Parents, Power, Poverty

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Parents, Power, Poverty Parents, Power, Poverty On choice and responsibility in two parental communities Kristina Alstam DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK Skriftserien 2016:4 Institutionen för socialt arbete/Department of social work Göteborgs universitet/University of Gothenburg © 2016 Kristina Alstam Omslagsbild: Laila Vianden Tryck: Ineko, Bangårdsvägen 8, 428 35 Kållered ISBN 978-91-88267-03-0 ISSN 1401-5781 ABSTRACT Title: Parents, Power, Poverty. On choice and responsibility in two parental communities Author: Kristina Alstam Key words: parenting, parents, subjects, citizen-subjects, parental web community, internet, discourse, power, ideology, welfare, austerity, neo liberalism, contract theory ISBN: 978-91-88267-03-0 ISSN: 1401-5781 Internet: http://hdl.handle.net/2077/47557 This dissertation explores discourses about parenthood and subject ideals as they manifest in two Swedish parental web communities. The aim is to examine the per- ceived division of responsibility between the parents themselves and the institutions of the welfare state and furthermore to map out and deconstruct tensions between demands understood to be assigned to the parent and to society, respectively. The empirical material consists of extracts from web community conversations collected between 2006 and 2015. They are analysed using a deconstructive approach and by applying analytical tools stemming from discourse psychology. This means that the texts inserted in the parental web communities are investigated both for how they are rhetorically composed as well as for how the writer in question positions herself in relation to ‘facts’. Theoretically, the material is probed by three large concepts that have guided the analysis – those of discourse, power and distinctions. They are broken down to more delimitated concepts such as governmentality, discipline and technologies of the self, derived from the works of Michel Foucault, and distinction and misrecognition, which originate from Pierre Bourdieu. Perspectives of class and gender are intertwined in the analysis. The analysis reveals a core metaphor about parenthood that seems to organise the content: Parenthood is conceptualized as work. The notion about parenthood as work is a residue from a more comprehensive ideal of the citizen-subject as morally upright, self-interested and hard-working, and from a view point about the world that emphasises the mental capacities of the subject and downplays structural ine- qualities or maldistribution of resources. In the web community conversations the parent appears to have a particular task assignment: To deliver human raw material (in the shape of the child) to a society full of demands. Hence, there is a bond es- tablished between the parent and the state/the society. In community conversations a notion of a particular societal promise of meritocracy manifests – if the subjects receive equal possibilities of refining themselves they now have the responsibility of transforming the possibilities into a good life. The ideals for how to achieve the proper moral refinement are visible in the -in terpretative repertoires of the communities. The repertoires are versions of the world and prescriptions for how the world idealistically ought to function. The core rep- ertoire was labelled Mind over matter. It summarises community opinions about the relation between the interior qualities of the subject and the external factors of the world and stipulates that things that take place in the psyche of the human being affect the material world, not the other way around. Three other repertoires regu- late conceptions about the ideal subject. The first, Morality comes first, regulates the preferred constitution of the subject (who should focus on becoming morally sound and self-interested instead of formulating demands directed at the welfare state). The second, You should reap what you sow, revolves around expectations (the subject should expect returns that relate precisely to the amount of time or work invested in a particular venture). The third repertoire, Don’t take the easy way out governs the discursively preferred work ethic of the subject (when working on one’s refinement and when wanting to achieve something one cannot allow oneself any type of short- cuts). In the empiric material no repertoires are found that regulate society’s tasks or responsibilities. Municipalities, political parties, boards and committees, law en- forcement or taxes are absent as perceived prime movers of a subject. This discursive soil is the foundation of the prevailing community contempt for poor subjects, long- term ill, or unemployed, who are considered manifesting defect subjectivity and having neglected the duty to work with oneself. Economic situation is disentangled from the structural position of class and class is instead read as culture and behaviour which is thought of as possible to modify. The dissertation finds analytical connec- tions between the preferred ideals and the transfer of a societal crisis embodied in neoliberal austerity programmes to a sense of uneasiness