The Da)lbook Volume 6 Issue 2 Winter 2000

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• Lt. Hunter and His Horizontal Wheel The Daybook Volume 6 Issue 2 Winter 2000 In This Issue ... Luncheon Lecture Series to Kick Off with Coast Guard Historian Robert Browning, page 3 One Hundred Years of Silence: Museum Opens New Temporary Exhibit on the U.S. Submarine Force, page 4

The Germ Experiment-Lt. William Hunter's Horizontal Wheel, Page 6 Features

L o cAl Hi 1 tory. Wo r l J E v en tl. The Director's Column- Those Who Can, Do Teach! ...... 2 About The Daybook HRNA1 Staff

The Daybook is an authorized publication of the Director Naval Museum (HRNM). Its contents Book Reviews ...... 10 Becky Poulliot do not necessarily reflect the official view of the U.S. FDR and the US Navy edited by Edward Government, the Department of Defense, the U.S. Navy Curator or the U.S. Marine Corps and do not imply endorsement Joe Judge J. Marolda. Reviewed by William Wagner thereof. Book reviews are solely the opinion of the Education Specialist reviewer. The HRNM is operated and funded by Commander Bob Matteson Desert Shield at Sea: What the Navy Really Navy Region Mid-Atlantic. The museum is dedicated to Exhibits Specialist Did by Marvin Pokrant. Reviewed by Alex the study of 225 years of naval history in the Hampton Marta Nelson Roads region. The museum is open daily from 10 a.m. to Museum Tech./Librarian Macensky 5 p.m. Admission is free. The Dayboo/(s purpose is to educate and inform readers on historical topics and museum Ofelia Elba related events. It is written by the staff and volunteers of HRNMLCPO the museum. OSC (SW) Michael Coughlin The Museum Sage ...... 12 Questions or comments can be directed to the Hampton Editor of The Daybook ·~ If Looks Could Kill: A Look Roads Naval Museum editor. 7he Daybook can be reached at (757) 322-2993, by fax at (757) 445-1867, e-mail at Gordon Calhoun :t at Naval architecture [email protected], or write The Daybook, Special Events ~ plus .... Hampton Roads Naval Museum, One Waterside Drive, Helene Tisdale Suite 248, Norfolk, VA 23510-1607. The museum Director, HRNHF Useful Webpages: USS can be found on the World Wide Web at Salem and Submarine Force http://www.hrnm.navy.mil Maj. Gen. Dennis Murphy, The Day Book is published quarterly with a circulation USMC (Ret) Atlantic (SUBLANT) of I ,200. Contact the editor for a free subscription.

• Cover Photographs: Ever since perfected maritime steam propulsion in the early 19th century, a worldwide race began among engineers and inventors to improve on his work. One such engineer was American Naval.officer and Hampton Roads Lt. William W. Hunter. His designs called for horizontally mounted paddle wheels placed under the instead of vertically Rear Adm. Christopher W. Cole mounted where they would be exposed to gunfire. Never Commander Navy Region Mid-Atlantic could have worked you say? Think he was a crazy dreamer? See page 6.

