DOCSLIB.ORG

Operation China

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Operation China Qiang, Mawo October 9 ➤ GANSU hookworm to the Qiang, which has greatly reduced the danger of •Songpan Barkam these epidemic diseases. • •Maoxian •Wenchuan TIBET •Chengdu Customs: Qiang men and women •Litang •Kangding SICHUAN typically wear homespun linen Scale gowns with sheep-skin vests 0 KM 160 called guagua. They wear their Population in China: vests with the fur turned inward 12,000 (1990) for cool weather and turned 15,480 (2000) outward during rainy weather. 19,950 (2010) Location: Sichuan Both men and women wear Religion: Tibetan Buddhism variously colored scarfs on their Christians: None Known heads. Qiang women wear embroidered shoes called Yun Overview of the Yun shoes. An old legend says Mawo Qiang that long ago a Han girl named Yun Yun enjoyed close friendship Countries: China with her Qiang sisters and taught Pronunciation: “Chee-Ung-Mah-wo” them spinning, weaving, and Other Names: embroidery. One day Yun Yun and Chiang: Mawo, Mawo her Qiang sisters went up a Population Source: 12,000 (1998 mountain to cut firewood and got Liu Guangkun – 1990 figure); 15,000 (1998 J. Matisoff); caught in a storm; Yun Yun Out of a total Qiang population slipped and fell into a deep valley, of 198,252 (1990 census) leaving behind only her Location: W Sichuan: Heishui embroidered shoes. In memory of County: Mawo, Zhawo, Shuangliusuo, Xi’er, Hongyan, Yun Yun the Qiang girls wear and E’en districts Paul Hattaway shoes patterned after hers and Status: Location: In 1990 there were 12,000 call them Yun Yun shoes. Unmarried girls Officially included under Qiang speakers of the Mawo Qiang language often send their painstakingly embroidered Language: Sino-Tibetan, reported in China. They live wholly within Yun Yun shoes as gifts to the man they Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic, Qiang, Northern Qiang the borders of Heishui County (in the love. When they marry, they place several 2 Dialects: 0 districts of Mawo, Zhawo, Shuangliusuo, pairs in their dowry. Xi’er, Hongyan, and E’en) in northwestern Religion: Tibetan Buddhism, 1 Animism, Polytheism Sichuan Province. Religion: One of the festivals celebrated by Christians: None known the Qiang is called Zhuanshan (Mountain Scripture: None Identity: The Mawo Qiang are one subgroup Circling). In the past, villagers led an ox and Jesus film: None of the official Qiang nationality in China. carried food and wine up a mountain to Gospel Recordings: None Interestingly enough, some Qiang claim to sacrifice to the Mountain gods. Monkeys, Christian Broadcasting: None be descended from sheep, hence the wild boars, and rats, all made of paper, ROPAL code: None character for their name. (The upper radical were set on fire to symbolize the of the Chinese character for Qiang defines destruction of the pests that devoured the “sheep,” the lower one “son.”) Status of Evangelization Qiang’s grain. 99% Language: Mawo Qiang is one of four Christianity: The Mawo Qiang are possibly varieties of Northern Qiang spoken in the most unevangelized of the Qiang groups Sichuan Province. It takes its name from in China. Their language is very different Mawo District which was the location from the Southern Qiang language groups, chosen by scholars to study this language. which contain most of the known Qiang 1% 0% Many Mawo Qiang are bilingual in Tibetan believers. If evangelists were to visit the A B C or multilingual in both Tibetan and the Mawo Qiang they would need to Sichuan dialect of Mandarin Chinese. A = Have never heard the gospel communicate in Chinese which, although it B = Were evangelized but did not is understood by some of the people, is not become Christians History: During certain occasions in the C = Are adherents to any form of their “heart language.” Mission history Christianity past, whole Qiang communities were wiped shows that the gospel must be presented out because of plagues and disease. In in the native language of a people group for recent years the government has given Christianity to penetrate to the core of a mass treatment of black fever and community and change it. 452 QIANG, MAWO.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Aktionsart and Aspect in Qiang
    The 2005 International Course and Conference on RRG, Academia Sinica, Taipei, June 26-30 AKTIONSART AND ASPECT IN QIANG Huang Chenglong Institute of Ethnology & Anthropology Chinese Academy of Social Sciences E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The Qiang language reflects a basic Aktionsart dichotomy in the classification of stative and active verbs, the form of verbs directly reflects the elements of the lexical decomposition. Generally, State or activity is the basic form of the verb, which becomes an achievement or accomplishment when it takes a directional prefix, and becomes a causative achievement or causative accomplishment when it takes the causative suffix. It shows that grammatical aspect and Aktionsart seem to play much of a systematic role. Semantically, on the one hand, there is a clear-cut boundary between states and activities, but morphologically, however, there is no distinction between them. Both of them take the same marking to encode lexical aspect (Aktionsart), and grammatical aspect does not entirely correspond with lexical aspect. 1.0. Introduction The Ronghong variety of Qiang is spoken in Yadu Township (雅都鄉), Mao County (茂縣), Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture (阿壩藏族羌族自治州), Sichuan Province (四川省), China. It has more than 3,000 speakers. The Ronghong variety of Qiang belongs to the Yadu subdialect (雅都土語) of the Northern dialect of Qiang (羌語北部方言). It is mutually intelligible with other subdialects within the Northern dialect, but mutually unintelligible with other subdialects within the Southern dialect. In this paper we use Aktionsart and lexical decomposition, as developed by Van Valin and LaPolla (1997, Ch. 3 and Ch. 4), to discuss lexical aspect, grammatical aspect and the relationship between them in Qiang.
