DOCSLIB.ORG

(Ph. D. Thesis) March, 1990 Takako Hirose

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(Ph. D. Thesis) March, 1990 Takako Hirose THE SINGLE DOMINANT PARTY SYSTEM AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT: CASE STUDIES OF INDIA AND JAPAN (Ph. D. Thesis) March, 1990 Takako Hirose ABSTRACT This is an attempt to compare the processes of political development in India and Japan. The two states have been chosen because of some common features: these two Asian countries have preserved their own cultures despite certain degrees of modernisation; both have maintained a system of parliamentary democracy based on free electoral competition and universal franchise; both political systems are characterised by the prevalence of a single dominant party system. The primary objective of this analysis is to test the relevance of Western theories of political development. Three hypotheses have been formulated: on the relationship between economic growth and social modernisation on the one hand and political development on the other; on the establishment of a "nation-state" as a prerequisite for political development; and on the relationship between political stability and political development. For the purpose of testing these hypotheses, the two countries serve as good models because of their vastly different socio-economic conditions: the different levels of modernisation and economic growth; the homogeneity- heterogeneity dichotomy; and the frequency of political conflict. In conclusion, Japan is an apoliticised society in consequence of the imbalance between its political and economic development. By contrast, the Indian political system is characterised by an ever-increasing demand for - 2 - participation, with which current levels of institutionalisation cannot keep pace. The respective single dominant parties have thus played opposing roles, i.e. of apoliticising society in the case of Japan while encouraging participation in that of India. The results of this comparative study indicate that a high rate of economic growth does not necessarily lead to political development, that legitimacy is a more important factor in achieving national integration, and that the frequency of political conflict is in some cases a sign of an increase in participation. - 3 - CONTENTS List of Tables 8 List of Acronyms 10 INTRODUCTION 12 PART ONE: A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 19 Chapter 1: Comparative Politics and Political Development 20 1. Comparative Politics Movement 21 2. Political Development: Participation and Institutionalisation 26 3. A New Trend in Comparative Politics 34 4. Search for a New Model 40 Chapter 2: An Analytical Framework of Political Parties 47 1. Origins and Development of Parties 47 2. Typology of Party Systems 50 3. Levels of Analysis 53 PART TWO: THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS AND THE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA 63 Chapter 3: The Emergence of an Indian Polity and the Role of the Indian National Congress 64 - 4 - 1. The Structure of the Indian Political System 64 (1) Indian Political Culture 64 (2) Pre-British Period 67 (3) The Legacy of British Rule 68 2. The Nationalist Movement and the Emergence of the Indian National Congress 73 (1) The Establishment of the Indian National Congress 73 (2) Mahatma Gandhi and the Congress Party 78 3. Independence and the Issue of Federalism 87 Chapter 4: The Emergence of a Competitive Party System and the Development of a Single Dominant Party System 98 1. Parliamentary Democracy and Universal Franchise 98 2. A Competitive Party System 104 (1) The Elections 105 (2) Opposition Parties 117 Chapter 5: The Organisation and Functions of the Congress Party 127 1. Party-Government Relations 129 2. The Organisation of the Congress party 142 (1) Membership 14 2 (2) The Field Organisation 147 (3) Organisational Elections 150 (4) Rajiv Gandhi and his Party 154 3. The Functions of the Congress Party 158 - 5 - (1) The Party Activities 158 (2) The Functions of the Single Dominant Party 164 PART THREE: THE LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY AND THE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF JAPAN 178 chapter 6: Postwar Political Reforms and the Emergence of a Competitive Party System 179 1. The Constitutional Revision 179 2. The Political System of 1955 185 (1) The Re-Emergence of Political Parties 185 (2) Land Reform 187 (3) The Dissolution of the Zaibatsu 190 (4) The Bureaucracy 194 (5) Labour 19 7 (6) The Establishment of the Political System of 1955 201 Chapter 7: The Organisation and Functions of the Liberal Democratic Party 212 1. Postwar Japanese Political Culture 212 2. Elections and Supporters' Associations 217 3. The Factions 227 