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Sanskrit Kāraka Analyzer for Machine Translation Sudhir Kumar Mishra

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Sanskrit K āraka Analyzer for Machine Translation Thesis submitted to Jawaharlal Nehru University In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the award of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Sudhir Kumar Mishra Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi–110067 INDIA 2007 ÌuÉÍvÉ· xÉÇxM×üiÉ AkrÉrÉlÉ MåülSì SPECIAL CENTRE FOR SANSKRIT STUDIES eÉuÉÉWûUsÉÉsÉ lÉåWûà ÌuɵÉÌuɱÉsÉrÉ JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY lÉD ÌSssÉÏÌSssÉÏ----110067 New Delhi-110067 July 20, 2007 D E C L A R A T I O N I declare that thesis entitled “Sanskrit K āraka Analyzer for Machine Translation” submitted by me for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy is an original research work and has not been previously submitted for any other degree or diploma in any other institution/university. (Sudhir K Mishra) ÌuÉÍvÉ· xÉÇxM×üiÉ AkrÉrÉlÉ MåülSì SPECIAL CENTRE FOR SANSKRIT STUDIES eÉuÉÉWûUsÉÉsÉ lÉåWûà ÌuɵÉÌuɱÉsÉrÉ JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY lÉD ÌSsÌSssÉÏsÉÏsÉÏsÉÏ----110067110067 NEW DELHI-110067 July 20, 2007 C E R T I F I C A T E This thesis entitled “Sanskrit K āraka Analyzer For Machine Translation” submitted by Sudhir K Mishra to Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067 , for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, is an original work and has not been submitted so far, in part or full, for any other degree or diploma of any University. This may be placed before the examiners for evaluation and for award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Dr. Girish Nath Jha Dr. C. Upender Rao [Supervisor] [Chairperson] Á Á eÉrÉliÉÏ qÉXçaÉsÉÉ MüÉsÉÏ pÉSìMüÉsÉÏ MümÉÉÍsÉlÉÏ | SÒaÉÉï ¤ÉqÉÉ ÍvÉuÉÉ kÉɧÉÏ xuÉÉWûÉ xuÉkÉÉ lÉqÉÉåÅxiÉÑ iÉå || §ÉÉÌWû qÉÉÇ SåÌuÉ SÒwmÉëå¤rÉå vɧÉÔhÉÉÇ pÉrÉuÉÍkÉïÌlÉ | mÉëÉcrÉÉÇ U¤ÉiÉÑ qÉÉqÉælSìÏ AÉalÉårrÉÉqÉÎalÉSåuÉiÉÉ || AÎeÉiÉÉ uÉÉqÉmÉɵÉåï iÉÑ SͤÉhÉå cÉÉmÉUÉÎeÉiÉÉ | ÍvÉZÉÉqÉѱÉåÌiÉlÉÏ U¤ÉåSÒqÉÉ qÉÔÎklÉï urÉuÉÎxjÉiÉÉ || lÉÉÍxÉMüÉrÉÉÇ xÉÑaÉlkÉÉ cÉ E¨ÉUÉå¸å cÉ cÉÍcÉïMüÉ | AkÉUå cÉÉqÉ×iÉMüsÉÉ ÎeÉÀûÉrÉÉÇ cÉ xÉUxuÉiÉÏ || vÉÑ¢üÇ oÉë¼ÉÍhÉ qÉå U¤ÉåcNûÉrÉÉÇ Nû§ÉåµÉUÏ iÉjÉÉ | AWûÇMüÉUÇ qÉlÉÉå oÉÑÌ®Ç U¤ÉålqÉå kÉqÉïkÉÉËUhÉÏ || AÉrÉÔ U¤ÉiÉÑ uÉÉUÉWûÏ kÉqÉïÇ U¤ÉiÉÑ uÉæwhÉuÉÏ | rÉvÉÈ MüÐÌiÉïÇ cÉ sɤqÉÏÇ cÉ kÉlÉÇ ÌuɱÉÇ cÉ cÉÌ¢ühÉÏ || Á ÌuÉvÉÑ®¥ÉÉlÉSåWûÉrÉ Ì§ÉuÉåSÏÌSurÉcɤÉÑwÉå | ´ÉårÉÈmÉëÉÎmiÉÌlÉÍqɨÉÉrÉ lÉqÉÈ xÉÉåqÉÉkÉïkÉÉËUhÉå || Contents Acknowledgements i Abbreviations iv Transliteration scheme used vii INTRODUCTION 01 CHAPTER – I 6-42 Indian Language Technology and Computational Sanskrit 1.-1 Introduction 6 1.1 Survey of IL technology R & D 6 1.2 IL-IL MT Systems in India 16 1.3 Major Approaches to MT 36 1.4 Role of Sanskrit in translation among Indian Languages (IL) 37 1.5 Kāraka and its usefulness for IL-IL translation 38 CHAPTER – II 43-67 Centrality of Verb in P āini’s Kāraka System 2.0 Sanskrit sentence 43 2.1 Survey of Literature 44 2.2 Sanskrit verb and its identification 44 2.2.1 Definition of dh ātu 45 2.2.2 Classification of dh ātus 47 2.2.3 Concept of lak āra 49 2.3 Structure of Sentence 50 2.4 TGL id module 53 2.5 Derivational Verb Identification 58 2.6 Prefix Identification 65 2.7 Verb identification for Kāraka 66 CHAPTER – III 68-100 The Kāraka System of P āini 3.0 Definition of Kāraka 68 3.1 Types of Kāraka 69 3.1.1 Kart k āraka 70 3.1.2 Karman k āraka 75 3.1.3 Kara a kāraka 79 3.1.4 Sa prad āna k āraka 80 3.1.5 Ap ādāna k āraka 83 3.1.6 Adhikara a k āraka 87 3.1.7 Optional kāraka 89 3.2 Karmapravacn īya 91 CHAPTER – IV 101-140 The Vibhakti System of P āini 4.0 Vibhakti 101 4.1.1 Pratham ā vibhakti 101 4.1.2 Optional pratham ā vibhakti 102 4.1.3 Dvit īyā vibhakti 103 4.1.4 Optional dvit īyā vibhakti 105 4.1.5 Ttīyā vibhakti 106 4.1.6 Optional ttīyā vibhakti 108 4.1.7 Caturth ī vibhakti 110 4.1.8 Optional caturth ī vibhakti 111 4.1.9 Pa –cami vibhakti 112 4.1.10 Optional pa –cami vibhakti 114 4.1.11 a hī vibhakti 114 4.1.12 Optional a hī vibhakti 116 4.1.13 Saptam ī vibhakti 117 4.1.14 Optional saptam ī vibhakti 120 4.2 Kāraka - vibhakti mapping 120 4.2.1 Kart k āraka and vibhakti 121 4.2.2 Karman k āraka and vibhakti 125 4.2.3 Kara a k āraka and vibhakti 135 4.2.4 Samprad āna k āraka and vibhakti 136 4.2.5 Ap ādāna k āraka and vibhakti 136 4.2.6 Adhikara a k āraka and vibhakti 137 4.2.7 vibhakti sūtras related to Vedic texts 140 CHAPTER – V 141-154 Kāraka Analysis System (KAS) 5.0 Introduction 141 5.1 KAS – Architecture 142 5.2 The algorithm 142 5.3 KAS platform 143 5.4 KAS modules 144 5.4.1 Preprocessor 144 5.4.2 Verb Analyzer 