. At the end of the road starts the testing Mauna Loa Trail, but we just pottered across to an Argyroxiphium kauense ‘enclosure’, but the silverswords here were only in and not especially striking. We would however see superb examples of a different species on Maui. Omao was again here. Carex wahuensis and Deschampsia nubigena were identified. On the drive down a stop was prompted by the distinctive fern Pellaea ternifolia.

Back down the mountain, we made a short visit to the golf course where several Hawaiian Geese, or Nene, were resident.

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Last stop of the day was at the Thurston Lava tube.

Tonight the hotel restaurant was open and we enjoyed a fine dinner there.

Day 5 Tuesday 19th May Hilo, Saddle Road, Mauna Kea, or Hamakua Coast, to Hapuna

Saying farewell to the comfortable lodge we drove down to the tropical heat of Hilo. There we visited the Farmer’s Market with its extensive selection of fruits, and a bookshop with a fine selection of natural history books. Vanessa and I were particularly pleased to each get a copy of the excellent Hawai’an Fern flora.

We then split into two. Vanessa drove Gordon and Heather along the scenic Hamakua Coast, and they had a produtive visit to the a botanic garden, seeing much of interest during an enjoyable day.

Meanwhile I drove Gael and Graeme along the saddle road across the island, between the volcanoes of Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea. Near Hilo was a pink flowered melastomaceous herb on roadsides.

Our first kipuka had many ferns including aethiopicum, Elaphoglossum paleaceum, a Dryopteris sp., and Lepisorus thunbergianus. Wahlenbergia gracilis was in flower. Rain came again but we continued undeterred. A highlight in this patch of ohia was the stunning Iiwi, a bright red Hawaiian Honeycreeper with a curved bill. A large Aeschnid was on the wing, but the dull weather precluded a good look.

Next we visited Kipuku Pu’u Huluhulu, a place Vanessa and I had visited before the start of the tour. There Koa was co-dominant, with flowering Sophora chrysophylla and Metrosideros. The latter attracted Apapane and Amakihi. The Myoporum sandwicense was here pink flowered, and we saw paniculatum and Dodonaea viscosa. Hawai’ian Blue was associated with the Koa, and Red Admiral was here. The endemic incompletum had rather oak like leaves. lasiocephalus was an endemic cucurbit, there was the widespread Asplenium trichomanes, and Morella faya.

Trifolium arvense var. arvense was robust, and other weeds included Senecio madagascariensis, Sherardia arvensis, Rumex acetosella, Dianthus armeria, and Silene gallica. The red flowered mallow was Modiola caroliniana. Among alien birds here were House Finch and the usual Japanese White-eyes.

Next I suggested that we drive some way up Mauna Kea, at least to where the paved road ended. Mauna Kea is the highest oceanic volcano, and measured from the ocean floor the world’s tallest mountain at 33,500 feet. There was much Sophora chrysophylla in flower. Having reached the end of the paved road, and not having a 4WD, we climbed some way up the open slopes, which afforded fine views down to the coastline below. It was Graeme who first found the fine endemic shrub Geranium cuneatum hololeucum in superb flower. The endemic composite Tetramolopium pumilum was another highlight, and we identified Epilobium billardianum and Stipa cernua.

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We continued down to the west coast, where a short stop showed an incredible contrast to where we had started the day in the lush Volcano and the verdant surroundings of Hilo, this leeward coast being dry and rather barren.

We settled into our fine resort hotel, and our superb rooms. There we soon met up with the others and later that evening drove into the nearby town for a very good dinner, and exchanged notes on what we’d seen during our respective days.

Day 6 Wednesday 20th May Hapuna, Puako, Pololu Valley, Hawi

A leisurely start today as we enjoyed the luxurious surroundings. A short drive took us to the beaches to the south of our hotel, where we first stopped to stock up on lunch supplies.

It was pretty hot as we made a short walk down to a deserted stretch of coast. Scaevola sericea was in flower and the distinctive fruits of were admired. Heliotropium anomalum was in flower, as was the related tree heliotrope Tournefourtia argentea. Asclepias speciosa, Coccoloba uvifera, and Ipomoea pes-caprae were typical of the .

The lovely Gold Dust Day Gecko was beautiful, but a native of Madagascar.

The rock pools here were teeming with life. Not least very closely approachable Green Turtles, at least eight of which were here, a real highlight. There were many small fish, among them some striking species, although mostly young individuals. The highlight was the stunning Moorish Idol. The sea cucumber Bohadschia paradoxa was identified and there were Black Brittle Stars.

Black-crowned Night Heron, Pacific Golden Plover, and Wandering Tattler were remarkably unconcerned by our presence.

Plants continued with Capparis sandwichiana, Thespesia populnea, , and a species of Pluchea. Monarch was on the wing, and Grey Francolin was rather common in the area.

Lunch was eaten on the coast here with attendant Yellow-billed Cardinals, and Japanese White-eyes.

After a break back at the hotel, where Green Anole was in the garden, we set of for the north-east of the island, driving to the end of the road. Here were views of Maui across the channel. A late afternoon walk gave fine views of this wild stretch of coast, remarkably lush and verdant again in contrast to the arid west coast. Castor Oil was naturalised, and in flower were Passiflora edulis, , Justicia betonica and Psidium guajava. Pandanus tectorius was native here.

We walked the Pololu Valley trail down to a black sand beach. Cassytha filiformis, Kalanchoe pinnata, a species, and Tetragonia tetragonioides were here and a black flatworm was a good find.

Dinner was eaten in a Japanese restaurant in Hawi, and much enjoyed by the group. The drive back in the dark yielded both Barn Owl and Short-eared Owl.

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Day 7 Thursday 21st May Pu’u Wa’awa’a State Wildlife Sanctuary and Pu’u La’au (PGC)

This morning we headed south to the dry forest of the Pu’u Wa’awa’a State Wildlife Sanctuary, on the slopes of Haulalai. We walked a circuit, seeing a variety of alien birds such as Yellow-fronted Canary, African Silverbill, and Saffron Finch. The dragonfly Anax junius was on the wing and there was a red Sympetrum species.

Among the many plants were Pleomele hawaiiensis, , Hesperocnide sandwicense, Cocculus orbiculatus, Psydrax odoratum, and . The Erythrina sandwicensis was not in flower.

Lesser Lantana Butterfly was added to the butterfly list. Gordon had been keeping an eye on the sky, and this paid off when he came up trumps and yelled to us, and there it was, the only Hawaiian Hawk of the tour, flying through speedily but then seen again soaring a few minutes later. Another highlight.

The afternoon was left free to enjoy the hotel environs. I meanwhile headed someway inland to recce a site on the slopes of Mauna Kea. Unfortunately I was not permitted to drive as far as I wished and had to park and walk a round trip of about seven miles to recce the area, and even then not quite getting to the best forest. Koa and Sophora chrysophylla were co dominant. My target here was the very local endemic Palila, but I was not successful today. I did however see the bryani subspecies of Elepaio, very closely; Amakihi; and new was the endemic Akiapolaau. Among the many aliens were California Quail and Ring-necked Pheasant.

I was very pleased to find the beautiful white endemic poppy Argemone glauca, which was also seen by Vanessa and the group on their way back to the hotel.

Among other notable plants seen on Big Island were the endemic tree Colubrina oppositifolia (Rhamnaceae), the endemic Silene struthioloides, and the endemic Clermontia hawaiiensis.

Maui

Day 8 Friday 22nd May Hawai’i to Maui, Wailuku

We left early for the shortish drive to the busy small airport of Kona. There all went smoothly and the flight to Maui was short and punctual. On arrival Vanessa and I went to collect our hire vehicles and there followed a few necessary practicalities. Our hotel was in the characterful county capital of Wailuku, and was a comfortable place on a quiet leafy street. In the garden were several impressive Phelsuma laticauda.

After selecting some freshly made sandwiches we drove a scenic route to the Waihe’e Ridge Trail. It was hot and we found a suitable tree under which to eat lunch in the shade, with fine ocean views.

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After lunch we walked slowly up the hill. Ferns were a feature, among them parasitica, Christella cyatheoides, Pteridium aquilinum var. decompositum, Cibotium menziesii, and Cibotium glaucum. Particularly notable was the adder’s tongue Ophioglossum pendulum, and a Nephrolepis had a lepidopterous larva feeding on it.

Among the many other plants were Gomphocarpus fruticosus, the Rutaceous tree Flindersea brayleyana, Smilax melastomifolia, the endemic lobelioid Clermontia arborescens, a Psychotria, Scaevola chamissonia, and more than one species of Paspalum.

For me the highlight was the superb fungus Aseroe rubra. This gasteromycete is known as Starfish Stinkhorn and is a remarkable thing, red, and indeed resembling a starfish with radiating double ‘arms’. It is foetid like Phallus species to attract flies which disperse the spores.

The fine song of Japanese Bush Warblers accompanied us here, and we saw this skulking species well.

It was just Graeme and me who reached the top of the trail, Vanessa returning to town with everyone else.

That evening we ate in a good restaurant in Wailuku.

Day 9 Saturday 23rd May Hosmer Grove and Haleakala Observatory

Rain started the day. We headed to the slopes of Haleakala, initially through clouds, but remarkably we suddenly emerged above the clouds and were in fine sunny weather. Several cyclists speeding down the mountain were certainly going in the wrong direction for the best weather!

