1 Eduardo Hector Ferraro SER OU NÃO SER GAÚCHO?

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1 Eduardo Hector Ferraro SER OU NÃO SER GAÚCHO? 1 Eduardo Hector Ferraro SER OU NÃO SER GAÚCHO? A PERSPECTIVA DO SUJEITO CAMPEIRO CONTEMPORÂNEO NO PAMPA LATINO- AMERICANO Tese apresentada como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor, pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação, em Antropologia Social da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Orientadora: Prof.a Dr.a Miriam Furtado Hartung. Florianópolis 2018 2 3 4 5 A minha família, e a todos os “campeiros”, sem distinção, que conheci nestes anos. 6 7 AGRADECIMENTOS O primeiro agradecimento é para a minha família, para minha esposa, Neusa, minha filha, Bia, e para minha cachorrinha, Linda, fiel companheira de escrita e especialista em aliviar o estresse com passeios e caminhadas pela UFSC. A paciência e a compreensão da minha família facilitaram as viagens de campo e incentivaram a caminhada para chegar à conclusão desta fase de Pós-Graduação. Agradeço à minha orientadora Prof.a Dr.a Miriam Furtado Hartung pelo incentivo em todas as empreitadas de campo. Agradeço aos professores que compõem a banca examinadora, à Prof.a Dr.a Ciméa Barbatto Beviláqua, à Prof.a Dr.a Maria Eugenia Dominguez e ao Prof. Dr. Jeremy Paul Jean Loup Deturche, por terem aceitado tão gentilmente o convite, pela dedicação de ler este trabalho. Agradeço aos professores do Departamento de Antropologia e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social (PPGAS) da UFSC com os quais tive a oportunidade de aprofundar conhecimento teórico nessa área que tanto me cativa. As aulas e o convívio com grande parte desse corpo docente tornaram-se, também, uma grande experiência de vida, uma outra forma de enxergar o mundo e criou esta minha paixão pela antropologia pelo fato simples de tentar entender o “outro”. Minha pesquisa de campo não foi somente com interlocutores, houve o apoio e o carinho de outras pessoas que me acolheram e me ajudaram para que este trabalho acontecesse. A família dos meus primos em San Antonio de Areco, Argentina, foi fundamental para desenvolver a pesquisa nesse local. Agradeço à minha querida prima Marcela Lopez e ao seu esposo, Oski Quiroga, por terem me recebido na sua casa em todos os diferentes momentos em que trabalhei nesse fantástico lugar da tradição gaucha. Em San Antonio de Areco, houve muitos interlocutores, sujeitos campeiros que fizeram meus momentos de pesquisa mais prazerosos e frutíferos. Agradeço especialmente ao Gaston Bouloqc e à Moira Etchevest, pelos diálogos e pela preocupação de conseguir contatos para estender minha rede de pesquisa. No mesmo local, agradeço aos três irmãos Pereyra, Carlos, Martin y Oscar, ao Tomás Etchevest, ao Armando Deferrari do Museo Las Lilas, ao Juan Miguel Arbuco, ao historiador Ariel Arellano, ao artista Luís Gasparini, ao soguero Raul Draghi, ao zootécnico Tomás Giacomantone de Cabaña Las Lilas, e, especialmente, aos campeiros Edgardo Berta e Sergio Altamirano, com quem sempre dialogamos de forma aberta, bonita, sincera. Na fase de pesquisa entre terras brasileiras e uruguaias, gostaria de agradecer a vários interlocutores, alguns deles já são amigos de vários 8 anos de pesquisa. Um agradecimento muito especial para o amigo zootécnico Fabrício Costa, com quem aprendi grande parte das dinâmicas do trabalho de campo e da produção, parceiro das viagens para o Uruguai, para Tacuarembó e para Artigas. Ao Vinícius Narciso, pelo acolhimento na fazenda Rincão do Butiá e parceiro da viagem a Tacuarembó. Ao Beto Ventura, pela experiência campeira e pelo aprendizado na sua fazenda de pecuária. Ao músico e grande conhecedor dos equinos, Fabiano Bacchieri, com quem aprendi muito sobre esses maravilhosos animais na sua propriedade de Laranjal, Pelotas. Em Porto Alegre, agradeço a Sauri de Liz, pelo acolhimento que me permitiu pesquisar e entrar no mundo da festa de comemoração na semana do gaúcho e da Revolução Farroupilha, e, em particular, ao pessoal do piquete Fronteira Seca, onde estivemos várias noites e onde tivemos momentos de festa. Nas passagens pelo Uruguai, agradeço ao meu interlocutor Adrian Duarte de Tacuarembó, e, em Artigas, ao Gabriel Rianni da Estancia e Cabaña Macedo, pela sua disposição, hospitalidade e amizade nos dias que ali passamos. Agradeço ao amigo Aldo Camargo, por ter compartido nestes últimos meses várias estadias na sua fazenda da Coxilha Rica, aprendendo sempre algo mais sobre a complexa lida de campo. Gostaria também de agradecer a todo o pessoal do Corredor de Canto e Poesia e da Associação Cultural Corredor Nativista de Lages, com quem compartilhei estes 12 anos de muita música e campeirada, gente que me ensinou muito sobre a tradição, sobre a campanha, sobre o “ser” gaúcho, e me brindaram uma amizade ímpar. 