1 The Daybook Winter 2000 Those who can, do Teach! The Director's Column by Becky Poulliot

ant to set sail aboard an 18'h century sailing ship? How about We will soon start a program becoming a WWII gun crew W for Norfolk's sixth graders member? That's exactly what Norfolk about how African-Americans public school 3'd and 6th graders have been have served the U.S. Navy. doing at the Hampton Roads Naval Pictured at left is World War Museum during Spring field trips. Students II Navy Cross recipient Dorie use their imaginations in two hands-on Miller. Pictured below are programs created by the museum to teach sailors training in electronics naval history and requisite Social Studies at the Hampton Institute (n ow Standards of Learning. What makes the Hampton University) in 1945. program so well-rounded is that Nauticus (Naval Historical Center) offers a complimentary segment on Science on the same day. The challenge is to engage the students to interact during the program, and I hopefully, spark further interest. Regarding I the third grade program on the Age of Sail, students learn about life aboard a ship by holy stoning a deck and resting on cots less than two feet wide. Social and economic history blend with geography. Children leave with an understanding of maritime exploration. With the sixth graders, we were asked to complement the Nauticus program on Black Achievers. Staff and volunteers spent January and February, 2000 in development. We wanted to highlight African-American achievements and achievers in the U.S. Navy since the American Revolution. Sixth graders will not sit still for a lecture, so the presentation aircraft, and in the process learn about now range from bus advertising to had to be engaging. The topic of heroes (like Dorie Miller here in the temporary banners and directional signage. segregation and its effect within America photograph), and how history is made If any of these items interest you, please had to be addressed in a thoughtful, through the efforts of ordinary seamen. give me a call at (757) 322-2990. balanced manner together with the If either of these educational efforts institutional breakdown of Jim Crow. All interest you, perhaps you should consider See you at the Museum! of this was to be addressed in a 20 minute signing up with the Hampton Roads Naval time slot- not too ambitious! Museum. We are looking for volunteers The program has proven to be a great right now to assist in giving tours and in learning experience for both staff and other venues. We need assistance in volunteers. We decided to focus in on a dispersing our activity book to elementary. period of time as the catalyst for change; in aged children in Hampton Roads, public the case of segregation, the period is WWII. schools, private schools and home learners. This war was the last in America that The museum ' s goals for the year 2000 encouraged two navies- one black, one include a campaign to create increased white. So sixth graders become members awareness of our institution- who we are, of a 5" gun crew, learn to spot enemy what we are, and where we are. Ideas right

2 The Daybook Winter 2000 The Museum Presents Chief Historian for the U.S. Coast Guard Dr. Robert Browning

n March 9, the Hampton Roads Naval Museum will present Coast OGuard historian Bob Browning. Dr. Browning will talk about the North Atlantic Blockade Squadron. He has written one of the definitive books on the subject, From Cape Henry to Cape Fear, and his talk will highlight some of the items included in the book. The North Atlantic Blockade Squadron was one of four major squadrons assigned to the task of enforcing Lincoln's blockade proclamation of Southern ports during the . Despite having superior numbers, the squadrons had a JFro-vn Cape Charles monumental task of to C'ape Frear attempting to seal The North Atlantic Blockading thousands of miles of Squadron during rhc Civil War coastline. Adding to

the difficulty was Rnhrrt M . flrownmJ:. Jr. determined and prescient efforts by the Confederate The speaker is the Historian. He is a graduate ofNorth Carolina States Navy to run chiefhistorian for the University, earned his masters from East and break the U.S. Coast Guard and Carolina University, and received his Ph.D. blockade. The North he held that position from the University of . Atlantic squadron since 1991. He has The talk will take place at Club Pier 26 at patrolled the southern previously been the Naval Station Norfolk on March 9 at noon. tip of the Delmarva curator for the A lunch will accompany the talk. Peninsula to the battleship Texas in La Reservations are required. To make southern end ofNorth Porte, TX and the reservations or for more information, ca11322- Carolina. ... editorofTheSouthern 2992.D HRNM Co-Sponsoring a Traveling Reproduction of CSS H.L. Hunley he Hampton Roads Naval Museum, conservation and study of the original Powered by hand, the boat sank twice THampton Roads Naval Historical vessel. during trials. However, a third crew was Foundation, and Nauticus: The National The original CSS H.L. Hunley was a assembled. Hunley successfully attacked Maritime Center are co-sponsoring a submersible torpedo boat that operated out and sank the steam sloop USS Housatonic traveling reproduction of the Confederate of Charleston, S.C. during the American in 1864 using a "spar torpedo" for a submersible CSS H.L. Hunley. This Civil War. Designed by the boat's weapon. This was the first successful attack travelling exhibit will be at Nauticus from namesake, she and several other by a submersible on a surface ship in world May 9 through May 31 , 2000. The Cbnfederate boats were built as an history. The crew and the boat, however, reproduction is being used by the Friends innovated way to break the U.S. Navy's mysteriously sank on the way back to port of the Hunley group to raise money for the blockade of Southern ports. after her mission was complete. D