Reaching our destination at Hosmer Grove we were met by a ‘docent’, one of the few who has permission to access Waikamoi Preserve. It was like, awesome.

We set out on foot. Apapane, Amakihi, and Iiwi were immediately in evidence. Plants began with Coprosma lantana, Dryopteris wallichiana, Lycopodium venustulum, Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum in flower, an impressive Lobelia, and the wonderfully named Carex alligator.

Cyanea horrida was a highlight along the boardwalk, in striking flower. Hawai’ian Blue was associated with the Koa. Maui Creeper was new in the endemic bird line but the stunning Akohekohe remained elusive today, although this is the most likely place to see this most characterful endemic. Iiwi were much in evidence.

Back at the vehicles we drove up to the summit of Haleakala, and the cinder desert around the observatory. Short-eared Owl was seen superbly close hovering over the road, and again on our descent.

Here at over 3,000m was a plant highlight of the tour, simply stunning silversword plants, although not in flower the spikes and rosettes were remarkably robust. This was Argyroxiphium sandwicense

Greentours Natural History Holidays www.greentours.co.uk 7 macrocephalum. There was also an interesting hybrid between this and Dubautia menziesii. Among the few other plants in this sparse habitat were Trisetum glomeratum and Polypodium pellucidum. Two Chukar were somewhat incongruous.

Apparently the ascent of Haleakala along this road, up to the Pu’u’ula’ula Overlook from sea level, is the highest elevation gain in the shortest distance anywhere in the world. There were of course fine views from up here.

Day 10 Sunday 24th May Pa’ia, Hana Road, Keanae Arboretum, Hana, Wai’anapanapa State Park

We left Wailuku and first made a shopping stop at a superbly stocked health food store in the characterful town of Pa’ia. There, Vanessa having taken detailed orders from the group, we bought extensive breakfast supplies as our next accommodation had well equipped kitchens which allowed for a leisurely quiet breakfast in one’s own appartment.

We continued eastwards along the scenic and famous Hana Road. The views were fine as we wound our way along the serpentine road, with one lane bridges and waterfalls a regular feature.

We broke the journey at Keanae Arboretum. Vanessa volunteered to look after the vehicles, full with our luggage, whilst we explored the arboretum and ate our lunch by the stream. The white flowered sedge Kyllinga nemoralis was distinctive, and Pilea microphylla carpeted the rocks. Among the most impressive trees were Australian Blue Marble Tree, Elaeocarpus grandis; the very tall Painted Eucalyptus with its remarkable patterned ; Fagraea berteriana from the South Pacific; and Eucalyptus citriodora with lemon scented leaves. Among the weedy species were Erechites hieracifolia, Setaria palmifolia, Echinochloa colona, and Lindernia crustacea.

I was very pleased to find the diminutive filmy fern Gonocormus minutus on a mossy tree trunk. Northern Cardinal was among the birds.

The Hana road became ever more lush and verdant. We travelled purposefully and mid afternoon arrived at our fine lodge and settled into the superb rooms, overlooking a deserted beach. Hana itself is small and rural, and apparently one of the most traditional Hawaiian settlements in the state.

An afternoon visit to the nearby coastal Wai’anapanapa State Park was enjoyable and productive. Here, close rocky islets supported a colony of Black Noddies, and we watched them for some time. Out at sea were Wedge-tailed Shearwaters. Plants included Asclepias curassavica, Hoya australis, the sedge Fimbristylis cymosa subspecies umbellato-capitata, Vigna marina, and Argyreia nervosa.

There was the option to walk to dinner, or be driven. This was in another good restaurant in town.

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Day 11 Monday 25th May Kipahula and Hana

Today we headed south from Hana to where the Haleakala park reaches the coast in the south-east of Maui.

The attractive dark flowered pea Macroptilium lathyroides was in flower. Red-crested Cardinal, a South American species, frequented the car park and was much admired. Among the many plants seen today on our walk towards the waterfall were Aleurites moluccana, Syzygium cumine, Ficus microcarpa, Adiantum hispidulum, Sporobolus elongatus, Eleusine indica, Gonocormus minutus, Desmodium sandwicense, and Ipomoea triloba.

The spider Argiope appensa in its web was a highlight, and we also found a beautiful orb spider with red protrusions from the abdomen. Butterflies were few as usual but Gulf Fritillary nectared.

Vanessa continued all the way up to the waterfall with Gael and Graeme whilst Gordon and Heather returned slowly to town with me, and there we enjoyed lunch. This being a holiday there was much traffic and some pretty poor driving along the windy road today, much busier than usual.

The remainder of the day was left as free time for walking from the hotel, catching up with paperwork, or relaxing. We went to the art gallery later afternoon and later enjoyed another excellent dinner.

Day 12 Tuesday 26th May Kipahula, Pi’ilani Highway and Wailuku

Superb weather saw us leaving our fine rooms and heading again south down the coast, the traffic much less today after the holiday. First we stopped at the old general store in town, where amidst an eclectic selection of tools, fishing equipment, and the like we managed to find something for lunch.

At Koki beach were none of the hoped for Hawaiian Monk Seals but numbers of Greater Frigatebirds sailed gracefully in the air. This was a beautiful black lava beach and almost deserted today. Gael tried here best to turn some of the lava spikes into lounging seals!

The vegetation changed markedly from lush to dry and barren as we reached the leeward south coast where we had views across to Big Island. A short stop had Alternanthera pungens, Boerhavia coccineum, and the chenopods Atriplex semibaccata, Chenopodium carinatum, Dysphania ambrosioides, and Dysphania carinata.

There were several Black Francolins in the area. Another stop was prompted by more impressive white flowered Argemone glauca. Near Pa’ia we had seen the yellow flowered Argemone mexicana naturalised on roadsides. We also found Bocconia frutescens, a naturalised shrubby poppy. formed attractive yellow flowered mats, and the endemic Jacquemontia ovalifolia sandwicensis was very attractive. Legumes included Indigofera spicata and Desmodium tortuosum. Melia azedarach was in flower.

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Another stop had Pteroselinum crispum, Parthenium hysterophorus, Momordica charantia, Chenopodium oahuense, parviflora, and the fern Doryopteris decipiens. Heather brought a Gomphocarpus pod into the car to have a better look at it and it took some time to get all the out of the vehicle!

The coastal road gave views of the uninhabited Kaho’olawe island. Used by the US military as a bombing range until 1990, once forested and lush, the island is now barren, although now designated a reserve with extensive restoration work ongoing.

Nearing Wailuku we visited a supermarket to stock up on our evening drinks of choice, as tonight the drinks were on Gordon to celebrate his birthday. We enjoyed another excellent dinner in the friendly restaurant in town. One of the most modest places we ate in, and, perhaps not surprisingly, some of the best food we had anywhere. Walking back to the hotel after dinner we didn’t quite make it before the rain came and we had to shelter under a verandah during what became an incredibly heavy prolonged shower. Eventually Vanessa braved it and heroically went to the hotel to collect her car to drive us the short distance home.

Among other notable plants seen on Maui were Santalum ellipticum, the endemic sandwicensis, the endemic euphorbiaceous tree platyphyllum, Coprosma repens, the endemic shrub Labordia hedyosmifolia, Cyrtandra hawaiensis, Tree Spinach, Begonia hirtella, the endemics Dubautia laxa and Dubautia platyphylla, and mauiensis.

Kaua’i

Day 13 Wednesday 27th May Kealia Central Wetlands Boardwalk, Maui Botanic Gardens, To Kaua’i, Koloa, Waimea

Not far from town, on the south coast a fine boardwalk allowed access to a protected wetland area. A good number of the endemic Hawaiian Stilt were seen superbly, allowing photographs. Hawaiian Coots were on the water, and Black-crowned Night Herons hunted among the mangroves, Rhizophora mangle. There were several Anax junius on the wing and several other dragonflies and damsels including Ischnura ramburii and probable Tramea lacerata.

The diminutive Brephidium exilis was common in the saltmarsh, one of the smallest butterflies in the world. One in the ‘scope was much admired. There were a number of fine Argiope spiders in webs. Nearby were two White-faced Ibis, a rare bird here, and nesting Hawaiian Stilts with chicks. Sanderling was added to the bird list.

Plants included Gossypium tomentosum, Pluchea indica, Spergularia marina, Colubrina asiatica, Bulboschoenus maritimus paludosus, Ischaemum byrone, and Cyperus laevigatus.

Next we visited the Maui Botanic Gardens which boasted a fine collection of native plants. Among the most notable were the highly endangered Gouania hillebrandii, the impressive Achyranthes splendens, Sapindus saponaria, the endemic Thymelaceae Wikstroemia uva-ursi, endemic Sesbania

Greentours Natural History Holidays www.greentours.co.uk 10 tomentosa, and Portulaca molokiniensis. Many Long-tailed Blues frequented the gardens, and the attractive Java Sparrow was a new alien bird for us.

We enjoyed our sandwiches in the gardens before making the short drive to the airport. The sizeable airport allowed us to sort some practicalities before another short flight, to Kaua’i.

