Cryosphere: a Kingdom of Anomalies and Diversity
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1 Introduction to the Cryosphere
Copyrighted Material 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE CRYOSPHERE In this place, nostalgia roams, patient as slow hands on skin, transparent as melt-water. Nights are light and long. Shadows settle on the shoulders of air. Time steps out of line here, stops to thaw the frozen hearts of icebergs. Sleep isn’t always easy in this place where the sun stays up all night and silence has a voice. —claire Beynon, “At Home in Antarctica” earth surface temperatures are close to the triple point of water, 273.16 K, the temperature at which water vapor, liquid water, and ice coexist in thermo- dynamic equilibrium. Indeed, water is the only sub- stance on Earth that is found naturally in all three of its phases. Approximately 35% of the world experi- ences temperatures below the triple point at some time in the year, including about half of Earth’s land mass, promoting frozen water at Earth’s surface. The global Marshall_FINALS.indb 1 8/24/11 8:07 AM Copyrighted Material CHAPTER 1 cryosphere encompasses all aspects of this frozen realm, including glaciers and ice sheets, sea ice, lake and river ice, permafrost, seasonal snow, and ice crystals in the atmosphere. Because temperatures oscillate about the freezing point over much of the Earth, the cryosphere is particularly sen- sitive to changes in global mean temperature. In a tight coupling that represents one of the strongest feedback sys- tems on the planet, global climate is also directly affected by the state of the cryosphere. Earth temperatures are pri- marily governed by the net radiation that is available from the Sun. -
Causes of Sea Level Rise
FACT SHEET Causes of Sea OUR COASTAL COMMUNITIES AT RISK Level Rise What the Science Tells Us HIGHLIGHTS From the rocky shoreline of Maine to the busy trading port of New Orleans, from Roughly a third of the nation’s population historic Golden Gate Park in San Francisco to the golden sands of Miami Beach, lives in coastal counties. Several million our coasts are an integral part of American life. Where the sea meets land sit some of our most densely populated cities, most popular tourist destinations, bountiful of those live at elevations that could be fisheries, unique natural landscapes, strategic military bases, financial centers, and flooded by rising seas this century, scientific beaches and boardwalks where memories are created. Yet many of these iconic projections show. These cities and towns— places face a growing risk from sea level rise. home to tourist destinations, fisheries, Global sea level is rising—and at an accelerating rate—largely in response to natural landscapes, military bases, financial global warming. The global average rise has been about eight inches since the centers, and beaches and boardwalks— Industrial Revolution. However, many U.S. cities have seen much higher increases in sea level (NOAA 2012a; NOAA 2012b). Portions of the East and Gulf coasts face a growing risk from sea level rise. have faced some of the world’s fastest rates of sea level rise (NOAA 2012b). These trends have contributed to loss of life, billions of dollars in damage to coastal The choices we make today are critical property and infrastructure, massive taxpayer funding for recovery and rebuild- to protecting coastal communities. -
Global Warming Impacts on Severe Drought Characteristics in Asia Monsoon Region
water Article Global Warming Impacts on Severe Drought Characteristics in Asia Monsoon Region Jeong-Bae Kim , Jae-Min So and Deg-Hyo Bae * Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 05006, Korea; [email protected] (J.-B.K.); [email protected] (J.-M.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2-3408-3814 Received: 2 April 2020; Accepted: 7 May 2020; Published: 12 May 2020 Abstract: Climate change influences the changes in drought features. This study assesses the changes in severe drought characteristics over the Asian monsoon region responding to 1.5 and 2.0 ◦C of global average temperature increases above preindustrial levels. Based on the selected 5 global climate models, the drought characteristics are analyzed according to different regional climate zones using the standardized precipitation index. Under global warming, the severity and frequency of severe drought (i.e., SPI < 1.5) are modulated by the changes in seasonal and regional precipitation − features regardless of the region. Due to the different regional change trends, global warming is likely to aggravate (or alleviate) severe drought in warm (or dry/cold) climate zones. For seasonal analysis, the ranges of changes in drought severity (and frequency) are 11.5%~6.1% (and 57.1%~23.2%) − − under 1.5 and 2.0 ◦C of warming compared to reference condition. The significant decreases in drought frequency are indicated in all climate zones due to the increasing precipitation tendency. In general, drought features under global warming closely tend to be affected by the changes in the amount of precipitation as well as the changes in dry spell length. -
Savor the Cryosphere