144 5.4.2.1 upasarga dh ātus 145 5.4.2.2 ijanta dh ātus 145 5.4.2.3 nāma-dh ātus 146 5.4.2.4.1 Lexical Resource for ti anta analyzer 146 5.4.2.4.2 Process of ti anta identification 147 5.4.2.4.3 ti anta information for kāraka analysis 147 5.4.2.4.3.1 ga a information 147 5.4.2.4.3.2 artha information 148 5.4.2.4.3.3 karmaka information 149 5.4.3 avyaya 149 5.4.4 karmapravacan īya 150 5.4.5 pratyay ānta pada 150 5.4.6 anyapada 151 5.4.7 subanta Analyzer 152 5.5 Conclusion 154 CONCLUSION 155-158 APPENDICES 159-164 • Sample of source code • Sample of lexical resources • Test corpora • Screen shots • Web application CD BIBLIOGRAPHY 165-176 Acknowledgement First of all, I would like to give my deep regards and deliver thanks to the divine power called God for enabling me to finish this work. I am greatly indebted to Dr. Girish Nath Jha , under whose guidance and supervision I was able to do my research in the emergning area of multidisciplinary research called Computational Linguistics Dr. Jha provided me continuous help and encouragement despite his hectic schedule. Without his able guidance and inspiration it would have been extremely difficult for the present research to complete. I have presented a lot of papers with Dr. Jha in different national and international conferences/ seminars. In fact, whatever I know in this field, it is an outcome of his effort. His invaluable intellectual inputs, scholarly guidance, insightful suggestions, affectionate encouragement, fatherly admonishment and bountiful patience made this work see the light of the day. I am particularly grateful to Prof. Kapil Kapoor , the guru of my guru, for teaching research methodology to me and for being a constant support whenever I needed. I am deeply grateful to my teachers from the Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies (Prof. Shashiprabha Kumar, Dr. Hari Ram Mishra, Dr. C. Upendra Rao, Dr. Rajnish Mishra, Dr. Santosh Kumar Shukla and Dr. Ram Nath Jha) and Prof. V. N. Jha for initiating me in the discipline of Sanskrit (Grammar, Literature, Linguistics and Philosophy) and helping me out whenever there was a need for it. Prof. Rama Nath Sharma (Department of Hawaiian and Indo-pacific Languages and Literature, University of Hawaii,) helped me in the linguistic approaches to Sanskrit Language. He also solved many research related problems from time to time through his readings and valuable suggestions. I had an opportunity to learn kāraka prakara a of Pata –jali’s Mah ābh āya by Prof. George Cardona (School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, USA) at J.N.U. when he was visiting Sanskrit Centre in 2005. Prof. Cardona also provided research related valuable materials. Dr. Amba Pradeep Kulkarni (Senior Consultant, Satyam Computer Services Ltd., Hyderbad) and Dr. Deepti Mishra Sharma (Language Technologies Research Centre, IIIT, Hyderabad) thoroughly discussed with me my topic and suggested techniques of solving this problem. I am extremely grateful to Dr. H. R. Mishra and Mrs. Dr. Divya Mishra for their unfailing help and encouragement on both levels - personal and academics. After completing my M.A. in Sanskrit from University of Allahabad, Dr. Goparaju Rama (Principal, Ganganatha Jha Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Allahabad) gave me an opportunity to present my another work on Ny āya and Vai śeśika Philosphy before a body of scholars He has published it in the journal of Ganganatha Jha Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha. Dr. Kishor Nath Jha (Ganganatha Jha Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Allahabad) helped me in writing the above paper. I have no words to express my gratitude to all the above mentioned people and their valuable help. My deep acknowledgement for the emotional and moral support provided by my grand-mother Mrs. Chandrawati Mishra , my parents Shri U.S. Mishra and Smt. Lalati Mishra . My elder brother Mr. Sunil Kumar Mishra has been an inspiration and role model in many ways for me. He has been not only my elder brother but also a good friend and has been just like my parents. Still, this work would not have been completed without consistent emotional and academic support by him. I am feeling very happy and share a lot of love with my younger sisters Miss Susmita Mishra , Mrs. Renu Tiwari , Smt. Rashmi Mishra (Bhabhi ji ). Among my friends Dr. Devendra Singh (JNU), Dr. R. Chandrashekar (Brown University), Subhash (CDAC, Kolakata), L.K.Vimal, Dr. Satyapal Sharma (BHU), Dr. Girish Singh and Dr. Sudheer P Singh (DU) were always there to share my feelings and emotions.
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  • Introduction*