Kaua’i is the fourth largest, and oldest, of the main Hawai’ian islands, and together with Ni’ihau the most isolated of the eight major islands. Highly weathered ranges have many rivers and streams flowing down to the sea. The west and southwest have gradual slopes, with deep canyons such as the famous Waimea. Kaua’i boasts more endemic plant species than any other island.

It was raining when we arrived, precluding an evening stroll, although a short coastal stop had White-rumped Shama, a species much in evidence on the island. We took time for supply shopping and the like and then had an early dinner in an extremely noisy restaurant in Koloa, a small town with attractive historic buildings. It was incredible just how much noise the shouting customers made in that restauarnt and our ears were still ringing the next morning!

Our hotel was further west in Waimea and we drove there in the dark. Spread over a large area the self contained rooms were houses in themselves, and fully equipped. They were in fact old plantation cottages, dating from the 1930s and 1940s, and translocated and rebuilt here.

Day 14 Thursday 28th May Waimea Canyon, Koke’e State Park

We split into two groups today.

Gordon and Heather came with me on a more leisurely visit to Waimea Canyon, 10 miles long and 2500 feet deep. The Waimea Canyon Drive afforded many fine views and we made stops at various lookouts.

Our first stop was to walk the Iliau Nature Loop where a tour highlight was the impressive Wilkesia gymnoxiphium in flower. This imposing rosette shrub is one of two members of this endemic genus, both limited to this island, this one only occuring in Waimea Gorge and giving its native name to the trail.

There was Dianella sandwicensis and I was very pleased to find the endemic shrubby Viola chamissoniana trachelifolia in flower. Centaurium erythraea was naturalised and we identified the endemic Eragrostis variabilis. The Bidens was possibly Bidens sandvicensis and there was the endemic sedge Gahnia beecheyi. Garden Skink was here, and the very widespread pyralid Nomophila noctuella.

There were fantastic views of the canyon as we climbed higher, with distant high waterfalls. White- tailed Tropicbirds flew against the cliffs. There were some impressive colourful flowers higher up, although not native, among them Passiflora tarminiana, Tropaeolum majus, Fuchsia boliviana, and Erigeron karvinskianus. A small visitor centre had a few more books to add to the collection, and even a useful small booklet on the native land snails of Kaua’i. Red Junglefowl were numerous.

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Higher up at the first viewpoint, rain and fog greeted us, but we waited patiently and it cleared somewhat whilst we were there. In the Metrosideros here were Elepaio and Apapane and I was delighted to find Amakihi, a new endemic Hawaiian Honeycreeper for us. Nearby was miniature Sisyrinchium exile. Another highlight was the endemic painted lady relative, Kamehameha Butterfly, Vanessa tameamea.

A longer forest walk had many ferns including Aythyrium microphyllum and Diplopterygium pinnatum. Here were the endemic trees Nestegis sandwicensis and kavaiensis, and the interesting mistletoe Korthalsella complanata.

Meanwhile Vanessa, Gael, and Graeme had quite an adventure on challenging muddy trails as they ventured down to the Alakai swamp on a circa eight mile walk. Alakai is on the central plateau, boasting dense forest and bogs with high rainfall.

Among the many fine plants seen by the Alakai team were the endemic fern Elaphoglossum aemulum; the endemic Campanulaceae Clermontia fauriei, Cyanea hirtella, Cyanea leptostegia; the endemic Elaeocarpus bifidus; the endemic gesneria Cyrtandra longifolia; the endemic Scaevola glabra and Scaevola procera; the endemic labiate Stenogyne purpurea; the endemic Labordea pumila; the endemic lessertiana; endemic Pittosporum gayanum; the endemic Peperomia remyi; the speciality Lysimachia daphnoides; the endemic anisata and Melicope barbigera; the endemic Platydesma spathulata; the endemic Wikstroemia furcata; endemic Viola kauaensis; the mistletoes Korthalsella latissima and Korthalsella remyana and endemic Astelia argyrocoma.

Drosera anglica grew in the bog, and remarkably the species is believed to have been brought to Kaua’i in mud on the feet of Pacific Golden Plovers having flown here from the temperate far north.

We met up at dinner in the resort restaurant, the Alakai team arriving later after a very full day. We had an enjoyable meal hearing about each others adventures during the day.

Day 15 Friday 29th May National Tropical Botanic Garden and Polihale State Park

Fine weather again this morning as we first drove to Koloa to do some picnic shopping.

Not far away on the southern shores of the island was the National Botanic Garden. This was an incredible contrast to the wilderness we’d been in yesterday and the visit all rather supervised and sanitised. Nevertheless it was a worthwhile visit and the extensive gardens allowed plenty of exploration. The visit involved being taken up to the gardens in a bus, with a talk along the way, and we were warned to not venture into the area of poisonous plants!

As we waited for the bus to depart we saw several planted endemics including Nototrichum sandwicense and Wikstroemia uva-ursi. Pittosporum halophilum from and offshore islets is known from only 14 plants in the wild. White-rumped Shama was very tame and Erythrina sandwicensis was in flower.

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Brown Anole was here, and among the other non-native birds were Northern Mockingbird and Chestnut Munia. Red Junglefowl were a real feature, and indeed everywhere on the island very common, even just outside our rooms.

Achyranthes mutica was here, and the Hibiscus kokio was in impressive flower, as was kauiensis. Sphenomeris chinensis was among the ferns, and plants continued with endemic Scaevola gaudichaudii and Hibiscus arnoltianus immaculatus. Moorhens were new for the bird list.

Having taken the bus back to the entrance we regained our cars and drove back to the hotel for a short stop before continuing to the far west coast of Kaua’i, in fact the most westerly point I’d ever been. This was Polihale State Park and here we walked in the dunes behind an extensive sandy beach and enjoyed the fine setting and the cliffs ahead of us. A species of the endemic composite genus Lipochoeta was in flower and there was much Vitex rotundifolia.

As we drove out we had fine close views of a flying Barn Owl. A series of small pools had Hawaiian Coots, Hawaiian Stilts, and Moorhens, but not the hoped for Hawaiian Duck, although we would soon catch up with that!

Day 16 Saturday 30th May Waimea, Koloa, Kilauea Point NWR, Hanalei Bay, and Limahuli Garden

It was time to leave our characterful cottages, and again we headed first to Koloa for some supply shopping. We then headed north to Kilauea Point National Wildlife Refuge and the Kilauea Lighthouse.

A large Red-footed Booby colony was a feature, and we had great views of these characterful birds. There were fine views of Red-tailed Tropicbirds sailing past, Greater Frigatebirds in the air, and a few Brown Boobies.

One of our targets here was Laysan Albatross, and before long we found this fine bird, not far away, with impressively large fluffy chicks. We were also hoping to see Hawaiian Monk Seals here but were not fortunate today. They had been seen here the previous day however.

Our impressive hotel was not far away. We settled into the rooms, although I gave up trying to deal with reception here as apparently they thought my English was terrible!

After a short break we took a very scenic drive west to Limahuli Garden. Heavy rain came but we set out regardless, sheltering periodically. Limahuli Garden and Preserve is situated in the valley of the same name and protects many severely endangered plants, many endemics, some indeed only found here. We set out along the interpretive self guided trail. Peucedanum sandwicense is an endemic restricted to windward cliffs on a few islands. Delissea rhytidosperma was a rare Kaua’i endemic, and there was the endemic caryoph Schiedia kauiensis. The common Pipturus albidus was a stingless nettle.

Of most interest to us was the native forest walk, a fine attempt to create pure native Hawaiian mesic forest. Several species represented here have fewer than 50 individuals in the wild, and some fewer

Greentours Natural History Holidays www.greentours.co.uk 13 than ten. Particularly poignant was the story of Kadua haupensis, discovered as recently as 1998, but soon after that the only known population was eaten by goats! Caeselpinia kauiensis is known from only fifty extant specimens, with only one on Kaua’i. is extremely endangered, and Hibiscus kokio saintjohnianus was a very local endemic. The endemic tree was here, Psychotria hobdyi was a very local Kaua’i endemic, and Pipturus kauaiensis is restricted to Kaua’i. Among the ferns Dryopteris fusco-atra was a widespread species, and Microsorum spectrum was very distinctive. Pritchardia limahuliensis, representing the native palm genus, was named after and endemic to this valley.

Charpentiera elliptica was a tree endemic to Kaua’i, flynni has fewer than 25 in the wild, is one of the rarest trees in Hawai’i, belonging to the , and aurea was a Kaua’i endemic. , one of the most characteristic members of the Hawaiian flora, was in flower here, but is considered extinct in the wild. The stories of botanists rappelling down the Napali cliffs to pollinate and monitor the remaining individuals were fascinating.

Despite the rain the garden sprinklers were going and soaked us even more! Vanessa did her best to persuade me not to buy any more books but I managed to sneakily purchase ‘Marine Green and Brown Algae of the Hawaiian Islands’ from the small shop here!

Back near the hotel we again found Hawaiian Geese to be golf course birds, as was, remarkably, nesting Laysan Albatross which we saw very closely. Appropriate in a way as of course albatross is a golfing term, three under par.

That evening Vanessa and I met a Hawaiian Duck with five chicks as we drove back from a supermarket visit. Dinner was in a good restaurant a short drive away.

Day 17 Sunday 31st May Coast west of Hanalei, and Hanalei

We again headed west, to the beaches on the north of the island, busy today as it was Sunday.