    [Show full text]
  • "Brightening" and the Place of Xixia (Tangut)
    1 "Briiighttteniiing" and ttthe plllace of Xiiixiiia (Tanguttt) iiin ttthe Qiiiangiiic branch of Tiiibettto-Burman* James A. Matisoff University of California, Berkeley 1.0 Introduction Xixia (Tangut) is an extinct Tibeto-Burman language, once spoken in the Qinghai/Gansu/Tibetan border region in far western China. Its complex logographic script, invented around A.D. 1036, was the vehicle for a considerable body of literature until it gradually fell out of use after the Mongol conquest in 1223 and the destruction of the Xixia kingdom.1 A very large percentage of the 6000+ characters have been semantically deciphered and phonologically reconstructed, thanks to a Xixia/Chinese glossary, Tibetan transcriptions, and monolingual Xixia dictionaries and rhyme-books. The f«anqi\e method of indicating the pronunciation of Xixia characters was used both via other Xixia characters (in the monolingual dictionaries) and via Chinese characters (in the bilingual glossary Pearl in the Palm, where Chinese characters are also glossed by one or more Xixia ones). Various reconstruction systems have been proposed by scholars, including M.V. Sofronov/K.B. Keping, T. Nishida, Li Fanwen, and Gong Hwang-cherng. This paper relies entirely on the reconstructions of Gong.2 After some initial speculations that Xixia might have belonged to the Loloish group of Tibeto-Burman languages, scholarly opinion has now coalesced behind the geographically plausible opinion that it was a member of the "Qiangic" subgroup of TB. The dozen or so Qiangic languages, spoken in Sichuan Province and adjacent parts of Yunnan, were once among the most obscure in the TB family, loosely lumped together as the languages of the Western Barbarians (Xifan = Hsifan).
    [Show full text]
  • 第四届中国西南地区汉藏语国际研讨会program and Abstract Book
    FOURTH WORKSHOP ON SINO-TIBETAN LANGUAGES OF SOUTHWEST CHINA 第四届中国西南地区汉藏语国际研讨会 UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, SEATTLE SEPTEMBER 8-10, 2016 PROGRAM AND ABSTRACT BOOK Table of Contents General Information & Special Thanks to Our Sponsors ......................................................... 3 Program Synoptic Schedule ..................................................................................................................... 4 Thursday, September 8 .............................................................................................................. 5 Friday, September 9 ................................................................................................................... 6 Saturday, September 10 ............................................................................................................. 7 Abstracts (in presentation order) Scott DeLancey, Reconstructing Hierarchical Argument Indexation in Trans-Himalayan .... 8 James A. Matisoff, Lahu in the 21st century: vocabulary enrichment and orthographical issues ........................................................................................................................................ 10 Guillaume Jacques, The life cycle of multiple indexation and bipartite verbs in Sino-Tibetan ................................................................................................................................................. 11 Jackson T.-S. SUN and Qianzi TIAN, Argument Indexation patterns in Horpa languages: a major Rgyalrongic subgroup ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Relativization in Qiang∗
    LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS 9.4:735-768, 2008 2008-0-009-004-000247-1 Relativization in Qiang∗ Chenglong Huang Chinese Academy of Social Sciences In this paper, we review the strategies of relativization and discuss the different types of relative clauses and morpho-syntactic properties of relative clauses in eight varieties of Qiang. The Qiang language shows six types of relativization in terms of whether there is a head noun or not, and the relative positions of the head noun and relative clause. Double-headed relative clauses are unusual cross-linguistically. Head-internal relative clauses are modified by a demonstrative-(numeral)-classifier/ (in)definite-classifier, which helps readers to identify head-internal relative clause structures as NPs. In Qiang, different nominalizers, the genitive marker, and the definite marking or indefinite marking are used as clues in identifying the clause as relative; the choice of nominalizers or the genitive marker depends on the semantic role of the head in the relative clause. In some varieties of Qiang there are also some relative clauses that are not marked by nominalizers but are marked by person with aspect marking. Similar to English and Mandarin Chinese, almost all NPs, like actor, undergoer, experiencer, destination, instrument, source, location, time, etc., may be relativized on, therefore, there is no restricted neutralization (S/A pivot or S/P pivot) in nominalized relative clauses, while there is restricted neutralization in non- nominalized relative clauses (finite relative clauses), i.e. S/A is the same marking. Key words: Sino-Tibetan, relative clauses, typology 1. Introduction There are 306,072 Qiang people in the Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan (四川阿壩藏族羌族自治州), China (2000 census).
