The Earth’s Dynamic Cryosphere and the Earth System

Supplemental Cryosphere Notes*

1 The Earth System 6 Permafrost and Periglacial Environments By Richard S. Williams, Jr.1 By J. Alan Heginbottom,8 Jerry Brown,7 Ole Humlum,9 and Harald Svensson10 2 Global Hydrologic Cycle By Thomas G. Huntington,12 and 7 Glacier Mass Changes and Their Effect Richard S. Williams, Jr.1 on the Earth System (Sea Level) By Mark B. Dyurgerov11 (Deceased, 2009) and 3 Glaciers Mark F. Meier11 (Deceased, 2012) By Richard S. Williams, Jr.,1 Jane G. Ferrigno,2 Bruce H. Raup,14 and Jeffrey S. Kargel15 8 Ice Cores, High-Mountain Glaciers, and Climate 4 Global Snow Cover By Lonnie G. Thompson13 By Dorothy K. Hall,3 and David A. Robinson4

5 Floating Ice (Sea Ice; Lake Ice and River Ice) Sea Ice By Claire L. Parkinson,3 and Donald J. Cavalieri3 Lake Ice and River Ice By Martin O. Jeffries,5 Kim Morris,5 and Claude R. Duguay6

*The 8 Supplemental Cryosphere Notes accompany Plate 1—Earth’s Dynamic Cryosphere

1 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Woods Hole Coastal and Marine 9 University of Oslo, Department of Geography; and the University Science Center; Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway

2 USGS National Center; 10 University of Copenhagen, Department of Geography;

3 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space 11 University of Colorado, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research; Flight Center;

12 USGS, Maine Water Science Center; 4 Rutgers University, Department of Geography;

13 The Ohio State University, Byrd Polar Research Center; 5 University of Alaska Fairbanks, Geophysical Institute;

14 University of Colorado, National Snow and Ice Data Center; 6 University of Waterloo (Canada), Department of Geography;

15 University of Arizona, Department of Hydrology and 7 International Permafrost Association; Water Resources

8 Geological Survey of Canada, Terrain Sciences Division;

U.S. Department of the Interior Professional Paper 1386-A U.S. Geological Survey December 2012