Vanessa went snorkeling whilst the rest of us pottered along the beach.

Xanthium strumarium was added to , and Ludwigia octovalvis was in flower. Commelina diffusa was in bloom, the impressive Crinum asiaticum was naturalised, and Paspalum vaginatum was among the grasses. White-tailed Tropicbirds flew against the cliffs. I was pleased to find a beautiful cowrie on the shore.

Vanessa rejoined us having seen a great variety of beautiful fish including Milkfish, a lizardfish, Threadfin Butterflyfish, Bluestriped Butterflyfish, Raccoon Butterflyfish, Teardrop Butterflyfish, Pennantfish, a halfbeak, Peacock Grouper, Bigeye Emperor, Blackfin and Oval Chromis, Japanese Angelfish, Manybar and Yellowstripe Goatfish, Yellowtail and Elegant Coris, Bird and Ornate Wrasse, Pyle’s Sandlance, Longtail Dragonet, Petite Goby, Orangeband Surgeonfish, Blacktail and

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Bluestriped Snappers, Goldring Bristletooth, Wedge Triggerfish, Hawaiian Whitespotted Toby, Bluefin Trevally, Bluespine Unicornfish, Spotted Puffer and Yellow Tang.

Stopping where a river flowed out into the sea, it was Gael who first spotted the Hawaiian Ducks, and indeed there were four of this now scarce endemic, which now only occurs on this island. There were also Hawaiian Coots. Back on the golf course were the resident Hawaiian Geese.

The rest of the day was left for relaxing, packing, catching up with paperwork and the like. I did catch up with much paperwork, and prepared my parcel of books for posting the next day.

Our final meal turned out rather pretentious. We took a taxi into Hanalei to a highly recommended restaurant but it was all rather precious, and certainly not our most enjoyable meal. Most escaped for an ice-cream afterwards!

Day 18 Monday 1st June Departure

Hard to believe it was June already! I headed into town early to post my parcel of books back to Europe.

We left the hotel, and stopped for lunch shopping. There was a young Albatross on the golf course and Heather spotted three more Hawaiian Ducks. There were also the usual Nene. Three very special birds.

Greater Necklaced Laughingthrushes flew across the road, a new bird for the non-native list.

On the east coast we walked down to an unspoilt quiet beach, but there were still none of the hoped for Hawaiian Monk Seals at what is a regular site for them.

We found a quiet spot in the Wailua River Valley for lunch before heading to the airport. Another short flight took us to the sizeable Honolulu airport. In fact we were all on slightly different flights, and in Lihue we all said our fond farewells. Gordon and Heather were heading home to New Zealand. Graeme and Gael I would see a few days later in Canada. Vanessa and I enjoyed dinner in Honolulu, then took the overnight flight to San Francisco. Vanessa headed home from there and I waited for my flight to Calgary.

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Systematic List Number 1 Plants

The standard flora is the excellent ‘Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai’i’ by Wagner, Herbst, and Sohmer, 2 volumes, University of Hawai’i Press, Revised Edition 1999. The systematic order and nomenclature used here generally follow the more recent ‘Hawaiian Native and Naturalised Checklist (December 2012 update)’, edited by Clyde T.Imada. ‘Hawai’i’s Ferns and Fern Allies’ by Daniel D.Palmer, University of Hawai’i Press, 2003, is a superb fern flora of the islands.

PTERIDOPHYTA 221 native and naturalised species occur. Although many were identified on the tour, doubtless many more will be added to this list on future visits as we become more familiar with the species present.

Aspleniaceae Asplenium aethiopicum Hawai’i Asplenium macraei Endemic? Maui. Asplenium nidus Bird’s-nest Fern East Maui Asplenium trichomanes ssp.densum Endemic subspecies, Hawai’i Asplenium spp. Several others certainly present

Athyriaceae Athyrium microphyllum Endemic, Waimea etc. Diplazium sandwichianum Endemic

Blechnaceae Blechnum appendiculatum Sadleria cyatheoides Endemic, widespread Sadleria pallida Endemic, Hawai’i and Maui Sadleria squarrosa Endemic, Hawai’i etc.

Cyatheaceae Sphaeropteris cooperi Australian Tree Fern Hawai’i

Dennstaedtiaceae Hypolepis hawaiiensis var.hawaiiensis Endemic, Maui Microlepia strigosa var.strigosa Hawai’i Pteridium aquilinum Bracken Endemic subspecies, widespread ssp.decompositum

Dicksoniaceae Cibotium glaucum Endemic, common on all islands Cibotium menziesii Endemic, common on all islands Cibotium nealiae Endemic, Kaua’i

Dryopteridaceae Cyrtomium caryotideum Endemic, Volcanoes NP Dryopteris fusco-atra Endemic, widespread Dryopteris glabra Endemic, widespread Dryopteris wallichiana Waikamoi Dryopteris spp. Others certainly present Polystichum haleakalense Endemic, Waikamoi Polystichum spp. Tectaria spp.

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Elaphoglossaceae Elaphoglossum aemulum Endemic, Kaua’i Elaphoglossum alatum Endemic, Kaua’i Elaphoglossum crassifolium Endemic, Hawai’i Elaphoglossum paleaceum Hawai’i amd Maui Elaphoglossum spp. Others certainly present

Gleicheniaceae linearis Widespread and abundant Diplopterygium pinnatum Endemic, Maui and Kaua’i Sticherus owhyhensis Endemic, Maui

Grammitidaceae Adenophorus hymenophylloides Endemic, epiphytic. Hawai’i. Adenophorus periens Endemic, Hawai’i. Adenophorus pinnatifidus Endemic Adenophorus tamariscinus Endemic Adenophorus tenellus Endemic, Hawai’i. (Grammitis tenella).

Hymenophyllaceae Crepidomanes minutum Maui Gonocormus minutus Maui Hymenophyllum spp. Mecodium recurvum Endemic Vandenboschia spp.

Lindsaeaceae Sphenomeris chinensis Hawai’i, Kaua’i

Lycopodiaceae Huperzia sp. Waikamoi Huperzia sp. Volcanoes NP Lycopodiella cernua Hawai’i and Maui Lycopodium venustulum var.venustulum Maui

Marattiaceae Angiopteris evecta Giant Fern Hawai’i and Maui

Nephrolepidaceae Nephrolepis cordifolia Hawai’i Nephrolepis exaltata ssp.hawaiiensis Endemic subspecies. Hawai’i and Maui. Nephrolepis multiflora Widespread

Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossum pendulum Maui (Ophioderma pendulum ssp.falcatum)

Polypodiaceae Lepisorus thunbergianus Hawai’i and Maui Microsorum spectrum Endemic, Limahuli Phlebodium aureum Phymatosorus grossus Hawai’i and Maui Polypodium pellucidum var.pellucidum Endemic, Hawai’i and Maui Polypodium pellucidum var.vulcanicum Volcanoes NP Platycerium bifurcatum Common Staghorn Fern

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Psilotaceae Psilotum complanatum Flat-stemmed Whiskfern Hawai’i Psilotum nudum Upright Whiskfern Hawai’i and Maui

Pteridaceae Adiantum capillus-veneris Maidenhair Fern Rare on Hawai’i. This species was probably not seen. Adiantum hispidulum Rough Maidenhair Fern Maui Adiantum raddianum Hawai’i Adiantum tenerum Brittle Maidenhair Fern Maui Doryopteris decipiens Endemic, Maui Pellaea ternifolia Hawai’i and Maui Pityrogramma austroamericana Goldback Fern Hawai’i Pteris cretica Hawai’i Pteris spp. Others certainly present

Schizaeaceae Schizaea robusta Endemic

Selaginellaceae Selaginella arbuscula Hawai’i Selaginella kraussiana Hawai’i Selaginella spp.

Thelypteridaceae Christella cyatheoides Endemic, Maui Widespread Christella parasitica Maui, locally very common Christella dentata x parasitica Pneumatopteris sandwicensis Endemic

SPERMATOPHYTA Gymnosperms

Araucariaceae Araucaria columnaris Naturalised on Maui

Cupressaceae

Pinaceae Pinus radiata Monterey Pine Maui

Dicots Acanthaceae Asystasia gangetica Chinese Violet North-east Hawai’i and Maui Justicia betonica White Shrimp Plant Numerous in north-east Hawai’i Thunbergia alata Black-eyed Susan Roadsides on Maui Thunbergia grandiflora Blue Trumpet Vine Kaua’i Thunbergia laurifolia Purple Allamanda North-east Hawai’i

Aizoaceae Sesuvium portulacastrum Sea Purslane Maui wetlands

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Tetragonia tetragonioides New Zealand Spinach North-east Hawai’i

Amaranthaceae Achyranthes mutica Endemic, National Tropical BG Achyranthes splendens Endemic, Maui BG Alternanthera pungens Khaki Weed Maui Amaranthus spinosus Spiny Amaranth Hawai’i Charpentiera elliptica Endemic, Limahuli Charpentiera obovata Endemic Charpentiera ovata Endemic Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park. sandwicense Endemic, National Tropical BG

Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica Mango Widely naturalised Schinus terebinthifolius Christmas Naturalised on Hawai’i and Maui