    [Show full text]
  • Language Ecology in Tibetan Areas of Western Sichuan: Problems, Causes and Strategies Xiao-Qiong WANG1,A
    2021 International Conference on Education, Humanity and Language, Art (EHLA 2021) ISBN: 978-1-60595-137-9 Language Ecology in Tibetan Areas of Western Sichuan: Problems, Causes and Strategies Xiao-qiong WANG1,a 1Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China [email protected] Keywords: Language ecology, Tibetan areas, Western Sichuan. Abstract. The language ecology in western Sichuan is diverse and complex, and there are nearly 20 ethnic groups and 20 languages intermingled with each other. However, their unique linguistic individuality is often covered by the universal language and become "disadvantaged languages" in their own habitat. Many reasons, of which are mixed ethnic distribution, deficient education resource and economic transformation etc., have led to the loss of linguistic vitality of the ancient languages. Ethnic, bilingual and vocational education are necessary strategies to improve the ethnic language ecology. 1. Introduction Sichuan Tibetan area located at the South-eastern fringe of Qinghai-Tibet plateau, stands at the transitional and intersection zone between Qinghai-Tibet plateau and Sichuan Basin from which Yun’nan-Guizhou Plateau is accessible. It consists of Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Ngapa Tibetan and Qiang Prefecture and Muli Tibetan Autonomous County, which covers a vast area of 249,700 square kilometres and is approximately 51.49% of the total Sichuan territory. Diversity and complexity is the feature of Qinghai-Tibet plateau in terms of landform. Hengduan Mountains are characterized by deep alpine valleys from south to north which are steep and dangerous. And yet it bears the characteristics of both Qinghai-Tibet plateau and Hengduan Mountains. Its remote geographical location and closed geographical environment make the ancient national language and culture preserved sporadically.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of the Finish Morphemes in the Yue-Chinese and the Zhuang Languages in the Guangxi Region
    Copyright Warning Use of this thesis/dissertation/project is for the purpose of private study or scholarly research only. Users must comply with the Copyright Ordinance. Anyone who consults this thesis/dissertation/project is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no part of it may be reproduced without the author’s prior written consent. SYNCHRONIC VARIATION, GRAMMATICALIZATION AND LANGUAGE CONTACT: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FINISH MORPHEMES IN THE YUE-CHINESE AND THE ZHUANG LANGUAGES IN THE GUANGXI REGION HUANG YANG DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG AUGUST 2014 CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG 香港城市大學 Synchronic Variation, Grammaticalization and Language Contact: the Development of the FINISH Morphemes in the Yue-Chinese and the Zhuang Languages in the Guangxi Region 共時變異、語法化和語言接觸： 論南寧粵語及壯語中「完畢」語素的演變 Submitted to Department of Chinese and History 中文及歷史學系 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 哲學博士學位 by Huang Yang 黃陽 August 2014 二零一四年八月 Abstract Language change is simply a fact of life; it cannot be prevented or avoided (Campbell 2013: 3). When asked to identify the causes of language change, historical linguists usually give us internal explanations (Lass 1997: 209), while contact linguists specifically focus on external factors such as borrowing, interference, metatypy and others (Weinreich 1963, Ross 1999, Thomason 2001). Among these external factors, the contact-induced grammaticalization theory pioneered by Heine & Kuteva (2003, 2005) is particularly well-suited to explain the grammatical changes undergone by the languages in South China (F. Wu 2009a, Kwok 2010, D. Qin 2012, Y. Huang & Kwok 2013, Kwok et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Sino-Tibetan Numeral Systems: Prefixes, Protoforms and Problems
    Sino-Tibetan numeral systems: prefixes, protoforms and problems Matisoff, J.A. Sino-Tibetan Numeral Systems: Prefixes, Protoforms and Problems. B-114, xii + 147 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1997. DOI:10.15144/PL-B114.cover ©1997 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS FOUNDING EDITOR: Stephen A. Wunn EDITORIAL BOARD: Malcolm D. Ross and Darrell T. Tryon (Managing Editors), Thomas E. Dutton, Nikolaus P. Himmelmann, Andrew K. Pawley Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in linguistic descriptions, dictionaries, atlases and other material on languages of the Pacific, the Philippines, Indonesia and southeast Asia. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Pacific Linguistics is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at the Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics was established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. It is a non-profit-making body financed largely from the sales of its books to libraries and individuals throughout the world, with some assistance from the School. The Editorial Board of Pacific Linguistics is made up of the academic staff of the School's Department of Linguistics. The Board also appoints a body of editorial advisors drawn from the international community of linguists. Publications in Series A, B and C and textbooks in Series D are refereed by scholars with re levant expertise who are normally not members of the editorial board.