Savor the Cryosphere Patrick A. Burkhart, Dept. of Geography, Geology, and the Environment, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania 16057, USA; Richard B. Alley, Dept. of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Lonnie G. Thompson, School of Earth Sciences, Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; James D. Balog, Earth Vision Institute/Extreme Ice Survey, 2334 Broadway Street, Suite D, Boulder, Colorado 80304, USA; Paul E. Baldauf, Dept. of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave., Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33314, USA; and Gregory S. Baker, Dept. of Geology, University of Kansas, 1475 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA ABSTRACT Cryosphere,” a Pardee Keynote Symposium loss of ice will pass to the future. The This article provides concise documen- at the 2015 Annual Meeting in Baltimore, extent of ice can be measured by satellites tation of the ongoing retreat of glaciers, Maryland, USA, for which the GSA or by ground-based glaciology. While we along with the implications that the ice loss recorded supporting interviews and a provide a brief assessment of the first presents, as well as suggestions for geosci- webinar. method, our focus on the latter is key to ence educators to better convey this story informing broad audiences of non-special- INTRODUCTION to both students and citizens. We present ists. The cornerstone of our approach is the the retreat of glaciers—the loss of ice—as The cryosphere is the portion of Earth use of repeat photography so that the scale emblematic of the recent, rapid contraction that is frozen, which includes glacial and and rate of retreat are vividly depicted. -
Pan-Eurasian Experiment (Peex) – Overview on the Recent Scientific Results
PAN-EURASIAN EXPERIMENT (PEEX) – OVERVIEW ON THE RECENT SCIENTIFIC RESULTS H.K. LAPPALAINEN1,2,3, V-M. KERMINEN1, N. ALTIMIR1, A. MAHURA1, , E. EZHOVA1, T.VIHMA2, P. UOTILA1, S. CHALOV4, P. KONSTANTINOV4, M. ARSHINOV5, Y. QIU6, I. EZAU7, I.KUKKONEN8, V. MELNIKOV5, A. DING8, A. BAKLANOV9, N. KASIMOV5, H. GUO6, V. BONDUR10, T.PETÄJÄ1,3, S. ZILITINKEVICH1,2,3,12, M. KULMALA1,3 & PEEX Teams 1) Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/ Faculty of Science, Physics, University of Helsinki (UHEL), Helsinki, Finland.2)Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Helsinki, Finland 3) University of Tyumen, Russia 4) Moscow State University (MSU), Moscow, Russia 5) Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Tomsk 634055, Russia 6) Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 7) Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, NERSC, Norway 8) University of Helsinki, Finland 9)Institute for Climate and Global Change, Research & School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China 10) World Meteorological Organization, 1211 Genève, Switzerland 11) AEROCOSMOS Research Institute for Aerospace Monitoring, Moscow, Russia 12) Dept. of Radiophysics, Nizhny Novgorod State University, Russia EGU Online ChatInstitute forPEEX session Atmospheric and Earth Vienna 08.May.2020System Research 24/04/2020 1 Key Question Why understanding of Atmosphere – Earth Surface – Biosphere is important for Climate Change ? • New feedback mechanism / interactions / processes • More time to act: Mitigate -
Ocean & Cryosphere
INSTITUTE FOR MARINE & ANTARCTIC STUDIES OCEANS & CRYOSPHERE RESEARCH CAPABILITY The Oceans and Cryosphere Centre combines three main Symposia research capability areas. We organise and run symposia and "round table" They are Antarctic and Ocean policy and law, discussions and meetings to related on current and oceanography (physical, bio-geochemical and emerging issues on ocean and Polar governance. These geophysics), and Antarctic science (sea-ice, ice shelf and symposia range from "Chatham House" type forums to open ice sheet research). Many of the studies we undertake in international conferences. These approaches provide science and policy have global scale and frequently opportunities to advance discussion and policy relevant contribute to the latest climate change assessments used outcomes to a range of decision-making groups. This in the reports of the Inter-governmental Panel for Climate capability enhances informed decision-making and research Change and in the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings. outputs in Ocean and Polar governance, and frequently In oceanography, we focus on observational integrates research and decision-making. oceanography and ocean modelling. We lead Australian university research in blue-water oceanography and Oceanography and geophysics postgraduate research training. We work in the Antarctic, We have established programs that describe the large scale Southern and temperate oceans of the world. The circulation of the Southern Ocean including the Antarctic cryosphere studies cover sea-ice biogeochemistry and sea Circumpolar Current and its changes. We have the capability ice-ocean interactions, ice shelf dynamics and ice to deploy instrumentation, moorings, autonomous floats, shelf-ocean processes. gliders and undertake ship-based measurements. We do this observational work with our collaborators. -
The Influence of Innovation on Social and Economic Development of the Russian Regions