    Introduction*

    INTRODUCTION | 1 Introduction* Radhavallabh Tripathi IT is almost an impossible task for a single person to present a comprehensive view on the status and trends of Sanskrit studies in a vast country like India. What is being done here would just appear to be a sketchy account, containing snippets of information, that is to be further corroborated, properly analysed and explored. India is divided into 28 states, 7 union territories and 644 districts. There is hardly any district or region where Sanskrit is not studied in some form or the other. Sanskrit is mentioned in the list of 22 major languages, officially accepted in the Constitution of India, and it is also one of the three languages there, that have an all India character. Teaching, Education and Research In India there are 282 universities as per the records with the AIU, at least 112 of which have postgraduate and research departments of Sanskrit. The number of colleges teaching Sanskrit is around 10,000. “Modern methods” are adopted in these institutions for teaching programmes in Sanskrit. Apart from these universities and colleges, there are 16 Sanskrit universities and a number of Sanskrit pÀÇhaœÀlÀs or Sanskrit * This is an enlarged and revised version of my paper “Sanskrit Studies in India” published in the Bulletin of IASS, 2012. 2 | SIXTY YEARS OF SANSKRIT STUDIES: VOL. 1 colleges where traditional method also known as pÀÇhaœÀlÀ paddhati is practised. As per a recent state-wise survey conducted by the Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan (RSkS) the number of Sanskrit pÀÇhaœÀlÀs in Madhya Pradesh is 644, in Chhattisgarh 32, in Uttar Pradesh 1347, Uttarakhand 115, in Karnataka it is 290, in Orissa 433, Punjab 8, Rajasthan 1698, Sikkim 36, Tamil Nadu 55, and in Himachal Pradesh 129, Andhra Pradesh 509, Assam 83, Bihar 717, Goa 4, Gujarat 63, Haryana 74, Jammu & Kashmir 43, Jharkhand 3, Kerala 31, Maharashtra 63, Manipur 8.
  • HISTORICAL SYNTAX the Syntax of Sanskrit Compounds John J