    [Show full text]
  • A PHONOLOGY of STAU by A. CHANTEL VANDERVEEN A
    A PHONOLOGY OF STAU by A. CHANTEL VANDERVEEN A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Master of Arts in Linguistics, Analytic Stream We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard ............................................................................... Dr. Roderic F. Casali, PhD; Thesis Supervisor ................................................................................ Dr. Keith L. Snider, Ph.D.; Second Reader ................................................................................ Dr. Jamin R. Pelkey, Ph.D.; External Examiner TRINITY WESTERN UNIVERSITY May 2015 © A. Chantel Vanderveen A phonology of Stau A. Chantel Vanderveen Trinity Western University ABSTRACT This thesis is a description of the phonology of Stau, a Rgyalrongic language of the Tibeto-Burman family, based on original field research. Stau is spoken by approximately 23,000 people in the west of Sichuan province, China. It is an almost unstudied language. Apart from a sketch of the phonology and grammar by Huang (1991), which provides a pho- netic (rather than phonemic) analysis of Stau sounds, lists attested onsets and rhymes, and discusses tone, there has been virtually no systematic study of the phonology of language. This thesis provides a more extensive study of Stau phonology, covering segmental phonol- ogy, acoustic analysis of stops and of vowels, syllable structure, phonotactics, phonological processes, and pitch phenomena. Of particular interest in this phonology are Stau’s large phonemic inventory of forty- two consonants and eight vowels, its large syllable canon which allows onset clusters of up to three consonants and single coda consonants, phonotactic constraints among its conso- nant clusters, and vowel changes in reduplication. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to many people who helped and supported me over the course of researching and writing this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Prayer Cards | Joshua Project
    Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations A Che in China A'ou in China Population: 43,000 Population: 2,800 World Popl: 43,000 World Popl: 2,800 Total Countries: 1 Total Countries: 1 People Cluster: Tibeto-Burman, other People Cluster: Tai Main Language: Ache Main Language: Chinese, Mandarin Main Religion: Ethnic Religions Main Religion: Ethnic Religions Status: Unreached Status: Unreached Evangelicals: 0.00% Evangelicals: 0.00% Chr Adherents: 0.00% Chr Adherents: 0.00% Scripture: Translation Needed Scripture: Complete Bible www.joshuaproject.net Source: Operation China, Asia Harvest www.joshuaproject.net Source: Operation China, Asia Harvest "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations A-Hmao in China Achang in China Population: 458,000 Population: 35,000 World Popl: 458,000 World Popl: 74,000 Total Countries: 1 Total Countries: 2 People Cluster: Miao / Hmong People Cluster: Tibeto-Burman, other Main Language: Miao, Large Flowery Main Language: Achang Main Religion: Christianity Main Religion: Ethnic Religions Status: Significantly reached Status: Partially reached Evangelicals: 75.0% Evangelicals: 7.0% Chr Adherents: 80.0% Chr Adherents: 7.0% Scripture: Complete Bible Scripture: Complete Bible www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net Source: Anonymous Source: Wikipedia "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Achang, Husa in China Adi
    [Show full text]
  • A Speaker-Centered Approach to Descriptive Linguistics
    Vol. 1, No. 2 (December 2007), pp.154-181 http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc/ The Use of Perception Tests in Studying the Tonal System of Prinmi Dialects: A Speaker-centered Approach to Descriptive Linguistics Picus Sizhi Ding Macao Polytechnic Institute and University of Potsdam Contrary to previous description based on the Mandarin model of syllable-tone system, Xinyingpan, a dialect of Prinmi (a Tibeto-Burman language of China), has been discovered to possess a melody-tone system (or “pitch-accent” system) akin to that of Japanese. Targeting the crux of the unusual characteristics of this melody-tone system, where neutralization of two tonal categories in citation form is possible, this study uses perception tests to explore (dis)similarities among the tonal system of Xinyingpan Prinmi and those of other dialects. The perception tests consist of several minimal pairs of words contrasting solely by tone in a sentence frame. Results from more than twenty native speakers of fifteen Prinmi dialects from Ninglang, Lanping, and Yulong counties in Yunnan show that at least three minimal pairs of words in other dialects use the same tonal patterns for contrast in connected speech as in Xinyingpan. Evidence for the contrastive status of the pairs of words was attained directly from speakers who helped to prepare materials for the perception tests. This paper will also discuss some effects of language shift, such as linguistic attrition, observed in the empirical study. 