4. Decision-Making and the Bureaucracy 236 CONCLUSION: POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA AND JAPAN 253 1. A comparative Framework 253 (1) Three Basic Assumptions 253 - 6 - (2) An Operational Definition of Political Development 255 (3) Main Actors 257 (4) Levels of Analysis 258 2. Empirical Findings 263 (1) The Settings 264 (2) Participation 265 j ' ‘ (3 ) |Institutionalisation 270 j 3. Political Development - Three Basic Assumptions Reviewed 2 78 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND LIST OF INTERVIEWS 285 Bibliography 286 1. Theories 286 2. India 292 3. Japan 308 List of Interviews 317 - 7 - LIST OF TABLES India Table 1: Party-Wise Distribution of Seats and Percentage of Votes in Lok Sabha Elections (1952-1984) 106 Table 2: Party-Wise Distribution of Seats and Percentage of Votes in Vidhan Sabha Elections in 1952 and 1957 108 Table 3: Party-Wise Distribution of Seats and Percentage of Votes in Vidhan Sabha Elections in 1967 and 1971-72 109 Table 4: Party-Wise Distribution of Seats and Percentage of Votes in Vidhan Sabha Elections in 1977-78 and 1979-80 115 Japan Table 5: The Number of Unions and Membership Figures (1945-1950) 198 Table 6: Occupation-Wise Party Support 207 Table 7: Previous Occupations of Diet Members 207 Table 8: Party-Wise Distribution of Seats and Percentage of Votes in Elections for the House of Representatives (1955- 1986) 218 Table 9: Published LDP Membership Figures (1975-1987) 226 - 8 - Table 10: Faction-Wise Distribution of Seats in 1975, 1980, 1985 and 1986 233 Table 11: The Most Influential Groups in Policy- Making 236 Table 12: Party-Wise Distribution of Seats in the Elections for the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly in 1989 275 Table 13: Party-Wise Distribution of Seats in the Elections for the House of Councillors and the Resulting Number of Seats in 1989 275 - 9 - ACRONYMS Indian Political Parties INC: Indian National Congress, Indian National Congress(I) SOC: Socialist Party KMPP: Kisan Mazdoor Mandal CPI: Communist Party of India BJS: All India Bahartiya Jan Sangh BJP: Bhartiya Janata Party HMS: Akhil Bhartiya Hindu Mahasabha RRP: Akhil Bhartiya Ram Rajya Parishad SCF: All India Scheduled Caste Federation SWA: Swatantra Party PSP: Praja Socialist Party RPI: Republican Party of India CPM: Communist Party of India (Marxist) SSP: Samyukta Socialist Party NCO: Indian National Congress (Organisation) LD: Lok Dal INCU: Indian National Congress (Urs ) BLD: Bhartiya Lok Dal (Janata Party) JNP: Janata Party JNPS: Janata Party (Secular) TDP: Telugu Desam Party AIADMK: All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam INCS: Indian National Congress (Socialist) JKN: Jammu & Kashmir National Conference JNPSR :Janata Party (Secular Raj Narain) - 10 - JNPSC:Janata Party (Secular Charan Singh) Japanese Political Parties LDP: Liberal Democratic Party JSP: Japan Socialist Party DSP: Democratic Socialist Party LFP: Labour-Farmer Party JCP: Japan Communist Party NLC: New Liberal Club SDF: Social Democratic Federation - 11 - INTRODUCTION This study is an attempt to compare the processes of political development in India and Japan. The two countries have been chosen for various reasons. Firstly, both countries are part of Asia and even after achieving a certain degree of modernisation, they still preserve their own cultures. Therefore, the case studies of these two countries show the applicability and limitations of Western theories. Secondly, India and Japan are among the few countries in Asia which have been able to maintain parliamentary democracy based on free electoral competition and universal franchise. Thirdly, both political systems are categorised as single dominant party systems, which at least provides a common ground for comparison. The fourth reason is the different levels of modernisation and economic growth of the two countries. One is a post-industrial society with a literacy rate of virtually one hundred percent while the other is still a developing country in many respects with forty percent of the population living under the poverty line. How these levels of modernisation correspond to political development is one of my main concerns. The fifth reason is that the two countries are at the two extreme ends of the homogeneity-heterogeneity spectrum. If national integration is an important aspect of political development, this dichotomy should present a significant contrast in examining the ways in which integration is - 12 - achieved. It is generally believed that because of Japan's miraculous economic growth, high level of education, cultural homogeneity and political stability, its political system has achieved a remarkable degree of development. The Liberal Democratic Party, which is the most important political