Apiaceae Centella asiatica Asiatic Pennywort Hawai’i and Maui Ciclospermum leptophyllum Fir-leaved Celery Scattered records Foeniculum vulgare Fennel Naturalised, Hawai’i and Maui Hydrocotyle bowlesioides Endemic, Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park. Petroselinum crispum Parsley Maui Peucedanum sandwicense Endemic, Limahuli

Apocynaceae Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park Cascabela thevetia Yellow Oleander Maui Nerium oleander Oleander Hawai’i Ochrosia haleakalae Endemic, Cultivated at Kipukapuaulu, Hawaiìi. Rauvolfia sandwicensis Endemic Thevetia peruviana Yellow Oleander Maui and Kaua’i Vinca major Greater Periwinkle Hawai’i

Aquifoliaceae Ilex anomala Holly Hawai’i, Volcanoes NP

Araliaceae Cheirodendron trigynum Endemic, Hawai’i. Polyscias kavaiensis Endemic, Kaua’i. Polyscias flynii Endemic, Kaua’i. Endemic, Maui BG Schefflera actinophylla Octopus Tree Hawai’i Schefflera arboricola Hawai’i Tetraplasandra kavaiensis Endemic, Kaua’i

Asclepiadaceae Asclepias curassavica Maui Asclepias physocarpa Balloon Plant Maui Calotropis gigantea Maui Calotropis procera Hawai’i west coast Hoya australis Maui

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Asteraceae Achillea millefolium Yarrow Hawai’i Ageratina riparia Hawai’i Ageratum conyzoides Hawai’i Argyroxiphium kauense Ka’u Silversword Endemic, Hawai’i. Argyroxiphium sandwicense Endemic, Fine on Maui, even though macrocephalum not in flower. Argyroxiphium sandwicense Endemic, Mauna Kea. sandwicense Artemisia mauiensis Endemic, Maui. Artemisia spp. Bidens alba Hawai’i Bidens pilosa Hawai’i Bidens sandvicensis sandvicensis Endemic, This species on Kaua’i? Bidens spp. Calyptocarpus vialis Maui Centaurea melitensis Yellow Star Thistle Hawai’i Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle Kaua’i Conyza bonariensis Hairy Horseweed Hawai’i Cotula australis Maui Delairea odorata Cape Ivy Hawai’i, Maui. Dubautia ciliolata subsp. ciliolata Endemic, Hawai’i Volcanoes NP. Dubautia laxa Endemic, Maui. Dubautia menziesii Endemic, Haleakala. Dubautia platyphylla Endemic, Maui. Dubautia scabra Endemic, Hawai’i. Emilia coccinea This species on Hawai’i? Emilia fosbergii Hawai’i and Maui Emilia sonchifolia Hawai’i and Maui Erechtites hieracifolia Maui Erigeron karvinskianus Daisy Fleabane Hawai’i and locally very common on Kaua’i Galinsoga parviflora Hawai’i Gnaphalium spp. Helianthus annuus Common Sunflower Hawai’i Helichrysum foetidum Hawai’i Heterotheca grandiflora Telegraph Weed Maui Hypochoeris glabra Smooth Cat’s-ear Hypochoeris radicata Rough Cat’s-ear Widely naturalised Lactuca serriola Prickly Lettuce Maui and Kaua’i Lapsana communis Maui sp. Endemic, Kaua’i west coast. Madia sativa Coast Tarweed Naturalised on Hawai’i Parthenium hysterophorus Maui Pluchea carolinensis Hawai’i and Maui Pluchea indica Maui Pseudognaphalium Endemic, Hawai’i. sandwicensium Senecio madagascariensis Hawai’i and Maui Senecio vulgaris Groundsel Hawai’i Sonchus oleraceus Smooth Sow-thistle Hawai’i Sphagneticola trilobata North-east Hawai’i and Maui Taraxacum officinale Dandelion Kaua’i Tetramolopium humile humile Endemic, Hawai’i. Tridax procumbens Hawai’i and Maui

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Wilkesia gymnoxiphium Endemic, In fine flower Waimea. Xanthium strumarium var.canadense Kaua’i north coast Youngia japonica Oriental Hawksbeard Locally common on Maui

Balsaminaceae Impatiens walleriana Maui

Bataceae Batis maritima Pickleweed Maui

Begoniaceae Begonia hirtella Maui Hillebrandia sandwicensis Endemic, Kaua’i

Bignoniaceae Jacaranda mimosifolia Naturalised on Hawai’i Spathodea campanulata African Tulip Tree Widespread in flower

Boraginaceae Cordia subcordata Hawai’i, coastal Heliotropium amplexicaule Hawai’i Heliotropium anomalum West Hawai’i coast and Maui Heliotropium curassavicum Tournefortia argentea Tree Heliotrope Coastal, Hawai’i and Maui flora.

Brassicaceae Cardamine hirsuta Hairy Bittercress Hawai’i Sisymbrium officinale Hedge Mustard Hawai’i

Buddlejaceae Buddleja asiatica Scattered records

Cactaceae Cereus uruguayanus Southern Kaua’i Hylocereus undatus Night-blooming Cereus Scattered records Opuntia ficus-indica Widespread

Campanulaceae Brighamia insignis Endemic, in flower Limahuli. Extinct in the wild. Clermontia arborescens Endemic, Waihe’e Ridge Trail Clermontia faurei Endemic, Kaua’i Clermontia hawaiiensis Endemic, Hawai’i Clermontia parviflora Endemic, Hawai’i Volcanoes NP, in flower. Clermontia spp. Cyanea horrida Endemic, Maui Cyanea hirtella Endemic, Kaua’i Cyanea leptostegia Endemic, Kaua’i Cyanea spp. Delissea rhytidosperma Endemic, Limahuli Hippobroma longiflora Scattered records Lobelia sp. Endemic, Maui Wahlenbergia gracilis Hawai’i

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Wahlenbergia marginata Hawai’i

Capparidaceae Capparis sandwichiana Endemic, Hawai’i west coast.

Caprifoliaceae Lonicera japonica Japanese Honeysuckle Hawai’i and Kaua’i Sambucus mexicana Mexican Elder Hawai’i

Caricaceae Carica papaya Papaya Naturalised

Caryophyllaceae Arenaria serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Sandwort Hawai’i Cersatium fontanum Common Mouse-ear Dianthus armeria Deptford Pink Scattered records on Hawai’i Drymaria cordata var.pacifica Kaua’i Petrorhagia velutina Hawai’i and Haleakala Polycarpon tetraphyllum Four-leaved Allseed Hawai’i Schiedea kauiensis Endemic, Limahuli Silene gallica Small-flowered Catchfly Hawai’i Silene struthioloides Hawai’i, Maui Spergularia marina Lesser Sand-spurrey Maui wetlands Stellaria media Chickweed Scattered records

Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetifolia Widespread

Cecropiaceae Cecropia obtusifolia Scattered records

Celastraceae Perrottetia sandwicensis Endemic

Chenopodiaceae Atriplex semibaccata Australian Saltbush Hawai’i Chenopodium oahuense Endemic, South Maui. Dysphania ambrosioides South Maui Dysphania carinata South Maui

Clusiaceae Calophyllum inophyllum Maui Hypericum parvulum Volcanoes NP tracksides

Combretaceae Terminalia catappa Indian Almond Scattered records

Convolvulaceae Ipomoea alba Hawai’i Ipomoea indica Widespread and common Ipomoea pes-caprae Beaches Ipomoea triloba Maui Ipomoea sp. West coast Kaua’i Jacquemontia sandwicensis Endemic, South Maui.

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Merremia spp.

Crassulaceae Bryophyllum pinnatum Hawai’i Kalanchoe tubiflora Hawai’i

Cucurbitaceae Coccinia grandis Scarlet-fruited Gourd Hawai’i Momordica charantia South Maui Sicyos albus Endemic, Hawai’i. Sicyos lasiocephalus Endemic, Saddle road, Hawai’i.

Droseraceae Drosera anglica Kaua’i

Ebenaceae Diospyros sandwicensis Endemic, Hawai’i.

Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus bifidus Endemic, Kaua’i

Epacridaceae Leptecophylla tameiameiae Locally common, e.g. Volcanoes NP.

Ericaceae Vaccinium calycinum Endemic, Hawai’i and Maui. Vaccinium dentatum Endemic, Maui. Vaccinium reticulatum Endemic, Hawai’i and Maui.

