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Ma Ual of Central American Diptera Volunte 2 A Publication of the National Research Council of Canada Monograph Publishing Program Ma ual of Central American Diptera Volunte 2 Edited by B.V. Brown Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California, USA A. Borkent Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada J.M. Cumming Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada D.M. Wood Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada N.E. Woodley USOA Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Washington, OC, USA M.A. Zumbado Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Costa Rica MC-CMC NRC Research Press Ottawa 2010 'o,,", __ © 20 IO National Research COllnci I of Canada AlI rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K lA OR6, Canada. Printee! on acid-free paper. § [SBN 978-0-660-19958-0 NRC 49739 l. CIP for print publication: Library ane! Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Manual of Central American Diptera. Volume 2 / edited by B.V Brown ... [et al.]. Isslled by: Nationa! Research Council Canada. Includes bibliographical references and indexo ISBN 978-0-660-19958-0 (bound) 1. Diptera--Central America--C1assification. 2. Diptera--Central America --Identification. 3. F1ies--Centl'al America--Classification. 4. Flies--Central America--Identification. 1. Brown, Brian Victor Ir. National Research Council QL535.2.C35 M362010 595.7709728 C2010-980031-1 NRC Monograph Publishing Program Editor: PB. Cavers (University ofWestern Ontario) Editorial Board: W.G.E. Caldwell, OC, FRSC (University 01' Western Ontario); M.E. Can non, FCAE, FRSC (University of Calgary); K.G. Davey, OC, FRSC (York University); M.M. Ferguson (University of Guelph); S. Gubins (Annual Reviews); B.K. Hall, FRSC (Dalhousie University); P. lIicklenton Ph.D, P.Ag.; W.H. Lewis (Washington University); A.W. May, OC (Memorial University of Newfoundland); B.P. Dancik, Editor-in-Chief, NRC Research Press (University of Alberta) Inquiries: MOllograph Publishing Program, NRC Research Press, NationaJ Research Coullcil ofCanada, Ottawa, Ontario KIA ORó, Canada. Web site: htlp://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca Correct citation fol' this publication: Brown, B. V et al. 2010. Manual 01 Central American Diptero: Vollllne 2. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Onlario, Canada. 728 pp. ROPALOMERIDAE (ROPALOMERID FLIES) 76 Sergio Ibáñez-Bernal and Vicente Hernández-Ortiz Fig. 76.1. Male of Ropalomerafel11orala (Fabricius), (MND, fig. 85.1). Diagnosis and broadened (Figs. 8-12). Female terminalia with tergite and sternite 7 partially fused, ending conicaUy; ovipositor Medium to large robust fiies (body length 6-12 mm) soft and short with smalJ setulae; two globose sclerotized (Fig. 1) with body generally gray or dark brown. Vertex spermathecae. Male terminalia (Figs. 13-J6) with epandri­ commonly sunken (Fig. 3); gena high (Figs. 2, 4-7); face um curved ventrally; cerci basalJy fused as in Ropafomera with median ridge (Fig. 4) or rounded protuberance (Figs. 2, (Fig. 13), Kroeberia (Fig. 15), and Lenkokroeberia, but 3,5-7); antenna with first fiagelJomere ovoid (Fig. 4) or sometimes completeJy fused as in Wiffislonieffa (Fig. 14); clongate (Fig. 2), arista subbasaI, bare (Figs. 5-6), with surstyli spatulate; postgonite with one to three lobes; phal­ short flattened hairs (Fig. 7) or p1umose (Figs. 2-4); vibris­ lus short, membranous with spurJike epiphallus at posterior sae absent. Scutum with tomentum pattern of longitudinal base. stripcs; scutelJum frequently grooved; greater ampulJa pres­ Ropalomerids grossly resemble Sarcophagidae in terms ent. Wings mostly hyaline to brownish or spotted; R, bare; of their body coloration and presence of a greater ampulla, R" and M strongly convergent towards wing margin; dm-cu but the usually sunken vertex, wing venation, broad femo­ clIrved sharply forward in line with M. Femora swollen, ra, and f1attened tibia are sufficient characteristics for easy particlllarly on hind 1eg; hind tibia often laterally f1attened recognition. 