engine of Japan's postwar prosperity, is often counted as one of the most successful political parties in the world since the Second World War. By contrast, Indian politics appear to be in a state of confusion. Moreover, India is a diverse country with a low literacy rate of 36.23 percent,^ ^ the "Hindu rate" of economic growth, recurring ethnic conflicts and lacking even a common language. Because of these socio-economic conditions, the political development achieved by India so far is considered negligible. It is feared that the Indian nation is disintegrating, that increasing violence threatens the integrity of the nation and that, moreover, India is not prepared for political development because of its low level of modernisation. Such is often the first impression of outside observers. Deeper involvement with the two societies, however, makes some such observers wonder if political development is so simple that it can be measured by such indices as economic growth, literacy rate and the number of conflicts. The level of political consciousness does not always correspond to that of modernisation or economic growth in these two countries.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Afghanistan, 1989-1996: Between the Soviets and the Taliban
    Afghanistan, 1989-1996: Between the Soviets and the Taliban A thesis submitted to the Miami University Honors Program in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for University Honors with Distinction by, Brandon Smith May 2005 Oxford, OH ABSTRACT AFGHANISTAN, 1989-1996: BETWEEN THE SOVIETS AND THE TALIBAN by, BRANDON SMITH This paper examines why the Afghan resistance fighters from the war against the Soviets, the mujahideen, were unable to establish a government in the time period between the withdrawal of the Soviet army from Afghanistan in 1989 and the consolidation of power by the Taliban in 1996. A number of conflicting explanations exist regarding Afghanistan’s instability during this time period. This paper argues that the developments in Afghanistan from 1989 to 1996 can be linked to the influence of actors outside Afghanistan, but not to the extent that the choices and actions of individual actors can be overlooked or ignored. Further, the choices and actions of individual actors need not be explained in terms of ancient animosities or historic tendencies, but rather were calculated moves to secure power. In support of this argument, international, national, and individual level factors are examined. ii Afghanistan, 1989-1996: Between the Soviets and the Taliban by, Brandon Smith Approved by: _________________________, Advisor Karen L. Dawisha _________________________, Reader John M. Rothgeb, Jr. _________________________, Reader Homayun Sidky Accepted by: ________________________, Director, University Honors Program iii Thanks to Karen Dawisha for her guidance and willingness to help on her year off, and to John Rothgeb and Homayun Sidky for taking the time to read the final draft and offer their feedback.
    [Show full text]
  • Shake Hands and Make up 0
    NEWSBEAT Shake hands and make up Chief minister Ramakrishna Hegde and the dissidents, led by H. D. Deve Gowda, have called a truce. But, given the belligerence of both sides, how long will it last? ast week, Sunday wondered In fact, there is a persistent suspicion whether Ajit Singh, the new that in spite of the Express'reference to young president of the Janata central government sources, the trans­ Party would accept Ramak­ cript came from Bangalore. Who stands rishna Hegde’s resignation. to gain the most from exposing a nexus This week, the answer is in. Yet anotherbetween Ajit Singh and Deve Gowda ofL Hegde’s resignation dramas has ask the cynics. Obviously, it is the chief drawn curtains prematurely. It was up­ minister. staged by a bigger story: the transcript The chief minister, of course, loudly of the phone conversation between Ajit denied his involvement. In fact, he tried Singh and Janata rebel leader H.D. Deve to give yet another tape episode Gowda, that appeared in Ihe Indian the political. mileage he had ex­ Express on 10 July. tracted from the Veerappa Moily -Byre The timing was devastating enough to Gowda tapes. This time hewasmuch look suspiciously like a deliberate plant. more subdued. But he is still the injured It came on the eve of Hegde’s departure innocent. “You know, even my phone is to Delhi for the crucial Janata Parliamen­ tapped, ” he said in Bangalore. So will he Hegde being welcomed by loyalists on his tary Board meeting. Worse. It was not lodge a protest with the central return from Delhi: triumphant carried along with the full text of government? “I have done it so many Hegde’s conditional resignation to Ajit times, what is the use?” he replied.