European Research Studies Journal Volume XXI, Special Issue 2, 2018 pp. 767-776 The Influence of Innovation on Social and Economic Development of the Russian Regions E.M. Akhmetshin1, D.K. Dzhavatov2,3, E.A. Sverdlikova4, M.S. Sokolov5, O.A. Avdeeva6, G.P. Yavkin7 Abstract: The article provides estimates of innovation parameters’ influence on social and economic development of regions measured as per capita gross regional product. The empirical part of the research comprises the regression model that demonstrates interrelations in a region-wide breakdown, considering the differentiation of innovation development level of regions grouped into homogenous clusters. The results provide evidence of two forces. One of these stands for the traditional academic and industrial science attributed with plan-fact indicators. The other, in its idea and contents, is fully matching with the R&D market concept since it exists and functions in a competitive environment, strives to self-financing and commercialization. Therefore, performance indicators and growth rates of this segment are far ahead the ones of the traditional science. Keywords: Region, territory, social and economic development, regional development, innovation activity, national innovation system, the new economy JEL Classification: O33, O14, R12. 1Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia, [email protected] 2Dagestan State University, Institute for Geothermal Research, Makhachkala, Russia, [email protected] 3Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Makhachkala, Russia 4Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, [email protected] 5Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia, [email protected] 6Dostoevsky Omsk State University, Omsk, Russia, [email protected] 7Industrial University of Tyumen, Tyumen, Russia, [email protected] The Influence of Innovation on Social and Economic Development of the Russian Regions 768 1. -
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Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 333 Humanities and Social Sciences: Novations, Problems, Prospects (HSSNPP 2019) Adaptation of Vainakhs and Well-Being of the Asian Region of Russia Starostin A.N. Jarkov A.P. Ural State Mining University University of Tyumen Ekaterinburg, Russia Tyumen, Russia [email protected] [email protected] Alexeeva E.V. Chuprikov P.B. Ural Federal University Linguistics University of Nizhny Novgorod Ekaterinburg, Russia Nizhny Novgorod, Russia [email protected] [email protected] Abstract — The article determines the role of political aspects of the Russian social space, which influences the life of Ingush and III. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Chechens living in the Asian part of the country. Attention is Since we are talking about the life and activities of the focused on the religious factor as an important part of the life of Muslim community in the country, where Orthodoxy is the the Vainakhs in Siberia and the Far East for 150 years. The paper dominant religion, we should note that it is the construction of analyses ways of socialization of Vainakh in the ethnoconfessional ethnic and religious identity and the successful adaptation of community. In the presented study, we seek to answer the question community members that underlies the socio-economic well- of what is the role of the religious factor in the formation and functioning of the Ummah in the territory of the host Asian part being of the macro region. of Russia. As a result, we have traced and shown the ways of In the presented study, we seek to answer the question of socialization of the Vainakhs in the historical perspective and at what religious factor forms and allows functioning of the the present stage. -
Cryosphere Alex Gardner Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology
Cryosphere Alex Gardner Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology • ice sheets • ice shelves • glaciers • sea ice - best effort • terrestrial snow covered by hydrology Cryosphere Guided by two overreaching Decadal Survey questions: 1. How will sea level change, globally and regionally, over the next decade and beyond? [S-3, C-1] [Most Important] 2. What will be the consequences of amplified climate change in the Arctic and Antarctic? [C-8] [Very Important] Cryosphere How will sea level change, globally and regionally, over the next decade and beyond? • Sea level budget closer is necessary but not sufficient • Requires advancement in understanding of key time-evolving processes that regulate ice sheet flow, and exchanges of mass and energy at boundaries between ice-and-ocean and ice-and-atmosphere • It is your and my job to define the measurements needed to make these advancements Cryosphere Land ice and sea level rise Greenland IS Antarctic IS Glaciers Sea Level Potential 7.4 m 57.2 m 0.3 m Rate of SLE loss 0.6 mm/yr 0.3 mm/yr 0.8 mm/yr Cryosphere Key processes relevant to STV • Glacier sliding • Ice shelf and glacier calving • Ice shelf melting by ocean • Pre-existing ice sheet imbalance • Grounding zone mechanics • Shear margin mechanics • Surface mass balance • Ice fracture • Did I miss anything? Video by Whyjay Zheng, Cornell. Willis et al. “Massive destabilization of an Arctic ice cap.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2018 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2018.08.049 Vavilov Ice Cap March 2013 Kara Sea Vavilov Ice Cap -
