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Introduction to Qiang Phonology and Lexicon: Synchrony and Diachrony by Jonathan Paul Evans

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Introduction to Qiang Phonology and Lexicon: Synchrony and Diachrony by Jonathan Paul Evans Introduction to Qiang Phonology and Lexicon: Synchrony and Diachrony by Jonathan Paul Evans B.S. (Duke University) 1989 M.S. (University of California, Berkeley) 1991 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Committee in charge: Professor James A. Matisoff, Chairman Professor Gary B. Holland Professor Yoko Hasegawa FaH 1999 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Introduction to Qiang Phonology and Lexicon: Synchrony and Diachrony Copyright 1999 by Jonathan Paul Evans Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. This dissertation is dedicated to the greater glory of God A.M.D.G. and is offered here with deepest gratitude to My dear wife Wendy : I cannot imagine writing this without your patient endurance and gentle encouragement and to My wonderful parents, Hilary and Eunice Evans, who have waited a long time: May you continue to bless others as you have blessed me. and to The Qiang people, who have lavished on me their hospitality, patience, and friendship. "May God cause His face to shine upon you, and be gracious to you, and give you peace.” Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. In Memory of Elizabeth Evans 1965 - 1975 "...of such is the Kingdom of Heaven" Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Introduction to Qiang Phonology and Lexicon: Synchrony and Diachrony Table of Contents Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................ xi Chapter I. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objectives ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Significance of Proto-Southern Qiang reconstruction ................................... 1 1.3 Brief overview of Qiang geography and history ............................................. 2 1.4 Qiang dialects and the relationship between Qiang and Q iangic .................. 3 1.5 Previous research on Qiang ........................................................................... 9 1.5.1 Descriptive works ........................................................................... 9 1.5.2 Diachronic and comparative works ............................................... 16 1.6 The database ..................................................................................................... 19 1.7 Organization of the dissertation ..................................................................... 20 Chapter n. Synchronic phonology o f die five key dialects ............................................. 21 2.1 Northern Q ia n g ................................................................................................. 21 2.1.1 Yadu Phonological inventory ........................................................ 21 2.1.1.1 Yadu Initials ..................................................................... 22 2.1.1.2 Yadu Rhym es ................................................................... 37 2.1.1.3 Yadu Stress ..................................................................... 41 2.1.2 Mawo Phonological inventory ........................................................ 41 2.1.2.1 Mawo initials ................................................................... 42 2.1.2.2 Mawo Rhymes ................................................................. 49 2.1.2.3 Mawo Stress ..................................................................... 52 2.2 Southern Q ia n g ................................................................................................. 53 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. vi 2.2.1 Mianchi phonological inventory .................................................... 54 2.2.1.1 Mianchi initials ................................................................. 54 2.2.1.2 Mianchi rhymes ............................................................... 60 2.2.1.3 Mianchi Tones ................................................................. 68 2.2.2 Longxi phonological inventory ...................................................... 72 2.2.2.1 Longxi in itials ................................................................... 72 2.2.2.2 Longxi rhymes ................................................................. 77 2.2.23 Longxi Tones ................................................................. 84 2.2.3 Taoping phonological inventory .................................................... 87 2.2.3.1 Taoping initials ................................................................. 87 2.2.3.2 Taoping rhymes ............................................................... 89 2.2.3.3 Taoping tones ................................................................... 90 2.2.4 Other Southern Qiang Dialects ...................................................... 91 2.3 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 93 Chapter IH. Phonological reconstruction of Proto-Southem Qiang .............................. 94 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 94 3.2 Methodological issues and reconstruction philosophy ................................ 94 3.3 PSQ phonological sy ste m ............................................................................... 98 3.3.1 Initials ........................................................................................... 100 3.3.1.1 Labials ........................................................................... 101 3.3.1.2 Dentals ........................................................................... 104 3.3.1.3 Retroflexes ..................................................................... 113 3.3.1.4 Palatals ........................................................................... 117 3.3.1.5 Velars ............................................................................. 120 3.3.1.6 Uvulars ........................................................................... 127 3.3.1.7 Glottal ............................................................................. 131 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. vii 3.3.1.8 Ouster initials ................................................................. 132 3.3.1.8.1 Labial pre-initials ............................................ 137 3.3.1.8.2 Dental pre-initials ............................................ 144 3.3.1.8.3 Palatal pre-initials ............................................ 148 3.3.1.8.4 Velar pre-initials ............................................ 149 3.3.1.8.5 Uvular Pre-initials ......................................... 153 3.3.1.9 Foitis initials ................................................................... 170 3.3.2 Rhymes ......................................................................................... 171 3.3.2.1 Monophthongs .............................................................. 171 3.3.2.2 Diphthongs ..................................................................... 181 3.3.2.3 Final nasals ..................................................................... 189 3.4 Summary of correspondences ..................................................................... 191 Chapter IV. Contact*induced tonogenesis in Southern Qiang .................. 196 4.1. Introduction .................................................................................................. 196 4.2 Descriptions and origins of Southern Qiang tones .................................... 197 4.2.1 Taoping ........................................................................................... 198 4.2.2 Longxi ........................................................................................... 199 4.23 Mianchi ......................................................................................... 202 4.2.4 Suprasegmentals in other dialects .............................................. 209 4.3. Evidence that tone is an innovation in Southern Qiang ............................ 212 43.1. Lack of inherited tone from earlier stages ................................. 212 43.2. Weak role of tone in tonal dialects ............................................. 213 4 3 3 . Correlation of tone with phonological simplicity .................... 214 43.4. Correlation of tonality and borrowing .................................... 216 4.4. Process of tonogenesis in Southern Qiang ................................................ 217 4.4.1. Lexical stress ............................................................................... 217 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. viii 4.4.2. Development of pitch accent .................................................. 218 4.43. Phonological reduction of syllable canons and segmental inventories .................................................................................
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