Euphorbiaceae Aleurites moluccana Hawai’i, Maui Cnidoscolus aconitifolius Tree Spinach Maui celastroides Endemic, Hawai’i Euphorbia haeleeleana Endemic, Limahuli Euphorbia heterophylla Flueggea neowawraea Endemic, Limahuli Macaranga mappa Hawai’i Macaranga tanarius Hawai’i Manihot esculenta Hawai’i Ricinus communis Castor Oil Plant North-east Hawai’i

Fabaceae Koa Endemic, Locally dominant on all islands. Acacia koaia Endemic, Saddle road, Hawai’i. Caesalpinia kavaiensis Endemic, Limahuli cathartica North-east Hawai’i Canavalia pubescens Endemic, Maui east coast Chamaecrista nictitans Hawai’i and Maui Crotalaria lanceolata Volcanoes NP Crotalaria spp. Delonix regia Flamboyant Hawai’i Desmodium sandwicense East Maui, locally common Desmodium tortuosum Maui

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Erythrina crista-galli Hawai’i Erythrina sandwicensis Endemic, Hawai’i and Maui. Indigofera spicata Creeping Indigo Maui Indigofera suffruticosa Hawai’i Leucaena leucocephala Scattered records Lotus subbiflorus Volcanoes NP Macroptilium lathyroides Maui Medicago lupulina Black Medick Scattered records Medicago polymorpha Toothed Medick Kaua’i Melilotus indica Yellow Melilot Scattered record Mimosa pudica var.unijuga Sensitive Plant Widespread Mucuna gigantea Sea Bean Hawai’i Prosopis pallida Mesquite Locally dominant Samanea saman Rain Tree Naturalised on all islands Sesbania tomentosa Endemic, Maui BG Sophora chrysophylla Mamane Endemic, Locally dominant. Tamarindus indica Tamarind Hawai’i Trifolium arvense var.arvense Hare’s-foot Clover Hawai’i, saddle road. Trifolium dubium Lesser Trefoil Hawai’i Trifolium repens White Clover Hawai’i Ulex europaeus Gorse Maui Vicia villosa Fodder Vetch Hawai’i Vigna marina Beach Pea East Maui

Flacourtiaceae Xylosma hawaiiense Endemic, Volcanoes NP.

Gentianaceae Centaurium erythraea Common Centaury Kaua’i

Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium Common Storksbill Scattered records Geranium arboreum Endemic, Maui. Geranium cuneatum ssp.hololeucum Endemic, M.Kea Geranium cuneatum ssp.tridens Endemic, Maui Geranium homeanum Hawai’i Geranium multiflorum Endemic, Maui Geranium pusillum Small-flowered Crane’s-bill Hawai’i

Gesneriaceae Cyrtandra platyphylla Endemic, Volcanoes NP Cyrtandra hawaiensis Endemic, Maui Cyrtandra longifolia Endemic, Kaua’i Cyrtandra spp.

Goodeniaceae Scaevola chamissoniana Endemic, Volcanoes NP (?) Scaevola gaudichaudii Endemic, National Tropical BG Scaevola glabra Endemic, Kaua’i Scaevola prosera Endemic, Kaua’i Scaevola taccada Beaches on Hawai’i and Maui.

Hydrangeaceae Broussaisia arguta Endemic, Hawai’i and Maui

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Labiatae Leonotis nepetifolia Maui Mentha xspicata Spearmint Hawai’i Phyllostegia vestita Endemic, Hawai’i Stenogyne microphylla Endemic, Hawai’i Stenogyne purpurea Endemic, Kaua’i

Lauraceae Cassytha filiformis North-east Hawai’i and Maui Persea americana Hawai’i

Linaceae Linum bienne Pale Flax Hawai’i

Loganiaceae Fragraea bertiana Maui Labordia hedyosmifolia Endemic, Maui Labordia pumila Endemic, Kauai

Lythraceae Cuphea carthagenensis Maui Lythrum maritimum Maui

Malvaceae Abutilon grandifolium North-east Hawai’i Gossypium tomentosum Endemic, Maui Hibiscadelphus distans Endemic, Limahuli Hibiscadelphus giffardianus Endemic, in flower Volcanoes NP Hibiscus arnottianus ssp.immaculatus Endemic, National Tropical BG Hibiscus kokio ssp.saintjohnianus Endemic, Limahuli Hibiscus tiliaceus Hawai’i Endemic, Limahuli and National Tropical BG Malva neglecta Dwarf Mallow Malva parviflora Least Mallow Maui Modiola caroliniana Scattered records Sida fallax Hawai’i and Maui Sida rhombifolia Maui Thespesia populnea Hawai’i and Maui Urena lobata Maui

Melastomataceae Clidemia hirta var.hirta Maui Heterocentron subtriplinervium Pearl Flower Hawai’i Medinilla magnifica Hawai’i Miconia calvescens Hawai’i Pterolepis glomerata Hawai’i Tibouchina herbacea Maui Tibouchina longifolia Hawai’i Tibouchina urvilleana Hawai’i and Kaua’i

Meliaceae Melia azedarach South Maui Swietenia humilis Mahogany Hawai’i

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Toona ciliata Australian Red Cedar Hawai’i

Menispermaceae Cocculus orbiculatus Hawai’i etc.

Menyanthaceae Nymphoides aquatic Banana Lily Maui

Molluginaceae Mollugo cerviana Threadstem Carpetweed Pu’u Wa’awa’a SW Sanctuary, Hawai’i

Moraceae Artocarpus altilis Breadfruit Ficus macrophylla Hawai’i Ficus microcarpa Hawai’i and Maui Ficus religiosa Hawai’i

Myoporaceae Myoporum sandwicense Widespread

Myricaceae Morella faya Firetree Hawai’i

Myrsinaceae Ardisia elliptica Hawai’i Myrsine lessertiana Endemic, Hawai’i, Kaua’i Myrsine lessertiana Endemic, Kaua’i

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus spp. Metrosideros polymorpha Endemic, Widespread, on all islands. Psidium cattleianum Strawberry Guava Hawai’i Psidium guajava Common Guava Widespread Syncarpia glomulifera Planted Syzygium cumini Maui Syzygium jambos Rose Apple Hawai’i and Maui Syzygium sp. North-east Hawai’i

Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia coccinea Maui Mirabilis jalapa Wailuku brunoniana Hawai’i

Ochnaceae Ochna thomasiana Wailuku

Oleaceae Ligustrum sinense Kaua’i Nestegis sandwicensis Endemic, Dry forest on Hawai’i. Kaua’i.

Onagraceae Epilobium billardierianum M.Kea Fuchsia boliviana Hawai’i and Kaua’i Fuchsia magellanica Volcanoes NP etc.

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Ludwigia octovalvis Maui and Kaua’i Oenothera laciniata Cut-leaved Evening Primrose Volcanoes NP Oenothera stricta Hawai’i and Maui, locally very common

Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata Creeping Wood Sorrel Hawai’i and Maui Oxalis debilis var.corymbosa Maui

Papaveraceae Argemone glauca Endemic, Hawai’i and Maui. Argemone mexicana Mexican Poppy Maui roadsides Bocconia frutescens South Maui

Passifloraceae Passiflora edulis Passion Fruit Hawai’i and Maui Passiflora lauriflora Yellow Granadilla Maui Passiflora subpeltata White Passion Flower East Maui Passiflora tarminiana Kaua’i

Phyllanthaceae Antidesma platyphyllum Endemic, Maui

Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca sandwicensis Endemic, Hawai’i. Rivina humilis Coral Berry North-east Hawai’i

Piperaceae Peperomia cookiana Endemic, Volcanoes NP Peperomia macraeana Endemic, Maui Peperomia remyi Endemic, Kaua’i Peperomia tetraphylla Volcanoes NP Peperomia spp. Piper methysticum Maui roadsides

Pittosporaceae Pittosporum gayanum Endemic, Kaua’i Pittosporum glabrum Endemic, Maui Pittosporum hosmeri Endemic, Hawai’i Pittosporum spp.

Plantaginaceae Plantago hawaiensis Endemic, Volcanoes NP Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantain Widespread Plantago major Greater Plantain Widespread

Plumbaginaceae Plumbago auriculata Plumbago zeylanica South Maui

Polygalaceae Polygala paniculata Widespread

Polygonaceae Antigonon leptopus Coral Vine Maui

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Coccoloba uvifera Sea Grape Coastal Persicaria capitata Locally very commonly naturalised Rumex acetosella Sheep’s Sorrel Widespread Rumex crispus Curled Dock Kaua’i Rumex giganteus Endemic, Volcanoes NP Rumex skottsbergii Endemic, Hawai’i

Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea Scattered Portulaca pilosa Hawai’i Portulaca villosa Endemic

Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis Scarlet Pimpernel Scattered Lysimachia daphnoides Endemic, Kaua’i

Proteaceae Grevillea robusta Hawai’i and Kaua’i Macadamia tetraphylla Maui

Ranunculaceae Anemone hupehensis var. japonica Volcanoes NP

Rhamnaceae Alphitonia ponderosa Endemic, Hawai’i dry forest Colubrina asiatica Maui BG Colubrina oppositifola Endemic, Hawai’i Gouania hillebrandii Endemic, Maui BG

Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora mangle Red Mangrove Maui south coast

Rosaceae Fragaria chiloensis ssp.sandwicensis Endemic subspecies, Volcanoes NP Fragaria vesca Wild Strawberry Kaua’i Osteomeles anthyllidifolia Volcanoes NP and Maui Rubus argutus Hawai’i and Maui Rubus ellipticus Himalayan Raspberry Hawai’i Rubus hawaiensis Endemic, Hawai’i and Maui. Rubus rosifolius Thimbleberry Hawai’i and Maui Rubus spp.