    HISTORICAL SYNTAX the Syntax of Sanskrit Compounds John J

    HISTORICAL SYNTAX The syntax of Sanskrit compounds John J. Lowe University of Oxford Classical Sanskrit is well known for making extensive use of compounding. I argue, within a lexicalist framework, that the major rules of compounding in Sanskrit can be most appropriately characterized in syntactic, not morphological, terms. That is, Classical Sanskrit ‘compounds’ are in fact very often syntactic phrases. The syntactic analysis proposed captures the fact that com - pound formation is closer to a morphological process than other aspects of syntax, and so permits some acknowledgment of the gradient nature of the word –phrase divide, even within a strictly lex - icalist theory. * Keywords : compounds, syntax, lexicalism, Sanskrit, lexical-functional grammar (LFG) 1. Introduction . Classical Sanskrit is well known for making extensive use of com - pounding ; indeed , modern Western linguistics has adopted the Sanskrit grammatical terms for some compound types, such as bahuvrīhi and dvandva . In this article, I dis - cuss the morphosyntactic status of Classical Sanskrit compounds. I argue that the major rules of compounding in Sanskrit can be most appropriately characterized in syntactic, not morphological, terms : that is , as syntactic phrases rather than as complex words. The position of compounds on the cline between syntactic phrase and lexical unit, in particular in English but also crosslinguistically, has been the subject of considerable debate and is a prominent topic in morphological work on the definition of a word. The topic has not been so widely treated in syntactic literature. Within strict lexicalist theo - ries in particular, there is relatively little work on compounds and, perhaps, little moti - vation to treat them, since a lexical analysis is always possible.
  • Lesson 193 LESSON 20 (Vi‚軻 P¹-Ha P鼓ini Has

    Lesson 193 LESSON 20 (Vi‚軻 P¹-Ha P鼓ini Has

    208 Master Sanskrit Easily Lesson 193 Bh¹v¹rtha and karm¹tha : To derive an abstract noun or LESSON 20 the one expressing similar behavior, from a noun or adjective the (Vi‚¶aå P¹•haå) taddhita terminations tva, tal (=t¹), imanic, ¬yañ, añ, vati and kan are suffixed to it. P¹ªini has set the system of the ¹gama (addition) and ¹de¶a -tva or -tal (=t¹) – These taddhita terminations are suffixed (replacement) and with a view to explain logically the word forms as to a noun or adjective to derive an abstract noun from it. When –tva is they were actually used in the Sanskrit language spoken in his times. applied the derived abstract noun or adjective becomes a neuter one, He has analyzed the language as it actually was spoken then. He has and when -tal > t¹ is applied the derived abstract noun or adjective not set up a new language. Patañjali, the author of the Great becomes a feminine one. For instance: go+tva=gotva=gotvam Commentary (Mah¹-bh¹¬ya) on the A¬•¹dhy¹y» of P¹ªini has (N.)=bullness. go+tal >=go+ t¹= got¹ (F.)=cowness. specifically mentioned that one of five objectives, rather benefits, of ¶i¶u+tva=¶i¶utva=¶i¶utvam (N.)= childhood. ¶i¶u+tal >¶i¶u+ composing this work of P¹ªini was to master the Sanskrit language t¹=¶i¶ut¹ (F.) =childhood. easily. And, those who grasp the system of the P¹ªinian Grammar can read, and understand thoroughly, any of the innumerable works in Recite aloud the following verse and its explanation, trying Sanskrit.
  • Anantaratnaprabhava