amongst the parents in community conversation, who imagine society falling apart, not because of austerity regimes but because of the people depending on them. Förord. (Preface) Långt före jag påbörjade forskarutbildningen hörde jag det – att skriva en avhandling är en kollektiv process. Det framstod som helt rimligt för mig redan då – man får ju förstås hjälp och råd av sina handledare och av kollegor vid seminarier. Exakt hur kollektiv denna process skulle bli hade jag dock ingen aning om. Hur långt ett förord kan tänkas bli när alla som doktoranden vill tacka har omnämnts vet vi när den här texten skrivits klart men att det finns många att tacka råder det inget tvivel om. Mitt varmaste tack vill jag rikta till mina handledare, Kristian Daneback och Ingrid Sahlin. Sex års handledning kan inte summeras på några korta rader men det som står ut för mina ögon när jag ser tillbaka är ert solidariska stöd i alla väder. Ni har outtröttligt intresserat er för mina idéer, mina första darrande utkast, mina mest besynnerliga påståenden, mina frågor och irrvägar (de senare har ni diskret breddat och jämnat ut till mer farbara vägar, vilket inte minst är värt att tacka för). Under vissa uppförsbackar var det som om ni omärkligt ställde er bakom mig och sköt på och när det kanske brakade iväg lite väl fort i vissa utförslöpor utgjorde ni broms. Ska jag nämna några särskilda insatser utöver handledningen skulle det kanske vara hur Kristian introducerade mig på en av de mest sympatiska konferenssammanhang jag varit på – Cyberspace i Brno – utöver att lotsa mig in på de teoretiska fälten kring vir- tuella kommunikationsarenor, och jag vill också lyfta fram det faktum att utan sam- talen med Ingrid och de teoretiska perspektiv hon introducerade på masterkursen Teoretiska perspektiv på exkludering och social kontroll hade jag aldrig fått för mig att jag kunde ha en plats att fylla på en forskarutbildning. Jag vill också särskilt tacka min läsgrupp, Hanna Wikström och Lena Sawyer. På er hade jag höga förväntningar och ni lyckades med konststycket att överträffa dem. Er läsning av mitt manus har varit framåtlutad, noggrann och oavlåtligt intresserad och ni har gjort er tillgängliga för funderingar och samtal när jag behövt. I mitt lite kraftlösa tillstånd mot slutet av arbetet blev ni den injektion jag behövde. Men avhandlingstexten har förstås granskats av fler. Idéseminariet blev en bra start tack vare Tobias Davidssons sonderande frågor och hjälp att se de teoretiska möjligheterna i föräldraforumen. Under planseminariet lotsade Therése Wissö mig vidare genom att peka på alla de möjliga vägar som låg framför mig och genom frågor som fick mig att förstå vad jag betraktade som det viktigaste i mitt empiriska material. På mellanseminariet fick jag stor hjälp av Sara Uhno och Tobias Daviddson som hjälpte mig att vässa mitt ärende och under slutseminariet ställde Eva Palmblad de viktiga och breda frågorna om samhällskontext och kopplingar till intilliggande forskning. Jag är skyldiga er alla stort tack! 5 Stödet i min doktorandgrupp har förstås varit ovärderligt. Tack Julia Bahner, Tobias Davidsson och Rakel Berman för sammanhållning och klappar på axeln när energin tröt. Tobias ingick också i det ”exkluderingsnätverk” som jag startade tillsammans med Susanne Liljeholm Hansson och Frida Petersson och det arbetet vi gjort har va- rit en extra stimulans, liksom det informella nätverk som min doktorandgrupp ska- pade med tre doktorander från Socialhögskolan i Lund: Erik Eriksson, Ann-Kristin Lassen och Vanna Nordling. Likaså har samtalen om högt och lågt med Majsa Allelin utgjort det perfekta botemedlet mot det sittsår jag trodde att jag skulle utveckla un- der det sista året framför datorskärmen. Institutionen för socialt arbete här på Göteborgs universitet ska också tackas för allt det andra som måste fungera för att en avhandling ska bli till – planering, admi- nistrativt stöd och inte minst den ”kollegiala korsett” som bör finnas för att dokto- randen ska komma ihåg var avhandlingen så småningom ska landa. Tack alla! Särskilt vill jag tacka Jari Kuosmanen som uppmuntrade mig att söka forskarutbildningen efter att 2006 ha examinerat min c-uppsats och mina kursansvarskollegor Björn An- dersson och Torbjörn Forkby för att det är så roligt att samarbeta med er. Ett postumt tack vill jag rikta till Maren Bak som handledde mig genom mastersuppsatsen och som någon gång i mitten av avhandlingsskrivandet när jag slokade av missmod inför mina bristande förmågor tog mig till en bardisk och bestämt förkunnade att hon trodde på mig. Det var också Maren som ideligen påminde om hur viktigt resten av livet är, det som ligger utanför prestationer och uppsatta mål. Jag saknar dig. Jag vill tacka alla mina goda vänner som jag haft förmånen att få lära känna och jag vill tacka Laila Vianden som tagit det fina fotot på avhandlingens omslag. Ett stort tack går till mina föräldrar Ingegerd och Claes, för att ni så envist tror på mig, intresserar er för allt jag gör och för att ni hjälpt och avlastat under avhandlingsar- betet. Ett varmt tack också till min syster Sofia för att du är ett handfast stöd och en fin vän.
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