Rubiaceae elatior Endemic, Maui Coffea arabica Arabian Coffee East Maui Coprosma ernodeoides Endemic, Hawai’i and Maui Coprosma montana Endemic, Maui Coprosma ochracea Endemic, Hawai’i Coprosma repens Endemic, Maui Coprosma rhynchocarpa Endemic, Hawai’i Coprosma spp. Endemic, Hilo Airport! Few left in the wild. Kadua affinis Endemic, Maui

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Kadua centranthoides Endemic, Hawai’i Kadua haupuensis Endemic, Limahuli. Discovered in 1998, and soon after the only known wild population was eaten by goats. Morinda citrifolia Indian Mulberry Hawai’i and Maui Nertera granadensis Hawai’i Pentas lanceolata Maui Psychotria hawaiiensis var.hillebrandii Endemic, Hawai’i Psychotria hobdyi Endemic, Limahuli Psychotria mariniana Endemic, Maui Hawai’i Richardia brasiliensis Widespread, locally very common Sherardia arvensis Field Madder Hawai’i Spermacoce assurgens Buttonweed Hawai’i Spermacoce exilis Pacific False Buttonweed Hawai’i

Rutaceae Flindersia brayleyana Queensland Maple Waihe’e Ridge Trail Melicope anisata Endemic, Kaua’i Melicope barbigera Endemic, Kaua’i Melicope clusiifolia Endemic, Maui Platydesma spathulata Endemic, Kaua’i Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. dipetalum Hawai’i

Santalaceae Santalum ellipticum Endemic, Kaua’i, Maui Santalum haleakalae Endemic, Maui Santalum paniculatum var.paniculatum Endemic, two sites on Hawai’i

Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosa Widespread Sapindus oahuensis Endemic, Limahuli Sapindus saponaria Hawai’i

Sapotaceae Chrysophyllum onophyllum North of Hana, beach.....? Endemic, Maui.

Scrophulariaceae Castilleja arvensis Maui roadsides Linaria canadensis var.texana Hawai’i Lindernia crustacea Maui Verbascum thapsus Aaron’s Rod Hawai’i Veronica serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Speedwell Kaua’i

Solanaceae Brugmansia xcandida Maui Nicotiana glauca Tree Tobacco Hawai’i roadsides Nicotiana tabacum Tobacco Maui Physalis peruviana Cape Gooseberry Hawai’i Solanum americanum Scattered records Endemic, Hawai’i Solanum linnaeanum Hawai’i Solanum spp.

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Sterculiaceae Waltheria indica Hawai’i and Maui

Theaceae Camellia sinensis Tea Hawai’i

Thymelaeaceae Wikstroemia furcata Endemic, Kaua’i Wikstroemia sandwicensis Endemic, Hawai’i Wikstroemia uva-ursi var.uva-ursi Endemic, Maui, Kauai

Tiliaceae semitriloba Sacramento Bur Hawai’i and Maui

Tropaeolaceae Tropaeolum majus Garden Nasturtium Maui and Kaua’i

Ulmaceae Trema orientalis Gunpowder Tree Hawai’i and Maui

Urticaceae Boehmeria grandis Endemic, Volcanoes NP Charpentiera sp. Endemic, Volcanoes NP Hesperocnide sandwicensis Endemic, Hawai’i dry forest Pilea microphylla Artillery Tree Maui Pipturus albidus Endemic, Volcanoes NP Pipturus kauaiensis Endemic, Limahuli Urera glabra Endemic, Volcanoes NP

Valerianaceae Centranthus ruber Red Valerian Maui

Verbenaceae Clerodendrum chinense East Maui roadsides Lantana camara Lantana Widespread Stachytarpheta cayennensis Maui Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Jamaica Vervain Hawai’i and Maui Verbena litoralis Widespread Vitex rotundifolia Beaches, Maui and Kaua’i

Violaceae Viola chamissoniana Endemic, in flower Waimea ssp.tracheliifolia Viola kauaiensis Endemic, Kaua’i

Viscaceae Korthalsella complanata Kaua’i Korthalsella latissima Kaua’i Korthalsella remyana Kaua’i

Zygophyllaceae Tribulus cistoides Tribulus terrestris Maltese Cross

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Monocots Agavaceae Cordyline fruticosa Scattered records Furcraea foetida Maui Pleomele aurea Endemic, Limahuli Pleomele hawaiiensis Endemic, Hawai’i dry forest

Aloeaceae Aloe vera Maui

Araceae Caladium bicolor Hawai’i Colocasia esculenta Taro Maui Epipremnum pinnatum Taro Vine Hawai’i and Maui Monstera deliciosa

Arecaceae Archontophoenix alexandrae Hawai’i Cocos nucifera Coconut Widespread Pritchardia beccariana Endemic, Hilo Pritchardia limahuliensis Limahuli Garden, not in flora

Cannaceae Canna indica Indian Shot Maui

Commelinaceae Commelina benghalensis Hawai’i Commelina diffusa Hawai’i and Kaua’i Tradescantia zebrina and Maui Costaceae Cheilocostus speciosus Maui Costus woodsonii Maui

Cyperaceae Bolboschoenus maritimus ssp.paludosus Maui, Kealia Wetlands Bulbostylis capillaris Hawai’i Carex alligata Endemic, Maui Carex echinata Star Sedge Hawai’i Carex longii Hawai’i Carex macloviana ssp.subfusca Hawai’i Carex wahuensis ssp.wahuensis Endemic, Hawai’i Cladium jamaicense Maui Cyperus compressus Maui Cyperus difformis Maui Cyperus involucratus Hawai’i Cyperus javanicus Scattered records Cyperus laevigatus Kealia Wetlands Cyperus meyenianus Kaua’i Cyperus odoratus Recorded Cyperus polystachyos Widespread Cyperus sandwicensis Endemic, Maui Fimbristylis cymosa ssp.umbellato-capitata Maui east coast Gahnia beecheyi Endemic, M.Loa, and Waimea

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Kyllinga brevifolia Hawai’i Kyllinga nemoralis Maui Machaerina angustifolia Hawai’i and Maui Machaerina mariscoides ssp.meyenii Endemic subspecies, Maui Mariscus hypochlorus Endemic, Hawai’i etc. Mariscus spp. Morelotia gahniiformis Endemic, Maui Oreobolus furcatus Endemic, Maui Rhynchospora caduca Hawai’i and Maui

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea bulbifera Maui Dioscorea pentaphylla Hana

Helioconiaceae Heliconia bihai Maui Heliconia latispatha Maui

Iridaceae Crocosmia xcrocosmiiflora Hawai’i Sisyrinchium acre Endemic, Maui Sisyrinchium exile This species Waimea? Very small.

Juncaceae Juncus bufonius Toad Rush Hawai’i Juncus planifolius Widespread Juncus tenuis Maui Luzula hawaiiensis var.hawaiiensis Endemic, Hawai’i and Maui

Liliaceae Asparagus densiflorus Maui Astelia argyrocoma Endemic, Kaua’i Astelia menziesiana Endemic, Hawai’i and Maui Crinum asiaticum Naturalised north Kaua’i Dianella sandwicensis Hawai’i

Marantaceae Calathea crotalifera Rattlesnake Plant Hana Road

Musaceae Musa x paradisiaca Maui Musa velutina Akaka Falls

Orchidaceae Arundina graminifolia Bamboo Orchid Hawai’i and Maui Phaius tankarvilleae Hawai’i Spathoglottis plicata Hawai’i and Maui

Pandanaceae Freycinetia arborea Hawai’i and Maui Pandanus tectorius Hawai’i and Maui

Poaceae Agrostis stolonifera Creeping Bent-grass Hawai’i and Maui

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Agrostis sandwicensis Endemic, Maui Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal Grass Hawai’i and Maui Arundo donax Giant Reed Scattered records Avena barbata Scattered records Avena fatua Wild Oat Axonopus compressus Axonopus fissifolius Hawai’i Briza minor Lesser Quaking-grass Hawai’i and Maui Bromus catharticus Hawai’i and Kaua’i Bromus diandrus Great Brome Hawai’i Bromus tectorum Cheat Grass Maui Bromus willdenowii Rescue Grass Hawai’i clandestinus Kikuyu Grass Very widely naturalised Fountain Grass Locally dominant, aggressive coloniser Chloris barbata Swollen Fingergrass Widespread and locally common Chloris radiata Radiate Fingergrass Coix lachryma-jobi Maui Cortaderia jubata Pampas Grass Maui Cymbopogon refractus Barbwire Grass Hawai’i Cynodon dactylon Maui Dactylis glomerata Cock’s-foot Widespread Deschampsia nubigena Endemic, Volcanoes NP Digitaria setigera Maui etc. Echinochloa colona Maui Ehrharta stipoides Meadow Ricegrass Hawai’i Eleusine indica Wiregrass Maui Eragrostis brownei Sheepgrass Hawai’i Eragrostis variabilis Endemic, Kaua’i Eragrostis Festuca bromoides Hawai’i Festuca rubra Red Fescue Maui Heteropogon contortus Twisted Beardgrass Holcus lanatus Yorkshire Fog Hawai’i and Maui Hyparrhenia rufa Thatching Grass Hawai’i Isachne distichophylla Endemic, Maui Ischaemum byrone Hilo Ischaemum Endemic, Maui south coast Melinis minutiflora Molasses Grass Melinis repens Maui Oplismenus hirtellus Basketgrass Panicum nephelophilum Endemic, Maui Paspalum paniculatum Hawai’i Paspalum urvillei Vasey Grass Maui Paspalum vaginatum Seashore Paspalum Kaua’i clandestinum Kikuyu Grass Widespread Poa annua Annual Meadow-grass Widespread Setaria palmifolia Palmgrass Hawai’i and Maui Setaria parviflora Volcanoes NP Setaria sp. Sporobolus africanus Maui Stipa cernua M.Kea Trisetum glomeratum Endemic, Haleakala Vulpia bromoides Squirrel-tail Fescue Vulpia myuros Rat’s-tail Fescue

Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Hilo

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Smilacaceae Smilax melastomifolia Endemic, Hawai’i and Maui

Zingiberaceae Alpinia zerumbet Hawai’i and Maui Curcuma longa Maui Hedychium coronarium White Ginger Hawai’i and Maui Hedychium flavescens Yellow Ginger Widespread Hedychium gardnerianum Widespread Zingiber zerumbet Wild Ginger Widespread

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Systematic List Number 2 Butterflies and Dragonflies

14 of the some 17 butterfly species that occur on Hawai’i were seen during the tour.