1. INTRODUCTION1. Linguists doing fieldwork may observe fresh linguistic phenomena from time to time. Quite often, the new discovery is not shared with others who have worked on the same language at different times and locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Origins of Vowel Pharyngealization in Hongyan Qiang*
    Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area Volume 29.2 — October 2006 ORIGINS OF VOWEL PHARYNGEALIZATION IN HONGYAN QIANG* Jonathan Evans Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica Hongyan, a variety of Northern Qiang (Tibeto-Burman, China) has four plain vowel monophthongs /i, u, ə, a/. Vowels may be lengthened, rhotacized, or pharyngealized, resulting in fourteen short and ten long vowel phonemes. No other varieties of Qiang have been described with pharyngealization, although the other suprasegmental effects are common throughout Northern Qiang. This paper explores how the distinctions which in Hongyan are made by differences in pharyngealization are phonologized in other varieties of Northern and Southern Qiang. Comparisons are drawn with processes in other Qiangic languages and with Proto-Tibeto- Burman reconstructions, in order to explore possible routes of development of pharyngealization; the most plausible source of pharyngealization seen thus far is retraction of vowels following PTB *-w-. Keywords: Qiang, pharyngealization, brightening, Tibeto-Burman. * Special thanks to the suggestions and help of David Bradley, Zev Handel, Randy LaPolla, James Matisoff, John Ohala, and Jackson Sun. They do not necessarily agree with all of the conclusions drawn herein. Thanks to Chenglong Huang, linguist and native Qiang speaker, for providing Ronghong Yadu data, analysis, and discussion. This research was supported by my home institution, and by a grant from the National Science Council of Taiwan (94-2411-H-001-071). 95 96 Jonathan Evans 1. INTRODUCTION TO HONGYAN Qiang (羌) is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture (啊壩藏族羌藏族自治州) of Sichuan Province, China. It has been divided into two major dialects, Northern (NQ) and Southern (SQ) by H.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconsidering the Diachrony of Tone in Rma1
    Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society JSEALS Vol. 13.1 (2020): 53-85 ISSN: 1836-6821, DOI: http://hdl.handle.net/10524/52460 University of Hawaiʼi Press RECONSIDERING THE DIACHRONY OF TONE IN RMA1 Nathaniel A. Sims University of California Santa Barbara [email protected] Abstract Prior work has suggested that proto-Rma was a non-tonal language and that tonal varieties underwent tonogenesis (Liú 1998, Evans 2001a-b). This paper re-examines the different arguments for the tonogenesis hypothesis and puts forward subgroup-internal and subgroup- external evidence for an alternative scenario in which tone, or its phonetic precursors, was present at the stage of proto-Rma. The subgroup-internal evidence comes from regular correspondences between tonal varieties. These data allow us to put forward a working hypothesis that proto-Rma had a two-way tonal contrast. Furthermore, existing accounts of how tonogenesis occurred in the tonal varieties are shown to be problematic. The subgroup-external evidence comes from regular tonal correspondences to two closely related tonal Trans- Himalayan subgroups: Prinmi, a modern language, and Tangut, a mediaeval language attested by written records from the 11th to 16th centuries. Regular correspondences among the tonal categories of these three subgroups, combined with the Rma-internal evidence, allow us to more confidently reconstruct tone for proto-Rma. Keywords: Tonogenesis, Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan), Rma, Prinmi, Tangut, Historical linguistics ISO 639-3 codes: qxs, pmi, pmj, txg 1. Introduction This paper addresses the diachrony of tone in Rma,2 a group of northeastern Trans-Himalayan3 language varieties spoken in 四川 Sìchuān, China.
    [Show full text]