    [Show full text]
  • Cm of Karnataka List Pdf
    Cm of karnataka list pdf Continue CHIEF MINISTERS OF KARNATAKA Since 1947 SL.NO. Date from date to 1. Sri K.CHENGALARAY REDDY 25-10-1947 30-03-1952 2. Sri K.HANUMANTAYA 30-03-1952 19-08-1956 3. Sri KADIDAL MANJAPPA 19-08-1956 31-10-1956 4. Sri S.NIALINGAPPA 01-11-1956 16-05-1958 5. Sri B.D. JATTI 16-05-1958 09-03-1962 6. Sri S.R.Kanthi 14-03-1962 20-06-1962 7. Sri S.NIALINGAPPA 21-06-1962 28-05-1968 8. Shri VERENDRA PATIL 29-05-1968 18-03-1971 9. PRESIDENTIAL RULE 19-03-1971 20-03-1972 10. Sri D.DEVRAJ URS 20-03-1972 31-12-1977 11. RULE PRESIDENTS 31-12-1977 28-02-1978 12. Sri D.DEVARAJ URS 28-02-1978 07-01-1980 13. Sri R.GUNDU RAO 12-01-1980 06-01- 1983 14. Sri RAMAKRISHNA HEGDE 10-01-1983 29-12-1984 15. Sri RAMAKRISHNA HEGDE 08-03-1985 13-02-1986 16. Sri RAMAKRISHNA HEGDE 16-02-1986 10-08-1988 17. Sri S.R.BOOMMAI 13-08-1988 21-04-1989 18. PRESIDENTIAL RULE 21-04-1989 30-11-1989 19. Shri VERENDRA PATIL 30-11-1989 10-10-1990 20. PRESIDENTIAL RULE 10-10-1990 17-10-1990 21. Sri S.BANGARAPPA 17-10-1990 19-11-1992 22. Sri VEERAPPA MOILY 19-11-1992 11-12-1994 23. Sri H.D. DEVEGOVDA 11-12-1994 31-05-1996 24. Sri J.H.PATEL 31-05-1996 07-10-1999 25.
    [Show full text]
  • (Public Section) Padma Awards Directory (1954-2009) Year-Wise List Sl
    MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS (Public Section) Padma Awards Directory (1954-2009) Year-Wise List Sl. Prefix First Name Last Name Award State Field Remarks 1954 1 Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan BR TN Public Affairs Expired 2 Shri Chakravarti Rajagopalachari BR TN Public Affairs Expired 3 Dr. Chandrasekhara Raman BR TN Science & Eng. Expired Venkata 4 Shri Nand Lal Bose PV WB Art Expired 5 Dr. Satyendra Nath Bose PV WB Litt. & Edu. 6 Dr. Zakir Hussain PV AP Public Affairs Expired 7 Shri B.G. Kher PV MAH Public Affairs Expired 8 Shri V.K. Krishna Menon PV KER Public Affairs Expired 9 Shri Jigme Dorji Wangchuk PV BHU Public Affairs 10 Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha PB MAH Science & Eng. Expired 11 Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar PB UP Science & Eng. Expired 12 Shri Mahadeva Iyer Ganapati PB OR Civil Service 13 Dr. J.C. Ghosh PB WB Science & Eng. Expired 14 Shri Maithilisharan Gupta PB UP Litt. & Edu. Expired 15 Shri Radha Krishan Gupta PB DEL Civil Service Expired 16 Shri R.R. Handa PB PUN Civil Service Expired 17 Shri Amar Nath Jha PB UP Litt. & Edu. Expired 18 Shri Malihabadi Josh PB DEL Litt. & Edu. 19 Dr. Ajudhia Nath Khosla PB DEL Science & Eng. Expired 20 Shri K.S. Krishnan PB TN Science & Eng. Expired 21 Shri Moulana Hussain Madni PB PUN Litt. & Edu. Ahmed 22 Shri V.L. Mehta PB GUJ Public Affairs Expired 23 Shri Vallathol Narayana Menon PB KER Litt. & Edu. Expired Wednesday, July 22, 2009 Page 1 of 133 Sl. Prefix First Name Last Name Award State Field Remarks 24 Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • 3. Modern Indian History
    UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION IV SEMESTER B.A HISTORY: COMPLEMENTARY MODERN INDIAN HISTORY (1857 TO THE PRESENT DAY: HIS4C01 SELECTED THEMES IN CONTEMPORARY INDIA (2014 Admission onwards) Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers Prepared by Dr.N.PADMANABHAN Associate Professor&Head P.G.Department of History C.A.S.College, Madayi P.O.Payangadi-RS-670358 Dt.Kannur-Kerala 1. The Constitution of ....................is the largest written liberal democratic constitution of the world. 1 a) India b) America c) Pakistan d) Afghanistan 2. The Constitution of ...................provides for a mixture of federalism and Unitarianism, and flexibility and with rigidity. a) Afghanistan b) America c) Pakistan d) India 3. since its inauguration on 26th January.............. , the Constitution India has been successfully guiding the path and progress of India. a)1905 b)1915 c)1930 d) 1950 4. Indian Constitution consists of ................ Articles divided into 22 Parts with 12 Schedules and 94 constitutional amendments. a)295 b)305 c)388 d) 395 5.The Constitution of India indeed much bigger than the US Constitution which has only 7 Articles and the ..................Constitution with its 89 Articles. a) French b) Dutch c) Pakistan d)Afghanistan 6. The constitution of India became fully operational with effect from 26th January.......................... a)1905 b)1935 c)1947 d) 1950 7. Although, right from the beginning the Indian Constitution fully reflected the spirit of democratic socialism, it was only in ................. that the Preamble was amended to include the term ‘Socialism’. a)1936 b)1946 c)1956 d) 1976 8.India has an elected head of state (President of India) who wields power for a fixed term of ..................