9 Aqui no valen dotores, Solo vale la esperiencia; Aquí verían su inocencia Esos que todo lo saben, Porque esto tiene otra llave Y el gaucho tiene su cencia. (José Hernández, 2005, p. 57) 10 11 RESUMO Os sujeitos campeiros contemporâneos do Pampa e do Sul do Brasil expressam-se de formas diversas, entre o simbólico e o real, e entre multiplicidades, produto de adaptações sociais e geopolíticas através da história. Em uma maioria significativa, esses seres humanos têm uma relação intensa com a campanha representada pelo Pampa latino- americano e, também, com os animais que se tornaram emblemáticos nesse ambiente, como o cavalo, o cão e o gado. Esses sujeitos têm uma relação recíproca com o ambiente formado pelo solo nativo e suas espécies naturais, configurando algo além das identidades. Desse modo, é-lhe própria uma forma de conceituar a vida, a partir da sua configuração ontológica no ambiente. As transformações promovidas pela tecnologia, pela ciência, pela economia de mercado e pela produção alimentar afetaram a campanha e, consequentemente, os seres campeiros, transformando esses sujeitos. Esta é uma etnografia que trata da constituição dos sujeitos campeiros contemporâneos e da sua perspectiva a partir da relação e da reciprocidade com o ambiente, da sua formação ontológica, da sua forma de conceituar e de ver a vida. Palavras-chave: Sujeito Gaúcho/Gaucho. Ambiente. Conceito/Perspectiva. 12 ABSTRACT The contemporary subjects of the Pampa and the South of Brazil express themselves in diverse forms, between the symbolic and the real, and between multiplicities, product of social and geopolitical adaptations through history. In a significant majority, these humans have an intense relationship with the campaign represented by the Latin American Pampa and also with the animals that have become emblematic in this environment, such as the horse, the dog and the cattle. These subjects have a reciprocal relationship with the environment formed by native soil and its natural species, configuring something beyond identities. In this way, it is itself a way of conceptualizing life, from its ontological configuration in the environment. The transformations promoted by technology, science, market economy and food production affected the campaign and, consequently, the beings, transforming these subjects. This is an ethnography that deals with the constitution of the contemporary subjects and their perspective based on the relationship and reciprocity with the environment, their ontological formation, their way of conceptualizing and seeing life. Keywords: Subject Gaúcho / Gaucho. Environment. Concept / Perspective. 13 14 RESÚMEN Los sujetos camperos contemporáneos se expresam de formas diversas, entre lo simbólico y lo real, y entre multiplicidades, producto de adaptaciones sociales y geopolíticas en la Pampa a través de la historia. En una mayoría significativa, estos seres humanos tienen una relación intensa con el campo representado por la Pampa latino americana, así como con los animales que se tornaron emblemáticos ese ambiente, como el caballo, el perro y el ganado. Estos sujetos tienen uma relación recíproca con el ambiente formado por el suelo nativo y sus especies naturales, configurandolo más allá de las identidades. De esta forma les es propia una forma conceptualizar la vida, a partir de su configuración ontológica en el ambiente. Las transformaciones promovidas por la tecnología, la ciencia, la economía de mercado y la producción alimentaria afectaron a la campaña y consecuentemente a los seres camperos, transformando a estos sujetos. Esta es una etnografía que trata de la constitución de los sujetos camperos contemporáneos y de su perspectiva a partir de la relación y reciprocidad con el ambiente, de su formación ontológica, de su forma de conceptualizar y de ver la vida. Palabras clave: Sujeto Gaúcho/Gaucho. Ambiente. Concepto/Perspectiva. 15 16 LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 - Mapa do Pampa ..................................................................... 30 Figura 2 - Mapa de campo ..................................................................... 36 Figura 3 - Fluxograma da Tese .............................................................. 40 Figura 4 - Vestimenta do gaudério do século XVIII .............................. 62 Figura 5 - Gaucho do século XIX .......................................................... 64 Figura 6 - Quadro representativo da análise das narrativas que se tornam mito ...................................................................................................... 124 Figura 7 - Fluxograma do Capítulo 6 ................................................... 251 17 18 LISTA DE IMAGENS Imagem 1 - Vista aérea do acampamento Farroupilha ........................... 89 Imagem 2 - Churrasco nos piquetes da Festa Farroupilha de 2016 ........ 91 Imagem 3 - Churrasco no “Fronteira Seca”. Festa Farroupilha de 2016 91 Imagem
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