    Anantaratnaprabhava

    Consonanze 11.2 ANANTARATNAPRABHAVA. STUDI IN ONORE DI GIULIANO BOCCALI 2 ANANTARATNAPRABHAVA. Anantaratnaprabhava, ‘fonte di in!nite gemme’, è l’attributo che il sommo poeta Kālidāsa conferisce al sovrano dei monti, Himālaya, nell’esordio del Kumārasambhava, capolavoro della poesia classica ANANTARATNAPRABHAVA indiana. L’epiteto scelto per titolo di questi due volumi dedicati STUDI IN ONORE DI GIULIANO BOCCALI a Giuliano Boccali allude non solo ai suoi interessi letterari più cari, ma anche, e soprattutto, alla sua vita di studioso. Con questa raccolta di saggi, colleghi, allievi e amici italiani hanno voluto a cura di Alice Crisanti, Cinzia Pieruccini, onorare con gratitudine, stima profonda e a#etto la sua lunga e Chiara Policardi, Paola M. Rossi prestigiosa carriera di infaticabile docente e di elegantissimo esegeta. Dal Veda alla letteratura dell’India meridionale, dalle !loso!e indiane classiche alle problematiche più contemporanee, II dalle culture iraniche al Tibet, i due volumi sono anche una rassegna del vivacissimo mondo italiano degli studi in questi ambiti, che si è qui raccolto intorno alla !gura di un grande maestro. Alice Crisanti e Chiara Policardi sono dottori di ricerca in Indologia; Cinzia Pieruccini è professore di Indologia e Paola M. Rossi è professore a contratto di Lingua e letteratura sanscrita nell’Università degli Studi di Milano. www.ledizioni.it ISBN 978-88-6705-680-4 € 49,00 Anantaratnaprabhava Studi in onore di Giuliano Boccali A cura di Alice Crisanti, Cinzia Pieruccini Chiara Policardi, Paola M. Rossi
  • Modeling the Pāṇinian System of Sanskrit Grammar

    Modeling the Pāṇinian System of Sanskrit Grammar

    i i i “script” — 2019/7/11 — 15:06 — page 145 — #155 i Bibliography Sanskrit Texts Aṣṭādhyāyī - Rama Nath Sharma (6 vols.) 1987, 1990, 1995, 1999, 2001 and 2003. - Sumitra M. Katre 1989. - S. D. Joshi and J. A. F. Roodbergen (14 vols.) Baudhāyanaśulbasūtra - S. N. Sen and A. K. Bag 1983. Kāśikāvṛtti - Jaya Shankar Lal Tripathi (5 vols.) 1986a, 1986b, 1986c, 1987, 1988. Mahābhāṣya - Franz Kielhorn (3 vols.) 1885. - S. D. Joshi and J. A. F. Roodbergen 1975. Nirukta - Laksman Sarup (2 vols.) 1962, 1967. Paribhāṣenduśekhara - Charudev Shastri 1973. Paspaśāhnika - S. D. Joshi and J. A. F. Roodbergen 1986. Ṛgveda - Ṛgvedasaṃhitā: Śrīmatsāyanācāryaviracitabhāṣyasametā. (5 vols.) 1933-51, Vaidika Saṃśodhana Maṇḍala, Pune. 145 i i i i i i i “script” — 2019/7/11 — 15:06 — page 146 — #156 i 146 A The Systematic Approach Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya - Virendra Kumar Varma 2007. Siddhāntakaumudī - S. C. Vasu and V. D. Vasu (3 vols.) 1905, 1906, 1907. Vājasaneyiprātiśākhya - Virendra Kumar Varma 1987. Secondary Texts Abhyankar, Kashinath Vasudev (1974). Veda-padapāṭha-carcā. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. Abhyankar, Kashinath Vasudev and Shukla, Jaydev Mohanlal (1977). A dictionary of Sanskrit grammar. Oriental Institute, Baroda. Bharati, Akshar and Chaitanya, Vineet and Sangal, Rajeev (1994). Natural Language Processing: A Paninian Perspective. Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi. Bare, James Stanton (1980). Phonetics and Phonology in Pāṇini: The System of Features Implicit in the Aṣṭādhyāyī. Department of Linguistics, The Univer- sity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Bhate, Saroja (1987). The meaning-adhikāras in the taddhita section of the Aṣṭādhyāyī: An analysis. In: Indo-Iranian Journal 30 (2), p. 81-92. Brill.