Papilionidae Xuthus Swallowtail Papilio xuthus Several east Maui

Pieridae Small White Artogeia rapae Scattered records Hawai’i, locally common Maui Large Orange Sulphur Phoebis agarithe 1 on Hawai’i, and Maui

Lycaenidae Lesser Lantana Butterfly Strymon bazochii Hawai’i dry forest, and east Maui Long-tailed Blue Lampides boeticus Widespread and locally common Hawaiian Blue Udara blackburni Endemic, Widespread and not Uncommon. Lesser Grass Blue Zizina otis Widespread Western Pygny Blue Brephidium exilis South Maui wetlands, a colony

Nymphalidae Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta Hawai’i Painted Lady Vanessa cardui Recorded Kamehameha Butterfly Vanessa tameamea Endemic, Waimea. Gulf Fritillary Agraulis vanillae Widespread in small numbers

Danaidae Monarch Danaus plexippus Widespread in small numbers, Hawai’i, Maui, Kaua’i

Hesperiidae Fiery Skipper Hylephila phyleus 2 on Hawai’i

ODONATA

Familiar Bluet Enallagma civile Rambur’s Forktail Ischnura ramburii Maui wetlands Green Darner Anax junius Widespread Giant Hawaiian Darner Anax strenuus Crocothemis servilia Wandering Glider Pantala flavescens Sympetrum sp. Black saddlebags Tramea lacerata Maui wetlands

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Systematic List Number 3 Amphibians, Reptiles and Mammals

Rhinella marina Cane Toad Waimea Eleutherodactylus coqui Coqui Volcano

Chelonia mydas Green Turtle c.8 Hawai’ian Coast Hemidactylus frenatus Common House Gecko Scattered records Lepidodactylus lugubris Mourning Gecko Scattered records Phelsuma laticauda Golddust Daygecko Several on Maui, and Hawai’i Anolis carolinensis Green Anole On all islands Anolis sagrei Brown Anole On all islands Lampropholis delicata Garden Skink Scattered records

Small Indian Mongoose Herpestes auropunctatus Hawai’i and Maui

Systematic List Number 5 Birds

‘The Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific’ by Pratt, Bruner, and Berrett, Princeton, 1989 is the standard work.

Laysan Albatross Pheobastria immutabilis Several on Kaua’i Wedge-tailed Shearwater Puffinus pacificus Off the east Maui coast, and heard on Kaua’i White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturus Volcanoes NP and several on Kaua’i Red-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon rubricauda Several on Kaua’i coast Brown Booby Sula leucogaster Kaua’i Red-footed Booby Sula sula A strong colony on the east Kaua’i coast Great Frigatebird Fregata minor Maui and Kaua’i Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Widespread Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax Hawai’i, Maui, and Kaua’i White-faced Ibis Pleagadis chihi 2 at Maui wetlands Hawaiian Goose Branta sanvicensis Endemic, Hawai’i and Kaua’i, mostly on golf courses! Hawaiian Duck Anas wyvilleana Endemic, Several sightings on Kaua’i, including one with 5 chicks. Only now occuring naturally on Kaua’i. Hawaiian Hawk Buteo solitarius Endemic, 1 on Hawai’i. Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus A few on Hawai’i and Maui Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus Several on Hawai’i and Maui Erckel’s Francolin Francolinus erckelii Several on Hawai’i and Kaua’i Chukar Alectoris chukar 2 on Haleakala Kalij Pheasant Lophura leucomelanos A few on Hawai’i Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus Maui, and numerous on Kaua’i Ring-necked Pheasant Phasianus colchicus Hawai’i and Maui Common Peafowl Pavo cristatus Recorded on one day Wild Turkey Meleagris gallopavo Hawai’i California Quail Callipepla californica Hawai’i Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus A few on Kaua’i Hawaiian Coot Fulica alai Endemic, Several on Maui and Kaua’i. Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva Hawai’an coast Hawaiian Stilt Himantopus himantopus knudseni Endemic, c.50 on Maui, several on Kaua’i Wandering Tattler Tringa incana Hawai’i and Maui Sanderling Calidris alba 3 on Maui

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Black Noddy Anous minutus A nesting colony on east Maui coast Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis Widespread and common Zebra Dove Geopelia striata Widespread and common Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura Hawai’i and Maui Barn Owl Tyto alba Singletons on Hawai’i and Kaua’i Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus ssp.sandwichensis. Singletons on Hawai’i and Haleakala Eurasian Skylark Alauda arvensis Hawai’i and Maui Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus Kaua’i? Elepaio Chasiempis sandwichensis Endemic, ridgwayi, Volcanoes NP. bryani, M.Kea. sclateri, Waimea. Japanese Bush-Warbler Cettia diphone Several along Waihe’e Ridge Trail White-rumped Shama Copsychus malabaricus Several on Kaua’i Omao Myadestes obscurus Endemic, On two days on Hawai’i. Greater Necklaced Garrulax pectoralis Kaua’i Laughingthrush Hwamei Garrulax canorus Hawai’i and Kaua’i. Red-billed Leiothrix Leiothrix lutea Hawai’i Northern Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos Hawai’i and Kaua’i Common Myna Acridotheres tristis Widespread and common Japanese White-eye Zosterops japonicus Widespread and common, seen daily Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis On all islands Red-crested Cardinal Paroaria coronata Maui and Kaua’i Yellow-billed Cardinal Paroaria capitata Hawai’i Saffron Finch Sicalis flaveola On three days on Hawai’i Western Meadowlark Sturnella neglecta Kaua’i House Finch Carpodacus mexicanus Widespread Yellow-fronted Canary Serinus mozambicus Several on Hawai’i Hawaii Amakihi Hemignathus virens Endemic, Rather common on Hawai’i, also Maui. Kauai Amakihi Hemignathus stejnegeri Endemic, Waimea. Akiapolaau Hemignathus munroi Endemic, Hawai’i. Hawaii Creeper Oreomystis mana Endemic, 1, Volcanoes NP. Maui Alauahio Paroreomyza montana Endemic, 3+ Waikamoi. Akepa Loxops coccineus Endemic, Hawai’i. Iiwi Vestiaria coccinea Endemic, Hawai’i and Waikamoi. Apapane Himatione sanguinea Endemic, Numerous on Hawai’i and several on the other islands. House Sparrow Passer domesticus Widespread, seen daily African Silverbill Euodice cantans Hawai’i Nutmeg Mannikin Lonchura punctulata A few on Maui and Kaua’i Chestnut Munia Lonchura atricapilla Kaua’i Java Sparrow Padda oryzivora Maui Botanic Gardens

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Systematic List Number 6 Reef Fish

Compiled by Vanessa Handley. * = Big Island

1. Snowflake Moray* 44. Bluestripe Snapper 2. Yellowmargin Moray* 45. Goldring Bristletooth 3. Whitemouth Moray* 46. Achilles Tang* 4. Milkfish 47. Trumpetfish* 5. Hawaiian Anchovy* 48. Wedge (or Reef) Triggerfish 6. Hawaiian Silverside* (Hawaiian State Fish) 7. Ulae/Lizardfish 49. Whitespotted Toby 8. Threadfin Butterflyfish 50. Bluefin Trevally 9. Bluestripped Butterflyfish 51. Bluespine Unicornfish 10. Raccoon Butterflyfish 52. Purcupine Pufferfish* 11. Teardrop Butterflyfish 53. Spotted Pufferfish 12. Pennantfish 54. Bluelined Surgeonfish* 13. Houndfish* 55. Yellow Tang 14. Halfbeak 56. Panther Flounder* 15. Hawaiian Squirrelfish* 57. Barred Filefish* 16. Cornetfish* 58. Spotted Boxfish 17. Hawaiian Lionfish* 18. Hawaiian Turkeyfish* 19. Speckled Scorpiofish* 20. Peacock Grouper 21. Stocky Hawkfish* 22. Redbarred Hawkfish* 23. Bigeye Emperor 24. Yellowstripe Goatfish 25. Blue Goatfish* 26. Manybar Goatfish 27. Japanese Angelfish 28. Oval Chromis 29. Blackfin Chromis 30. Psychedelic Wrasse* 31. Yellowtail Coris 32. Elegant Coris 33. Bird Wrasse 34. Ornate Wrasse 35. Spectacled Parrotfish* 36. Pyle’s Sandlance 37. Longtail Dragonet 38. Blenny (variety unknown)* 39. Petite Goby 40. Moorish Idol* 41. Orangeband Surgeonfish 42. Convict Tang 43. Blacktail Snapper

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