1025 1026 MANUAL OF CENTRAL AMERICAN DIPTERA ­ VOLUME 2 Biology and two sperrnathecae present. The species of Ropalol­ meridae can be distinguished from those of Sepsidae by the The biology ofthe species ol'this farnily is poorly known. l'ollowing alltapomorphies: vertex concave (sllnken), face Lopes (1932) provided descriptions ol' the egg and larva ol' with median protuberance; precoxal bridge present, greater Ropa/omera slicl/ca Wiedemann and figured the pupariurn of amplllla developed, vein M bent forward, hind tibia laterally Ropa/omera c!avljJcs (Fabricius). Fischer (1932) described compressed alld strongly expanded, sternite 6 of male greal­ the puparium of WiL//ston/e//a p/europul1clata (Wiedemann), Iy reduced or absent, and basiphallus broadly expanded cau­ and later Prado (1966) observed the eggs of this species. dally formillg a pseudohypandrial bridge (McAlpine, 1989). The latter author presented the only known bionomic data A study of sepsid phylogeny lIsing larval characters found on Ropalomel-idae, including rearings of Ropa/omera sp. only one character (the presence of spi lles on the creeping from a gummy secretion of Enter%b/um /imbouva, ol' welts) suppolting the relationship with ropalomerids (Meicr, W. p/europunClala apparently froOl wood of Cocos nucijera 1995). On the other hand, there were more characters fmm and a stump of a species of Musa, and ol' R. s/ic/ica from imrnatures that sllggested a sister-group relationship be­ tween the Sepsidae and the Coelopidae. We still find lhe resill ofSpondias tu/ea. AIdrich (1932) rnentioned Rhyt/dops relationship based on adult morphology convincing, haw­ .flor/densis (Aldrich) breeding in decayed wood of Soba! ever, because it is based on characters l'ound throughout bolh pa/mello and S. minar (Steyskal, 1987). families, whereas the larval synapomorphies supporting lhe alternative point ol' view are restricted to basal sepsids. Classification The Ropalomeridae consist of eight genera and 26 valid species restricted to tropical and subtropical America. Only Ropalomeridae belong to the superfamily Sciomyzoidea, one species has been found north of Mexico, Rhytidops a group including Coelopidae, Dryomyzidae, Helosciomyzi­ floridensis, and three species occur as far sOllth as northern dae, Sciomyzidae, and Sepsidae. The morphological evidence Argentina. Most species occur in the central portion ofSoulh from adults suggest that Ropalomeridae are the sister group America (Steyskal, 1967, 1987). Other genera that do nol ol' Sepsidae, based on the following synapomorphic charac­ occur in Central America are Apophorhynchus Williston and ters: presence of spiracular setulae, vein R, bare, A2 absent, Dacty/issa Fischer. 2 Ropa/amera cJ' 3 Ropa/amera cJ' 4 Willistoniella Ó' 5 Krocber/a cJ' 6 Len/wkroeberia º 7 Mexicoa Ó' Figs. 76.2-7. Heads: lateral view of (2) Ropalomerafemora/a (Fabricius); anterior vjew of (3) R.femora/a; lateral view of(4) Willis/onie//u pleuropunc/ala (Wiedemann); (5) Kroeberiajúliginosa Lindner; (6) Lenkokroeberia chryserea Prado; and (7) Mexicoa mexicana Steyskal. Figures 2-7 redrawn from Ramírez-García & Hernández-Ortiz (1994) figs. lA, 1B, 1F, 2B, 2D, and 2F, respectively. ROPALOMERIDAE (ROPALOMERID FLlES) 76 1027 Identification Specimens can be obtained by the use of fruit fly traps, such as the Van Someren Rydon trap baited with fermented The Ropalomeridae (formerly spelled Rhopalomeridae by fruit, with the use of MaJaise traps, or by catching them many authors) were first revised by Lindner (1930) and later with entomological nets especially when they resl on tree by Prado (1963,1966). The catalog ofthe Diptera of Ameri­ trunks. The specimens should be pinned and stored dry. For ca north ofMexico (Foote, 1965) includes only one species, species recognition, it is sometimes necessary to examine Rhytidops.ftoridensis. In the last catalog ofthis family for the the male genitalia. The best method is to separate the ter­ Neolropical Region, Steyskal (1967) recorded eight genera mina1ia from the rest ofthe body, macerélte the soft tisslles anc! 29 species, of which three species are unrecognizable, with 10% NaOH or KOH at room temperatllre for abollt anc! two are now synonymized. 24-48 h, wash with acidified water, élnd dehydrate with a Recent contributions to knowledge of the taxonomy of the family were publ ished by Baez (1985), who recorded five species gradual ethanol series (50%, 70%, 96%, 100%), 10 min in for Venezuela; Ibáñez-Bemal et al. (1992), who published on the each. Transfer the terminalia to Haya's creosote or c10ve species found in the Biosphere Reserve ofSian Ka'an (Quintana oil for clearing. The terminalia can be stored on the same Roo, Mexico); and Ramírez-García & Hemández-Ortiz (1994), pin with the rest of the specimen inside él microvial filled who presented a revision of Mexican ropalomerids, including with pure glycerol and a drop of70% ethanol. The termina­ five genera and six species, proposing one new synonymy and lia can be observed, variously oriented, under él compound desclibing one new species. A taxonomic revision of t\Vo genera microscope using a depression microscope slide without \Vas presented by Marques and Ale-Rocha (2004, 2005). deforming the structures. 8 Ropalomera el' 10 Kroeberia el' 9 Willísloniella el' 11 Lenkokroeberia Q 12 Mexicoo el' Figs. 76.8-12. I-lind legs: posterior view of (8) Ropalol11era
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