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[Interviews from Sweden] http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.naip100025 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org [Interviews from Sweden] Author/Creator Sellström, Tor (editor) Publisher Nordiska Afrikainstitutet (Uppsala) Date 2002 Resource type Articles Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Sweden, Southern Africa (region) Coverage (temporal) 1960-1994 Source Nordiska Afrikainstitutet (Uppsala) Relation Sellström, Tor, ed., Liberation in southern Africa - regional and Swedish voices: interviews from Angola, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, the frontline and Sweden. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 2002. 251-355. Rights By kind permission of Nordiska Afrikainstitutet (The Nordic Africa Institute). Description Part of a study on National Liberation in Southern Africa: The Role of the Nordic Countries, hosted at the Nordic Africa Institute. Interviewees include: Axelsson, Roland; Berggren, Birgitta; Bergman, Tore; Blomquist, Stig; Granstedt, Pär; Hågard, Briger; Hamrell, Sven; Helander, Gunnar; Hermansson, Carl-Henrik ('C.H.'); Hjelm-Wallén, Lena; Johansson, Anders; Ledin, Tomas; Lindh, Sören; Lövgren, Stig; Magnusson, Åke; Michanek, Ernst; Nilsson, Hillevi; Schori, Pierre; Säve-Soderbergh, Bengt; Tham, Carl; Wirmark, David; Wästberg, Per Format extent 106 page(s) (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.naip100025 http://www.aluka.org Sweden Sweden Roland Axelsson SIDA-Regional coordinator of Swedish humanitarian assistance to Southern Africa Private consultant (Stockholm, 31 October 1996) Tor Sellstr6nr When did you start working for SIDA? Roland Axelsson: I started to work for NIB (Swedish Agency for International Assistance) in 1962. I had then graduated with a masters in business administration from the Gothenburg School of Economics and I had worked for two years at the Swedish National Audit Bureau (RRV). TS: You went to Africa very early. When and where did you get involved with Swedish humanitarian assistance to the Southern African liberation movements? RA: I first spent six years in Ethiopia and there I had very little contact with any liberation movement. But in 1972, I came to Tanzania as an administrator at the Swedish embassy and I almost immediately came in contact with FRELIMO, ANC and SWAPO. I was not a programme officer at that time. It was people such as Anders Mollander who dealt with the liberation movements, but as I paid all the money to them I got to know them quite well. Those I especially remember from that time are Hifikepunye Pohamba, who was the Chief Representative of SWAPO, Thomas Nkobi, who was the Treasurer General of ANC- at that time living in Morogoro--and my old friend Kay Moonsamy. So, it is now over twenty years since we met. In FRELIMO it was Janet Mondlane, who was the head of the Mozambique Institute. With ZANU, ZAPU and MPLA I had very little contact. TS: That means that you were involved with Swedish support to ANC from the very beginning. The first allocation was given in 1973. RA: Yes. In the beginning the amounts were very small. I bought some office furniture and a lot of vegetables for the ANC office in Morogoro and the South African refugees there. TS: From then on you worked very closely with all the Southern African liberation movements. These movements waged an armed struggle and received military support from the Soviet Union or China. How did you experience this in your day to day relations? Did you feel that the movements were striving for a Communist cause or that they were nationalist in outlook? RA: Let me talk about ANC and SWAPO only, as they were of a greater concern to me. I did not speak Portuguese, so I had very little contact with FRELIMO in that respect. I understood quite well that weapons were necessary in the liberation struggle and also that Sweden could not supply those weapons. The Soviet Union could and did. That was fully acceptable. I strongly believed that the Soviet Union could never influence the thousands of students who were granted scholarships for studies in Moscow and other places. On the contrary, many of the students there became in fact anti-Communist. Some individuals within ANC and SWAPO were, of course, Communists-at least they said sobut they were hardly Stalinists. The majority of the people I got to know worked hard for the liberation of their countries, to get rid of colonialism and introduce democracy. I would say that they have also managed now, to a great extent at least TS: You mentioned Kay Moonsamy. He is today the Treasurer General of the South African Communist Party. RA: Yes, he was a Communist, but he was shocked when he leamt about the real situation in Moscow. If he had known what was going on during the Stalinist era, I do not think that he would have been a Communist. My friend Thomas Nkobi also used to read the monthly magazine issued by the South African Communist Party, so I once asked him: 'Are you a Communist?' And he said: ' No, I am not. I could never be'. TS: From the point of view of accounting, financial openness and transparency, how would you describe SIDA's relationship-and your relationship-with SWAPO and ANC? Did you get access to the necessary information and documentation? RA: Well, financial openness and transparency were, of course, delicate questions. SIDA wanted to know as much as possible about how the donor funds were used, but ANC and Liberation in Southern Africa -Regional and Swedish Voices SWAPO could not accept external audit. We had to stick to internal audit and what I could get out of various documents. I was very much trusted and allowed to study the respective systems of financial management. Neither ANC nor SWAPO accepted at that time that any other SIDA official should look through their books, so I was privileged. I am talking about the end of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s. TS: In general terms, is it then your view that the payment and accounting procedures were satisfactory? RA: Yes, absolutely. We had an agreed system, whereby the movements got advance payments and then submitted their settlements of accounts with vouchers. Everything had to be shown in one or another way. If they had spent the money correctly, we stamped the documents. We had a rubber stamp 'Financed by SIDA'. Every single little receipt was stamped, not only by me in Lusaka, but also by my colleagues in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and the other countries. It applied to all funds, except the home front allocations. TS: All receipts were stamped so that they could not be used twice? RA: Exactly. Because they also had to submit receipts to the Norwegian embassy and Nor way did not request that they should be stamped. I was afraid that they would bring the same receipts to the Norwegians. TS: Some people have alleged that SIDA's humanitarian assistance either was misappropriated by the leaders of the movements or used for military purposes. How would you comment upon these allegations? Were the financial control mechanisms comparable to those governing Swedish development assistance to independent countries or were they less strict? RA: There were, as everywhere in life, small pockets of misuse and mismanagement. It happened, for instance, in Lesotho. A person called Kanalelo got a small amount of funds which he was to distribute among the ANC families in the country. But he stole the money, left the country and established a small enterprise in Zimbabwe instead. But he was not an ANC leader. He was an outsider who used the liberation movement. The leaders who I got to know were honest, to the best of my knowledge. No funds were used for military purposes. It happened, however, that funds were used to feed military people. They had to live too. Except for the home front allocation, the financial control was in my opinion better and stricter than the control exercised concerning aid to independent countries. In those countries-like Zambia or Tanzania-it was the national audit bureau which audited everything. At that time, they had not yet started to get help from the Swedish national audit bureau and the audit was not very good. TS: But in the case of international NGOswhere SIDA did not have the direct responsibility-we know of at least one case where there was mismanagement of funds and even political infiltration, namely the IUEF. In your view, how could this happen? Why did SIDA and the other donors not monitor IUEF more closely? RA: Well, that is difficult to know exactly, but probably because Sweden placed an administratively incompetent person as director of IUEF. As auditor at SIDA, I tried in 1976-77 to make an audit of IUEF, but I was stopped by our government.
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