    [Show full text]
  • Morarji Desai - My True Friend
    Morarji Desai - my true friend I was first introduced to Morarji Desai in 1975 when senior leaders were finding it difficult to bring him and Jayaprakash Narayan on the same wave length of thinking and pushed me in the front to dare to talk to both. As I have already described in my earlier article, if it were not for my audacity in bringing JP and Morarji together, the June 25th 1975 historic Ramlila Ground meeting in Delhi (which Mrs. Gandhi used as an excuse to declare Emergency), would never have taken place. The Emergency was originally scheduled for June 22nd when JP was to address the rally, but his Patna-Delhi Indian Airlines flight got cancelled, and so Mrs.Gandhi postponed the decision. She wanted to use JP's speech as an excuse. It is a wonder to me that had I not succeeded to bringing the two together on June 25th, and the meeting thus cancelled, would the declaration of Emergency been further postponed, or even Mrs.Gandhi changed her mind about the idea itself with a little more time to think about it? My Next meeting with Morarji Desai was a stormy one. It was a meeting demanded by Morarji to give me a lecture. It was also meeting that became a turning point because after that Morarji and I became very close. The General Elections to Lok Sabha were declared on January 18, 1977 when I was abroad, having escaped again after a dramatic appearance on the floor of Parliament despite an MISA arrest warrant and the highest reward on my head for my capture.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Chad Raymond
    Dr. Chad Raymond Salve Regina University Department of Political Science 100 Ochre Point Avenue Newport, RI 02840 [email protected] (401)341-3294 EDUCATION University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 1994-2000 Ph.D., Political Science. Dissertation: “Rational Resistance to a Weak Authoritarian State – The Political Economy of Vietnamese Farmers from Collectivization to Doi Moi.” Dissertation committee chair: Dr. Kate Xiao Zhou. Study of economic and political development, comparative politics, history, geography, Vietnamese, and Khmer. College of Foreign Languages, Hanoi, Vietnam, 1995 – 1996 Intensive study of Vietnamese. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1984-1989 B.S. and M.S., Political Science. Master’s thesis: “The Role of Refugee Assistance in Supporting Guerrilla Movements – A Case Study of the Thai-Cambodian Border Camps.” Thesis advisors: Drs. Myron Weiner and Lucian Pye. Study of development, Middle East, Africa, Soviet Union, the Cold War, and U.S. foreign policy. TEACHING EXPERIENCE Salve Regina University, Newport, RI, 2008 – present Assistant Professor. International political economy (INR 533), comparative political development (INR 513), politics of the Middle East (INR 586), politics of developing nations (POL 330), comparative politics (POL 240), introduction to world politics (POL 120), introduction to global studies (GLO 100), just and unjust wars (INR 531), complex humanitarian emergencies (INR/ADJ 572), and contemporary Asia (HIS/POL 334). Elon University, Elon, NC, 2006 – 2008 Assistant Professor. International relations, international political economy, comparative politics, politics of Asia, and the Vietnam War. Gardner-Webb University, Boiling Springs, NC, 2002 – 2006 Assistant Professor. International relations, international political economy, comparative politics, politics of developing areas, politics of the Middle East, politics of Asia, post-1945 world history and politics, and introduction to political science.