Third Annual Tartu Conference on Russian and East European Studies Schedule of Panel Sessions, 11–12 June 2018
Third Annual Tartu Conference on Russian and East European Studies Schedule of panel sessions, 11–12 June 2018 All sessions will take place in the Faculty of Social Sciences building, Lossi 36 MA1 Monday 9:00-10:45 Room: 214 The Politics of Civilizations in Eurasian History Chair: Mark Bassin Södertörn University, Stockholm The Limits of a Paradigm: Historians Look at Russia/USSR as Civilizations Ronald Grigor Suny University of Michigan Fictions of the USSR as the ‘More Civilized Ally’ in WWII: The Historiographic Bedrock of “Soviet Civilization” in its Opposition to the “West” (1946-1973-2001) Holt Meyer University of Erfurt Zacharias Topelius’ Travel in Finland (1874): A Nation between Civilizations in Eurasian Space Sanna Turoma University of Helsinki Russian Law and the Politics of Civilization Tatiana Borisova National Research University Higher School of Economics, St. Petersburg MA2 Monday 9:00-10:45 Room: 215 Russia and the Future of International Order Chair: Stefan Hedlund Uppsala University Junior Partner?: Developing a Theory of Russia’s Decline in Eurasia Camille Merlen University of Kent Zachary Paikin University of Kent Kaneshko Sangar University College London Russia and the European Security Order Revisited: From Vienna to Paris and Beyond Tuomas Forsberg University of Tampere Russia’s ‘Strategic Narratives’: The Case of the Arab Spring Derek Averre University of Birmingham Russia and the Liberal World Order: Beyond Binarism Camille Merlen University of Kent Discussant: Tatiana Romanova St. Petesburg State University -
Resolving Milankovitch: Consideration of Signal and Noise Stephen R
[American Journal of Science, Vol. 308, June, 2008,P.770–786, DOI 10.2475/06.2008.02] RESOLVING MILANKOVITCH: CONSIDERATION OF SIGNAL AND NOISE STEPHEN R. MEYERS*,†, BRADLEY B. SAGEMAN**, and MARK PAGANI*** ABSTRACT. Milankovitch-climate theory provides a fundamental framework for the study of ancient climates. Although the identification and quantification of orbital rhythms are commonplace in paleoclimate research, criticisms have been advanced that dispute the importance of an astronomical climate driver. If these criticisms are valid, major revisions in our understanding of the climate system and past climates are required. Resolution of this issue is hindered by numerous factors that challenge accurate quantification of orbital cyclicity in paleoclimate archives. In this study, we delineate sources of noise that distort the primary orbital signal in proxy climate records, and utilize this template in tandem with advanced spectral methods to quantify Milankovitch-forced/paced climate variability in a temperature proxy record from the Vostok ice core (Vimeux and others, 2002). Our analysis indicates that Vostok temperature variance is almost equally apportioned between three components: the precession and obliquity periods (28%), a periodic “100,000” year cycle (41%), and the background continuum (31%). A range of analyses accounting for various frequency bands of interest, and potential bias introduced by the “saw-tooth” shape of the glacial/interglacial cycle, establish that precession and obliquity periods account for between 25 percent to 41 percent of the variance in the 1/10 kyr – 1/100 kyr band, and between 39 percent to 66 percent of the variance in the 1/10 kyr – 1/64 kyr band. -
Earth's Energy Budgets
Earth’s energy budgets ESE 101 2016 Global energy balance Incoming Reflected Outgoing solar radiation solar radiation longwave radiation 340 100 240 TOA Atmospheric Atmospheric Cloud reflection window effect 77 40 165 35 Clear Sky 75 Atmospheric absorption 188 23 24 88 398 345 Absorbed Reflected SH LH LW up LW down SW SW F 7.1: Earth’s global energy balance. The energy fluxes through the climate system are global averages estimated from satellite data and atmospheric reanalysis. They 2 are indicated in units of W m− . At the top of the atmosphere, the energy fluxes are 2 best constrained and have errors of order 1Wm− . The errors in surface fluxes, and 2 particularly latent heat fluxes are considerably larger, of order 10 W m− . The indicated fluxes were adjusted within the measurement errors such that the energy balance closes.1 Climate_Book October 24, 2016 6x9 Climate_Book October 24, 2016 6x9 ENERGY BALANCES AND TEMPERATURES 109 ENERGY BALANCES AND TEMPERATURES 109 Surface energy balance @Ts c ⇢ ⇤ S# L" F F div F s s @t 0 − 0 − L − S − O F 7.2: Absorbed solar radiative flux at the surface. 7.3 LATENTF AND 7.2 SENSIBLE: AbsorbedSurface HEAT solar heat radiative FLUXES fluxes: flux at the surface. bulk aerodynamic formulae F ⇤ ⇢c ⇢C v T T z (7.2) 7.3 LATENT AND SENSIBLES p HEATd k FLUXESk [ s − a( r)] assume transfer coefficient Cd equal to sensible heat and latent energy (not F ⇤ ⇢c ⇢C v T T z (7.2) necessarily true) S p d k k [ s − a( r)] assume transfer coefficient Cd equal to sensible heat and latent energy (not ⇤ necessarily true) FL ⇢LCd v