    [Show full text]
  • Index of the Indian Police Journal Issues from the Year 1954 to 2016
    The Indian Police Journal 1954 to 2016 1 Quarterly Commentary Vol. July-Sept. XXVII No. 1954 3 2 The Police and the Law 3 Recent Judicial Decision 4 Criminal Law and Practice in Scotland 5 The Murder at Diamond Street Detective Inspector E. Wild 6 Section 5, Public Order act, 1936 Detective Sergeant William Grindley 7 A Case of Homicidal Poisoning Dr. Donald Teare 8 Previous Conviction Records Sergeant P.J. Nichols 9 The Case of the Headless Corpse Superintendent D.A.L. Chase 10 The Specialist Officer Detective Sergeant W.A. Philip 11 Illicit Diamond Buying Acting Superintendent B.H. Nealan and Asst. Superintendent J.D. Doherty 12 A Latent heel Impression Detective Constable Frederick Owen 13 The Lari Massacre Assistant Superintendent J.H. Baker 14 Vagrancy (Continued) 15 Police Gold Medal Essay Competition 16 The Murder of Miss Cox I. Sobhanadri Vol. II No. July 1955 Naidu 1 17 A Jest of Fate Nag. K. Gupta, IPS 18 Disintegration of Certain Fibres on N. Pitchandi Burial 19 The Tarapore Murder S.M.A. Pathan 20 The Help of the Polygraph in P. Shivabasappa Police Interrogation 21 Police Notes from Abroad 22 Identification in Law M.M. Thapar 23 Aska Bank Murder Case S.K. Ghosh, IPS 24 Work of Scotland Yard‘s Press and Phillis Davies Information Deptt. 25 Murder or Accident L. Forstner 26 The Finger Prints of Bahadur Khan Shiam Narain 27 A Chain of Forensic V.R. Kher, I.P. Vol. II No. January Laboratories in India 3 1956 28 Belbad Colliery Dacoity N.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Factional Politics in Orissa Since 1975
    FACTIONAL POLITICS IN ORISSA SINCE 1975 Dissertation Submitted for tt)e Degree of Maittt of $Iitlo£(opl^p IN POLITICAL SCIENCE BY IFTEEHAR AHEMMED Under th« supervision of Prof. A. F. USMANI DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1989 ( Office : 6720 Phone : ) Res. : 4342 A. F. USMANI f Office : 266 DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE M.A., LL.B., Ph.D. ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH 202002, INDIA Professor & Chairman Octob^ 21, 19S9 Tka -i& io tOAtliy that tAn. I^tzkhoA Aheimed hcu, compl^tzd koi (LU,i,QjvtatLon zntotlzd: "FacXA^mZ Potituu In QUAA^O. ^Jjica 1975" andzn. my 6upeAv-u^on. The. wofik -Li onA.QlnaJi. I ($ce£ that the. d-u^e^tat^on i^ iuAtable (^oA ^abmi&^ton {jOn. the, de.gfiee Oj$ ^^cL&teA o^ ?hAZo6ophjj -in Votitlcal ScA.e.nce. ^rdZM^ ( A.F. USMAWI COflTENTS Page Acknowledg^neat Preface CHAPTER - I Introduction: Orissai The State and : 1-20 Its People CHAPTER - II Factionalism: Hypothetical Frame work : 21 - 33 CHAPTER - III Factionalism: A Historical Perspective: 34 - 62 CHAPTER - IV Mid-term Election of 1974 And Faction-: 63 - 87 alism in Orissa CHAPTER - V Factionalism During Janata Rule : 88 - 107 CHAPTER - VI Return to Congress System: The Era of :108 - 151 J.B, Patnaik. Conclusion :152 - 163 Bibliography :164 - 173 I mj>h to KZ-dofid my dzzp ^zmz o^ gAxitltadz to VKoiu/^ofi A.V. OAmcufu,, ChjaAJum.n,V2.p<Uitmtnt OjJ VotiticaZ Science, AtigaAh MiuLim UyuveAA^y, AtigaAh, Mho \s&n.y kAjtidly giUdzd me. In tkz pH.0QKe^& o{j thii viOKk.
    [Show full text]
  • Studying Abroad and Chinese Attitudes Towards International Affairs* Donglin Han and David Zweig
    290 Images of the World: Studying Abroad and Chinese Attitudes towards International Affairs* Donglin Han and David Zweig ABSTRACT Since the late 19th century many Chinese leaders have studied abroad, mostly in Japan, the US or the former Soviet Union. Recently, thousands are returning from studying overseas. Is this new cohort of returnees more internationalist than Chinese who do not study abroad? If their values differ and they join China’s elite, they could influence China’s foreign policy. Drawing on surveys of returnees from Japan and Canada over the past 15 years, we compare their views on “co-operative internation- alism” and “assertive nationalism” with the attitudes of China’s middle class drawn from a nationwide survey in 2006. Our returnees are both more “internationalist” than the middle class and less nationalistic. So they are likely to support China’s increasing international role and perhaps constrain China’s growing nationalist sentiment. The movement of people across borders affects international relations and dom- estic politics.1 Internationally, increased immigration and emigration challenge state sovereignty,2 increase dependency3 and expand transnational linkages.4 Domestically, migration not only contributes to the internationalization of local and domestic politics,5 but also affects national security and social stability. * This paper was originally presented at the Conference on “Foreign-Domestic Linkages in China’s International Behaviour,” Centre for Asia-Pacific Initiatives, University of Victoria, BC, 24–25 April 2008. We wish to thank Wu Guoguang for his support. 1 James F. Hollifield, “The politics of international migration: how can we ‘bring the state back in’?” in Caroline B.
    [Show full text]
  • Jayaprakash Narayan: an Idealist Betrayed
    Jayaprakash Narayan: An Idealist Betrayed M.G. DEVASAHAYAM Jayaprakash Narayan addressing a public meeting at Sitabdiara during a visit to his village on November 5, 1977. Photo: The Hindu Archives. The imposition of the Emergency in June 1975 by Indira Gandhi led to a general uprising across the country under the leadership of Jayaprakash Narayan, popularly known as JP. It also brought together strange bedfellows—the socialists and the Jan Sangh, the political face of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). In this personal epitaph on Jayaprakash Narayan, former civil servant M.G. Devasahayam, who was "the only person who had unrestricted access" to the late JP when he was prisoner during the Emergency, explains how the JP movement fizzled out due to what he terms the "betrayal of the RSS". Prelude The150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi commenced on October 2, 2018 with all solemnity and is being celebrated across the country. October 2 has become an iconic date known to even kindergarten kids. October 11 is the 116th birth anniversary of Jayaprakash Narayan, popularly known as JP. If Mahatma Gandhi is the architect of India’s first freedom in 1947, which was extinguished by Congress supremo Indira Gandhi on 25/26 June, 1975, it was JP who got us our second freedom after defeating Emergency in 1977. While Gandhiji won it from a tottering alien rule, JP had to take on and defeat the might of an entrenched domestic despot with vast resources and armed with draconian Emergency powers, reminiscent of Stalinist regime. In gratitude, common people called him the Second Mahatma.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Order in Changing Societies
    Political Order in Changing Societies by Samuel P. Huntington New Haven and London, Yale University Press Copyright © 1968 by Yale University. Seventh printing, 1973. Designed by John O. C. McCrillis, set in Baskerville type, and printed in the United States of America by The Colonial Press Inc., Clinton, Mass. For Nancy, All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form Timothy, and Nicholas (except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Library of Congress catalog card number: 68-27756 ISBN: 0-300-00584-9 (cloth), 0-300-01171-'7 (paper) Published in Great Britain, Europe, and Africa by Yale University Press, Ltd., London. Distributed in Latin America by Kaiman anti Polon, Inc., New York City; in Australasia and Southeast Asia by John Wiley & Sons Australasia Pty. Ltd., Sidney; in India by UBS Publishers' Distributors Pvt., Ltd., Delhi; in Japan by John Weatherhill, Inc., Tokyo. I·-~· I I. Political Order and Political Decay THE POLITICAL GAP The most important political distinction among countries con­ i cerns not their form of government but their degree of govern­ ment. The differences between democracy and dictatorship are less i than the differences between those countries whose politics em­ , bodies consensus, community, legitimacy, organization, effective­ ness, stability, and those countries whose politics is deficient in these qualities. Communist totalitarian states and Western liberal .states both belong generally in the category of effective rather than debile political systems. The United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union have different forms of government, but in all three systems the government governs.
    [Show full text]