3 The Daybook Winter2000 100 Years A New Exhibit he Secretary of the Navy has announced 2000 to be the T hundredth anniversary of the Submarine Force. To mark this occasion, the museum is teaming up with Submarine Force Atlantic to open a new exhibit on the history of the U.S. Submarine Force. With assistance from Newport News Shipbuilding and submarine veterans from all different eras, this exhibit is just a small look at one of the Navy's vital branches. The exhibit opens March 6 and will run through September. Over the last 100 years, the U.S. Navy's Submarine Force has grown from an untried experiment to an advanced fighting force with a global reach. It has proven to be an effective tool in preserving world peace and in defeating the country's enemies. The concept of a submersible ship has a rich tradition in the United States. battle flags from World War IT submarines, submarines. This is the newest boat currently During the American Revolution, an photographs and illustrations tracing the under development by Newport News and American patriot designed a small, hand­ history of the Submarine Force, items from Electric Boat. Newport News Shipbuilding cranked submersible to attack British the ill fated Norfolk-based boat USS has loaned the museum the model for the in New York Harbor. American engineer Scorpion (SSN-589), and models of the duration of the exhibit. Robert Fulton, pioneer of steam-powered modern technological wonders the Navy See http://www.norfolk.navy. mil/sublant warships, designed submarines for possesses today. Among the models on for more information about the centennial Napoleon in the early 1800's. During the display is one of the Vi rginia-class celebration. ~ American Civil War, the constructed several hand-cranked "infernal machines" in an attempt to break the of Southern ports. Today, American submarines are some of the most advance pieces of equipment in

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operation. With nuclear power plants, sleek aerodynamic hulls, weapons capable of hitting targets hundreds of miles away, and ultra quiet machinery, the modern submarine truly is a miracle of modern science. This exhibit shows just a few items tracing the technological evolution ofthe submarine. Pictured here is the Norfolk-based USS Scorpion (SSN-589) which was lost on May 27, 1968 offth e coast ofth e Azores Islands. The exhibit will have several item memorializing this boat. (Naval Historical Center) Some of items that will be on display include 4 The Daybook Winter 2000 Coming in May ... The Battle of the Atlantic The Hampton Roads Naval Museum is renovating its World War II gallery. This brand-new permanent exhibit will present one of the most important campaigns of World War II in a whole new way. To Feature:

~ (]!=Interactive Displays I " . ~ (]!=Maps and Photographs of the Campaign

(]!=Artifacts from the War Zone

..

Call 757-322-2987 or visit • http: I lwww .hrnm. navy. mil for more information about this exciting exhibit. j~NA.vAt*M:usE:u!vi Lor11l H;Jtory. WorlJ Event1. 5 The Daybook Winter 2000 The Germ Experiment

A Radical _../J_., 'fj l r ' •,.:' '

by Joe Mosier

ere is a reoccurring moment in the development of naval technology Twhen competing advances battle for acceptance and support. For example, at the time when naval aviation became generally recognized as necessary, proponents of seaplanes, lighter-than­ aircraft and carrier-born aviation fought

each other for scarce dollars. In the infancy William W. Hunters sketch of the hontzonally mounted paddle wheels for the steam sloop Umon. The of the technology, there was no clear right concept had its advantages in combat andfor its effectiveness in rough seas. However, 11 had efficiency choice among the alternatives. A similar problems. Nonetheless. Hunter pushed his projectfonvard. (National Archives) moment, with strong Hampton Roads Following the death of Harris in late 1840, meant "seed," and Hunter planned to sow connections, occurred in the late 1830's and Hunter sought financial backing to turn his that seed with a series of demonstrations early 1840's. idea into reality. along the Atlantic Coast. Beginning in Since its inception, steam power for Myer Myers, third son of early Norfolk March 1841, a number of trips around ships had meant paddlewheels on either the merchant Moses Myers, proved to have the Norfolk harbor were followed by two stern or side of the vessel. This placement money Hunter sought. Fortunately for excursions through the Dismal Swamp had shown problems. For naval vessels, historians, much of the correspondence Canal. In June, Secretary of the Navy paddlewheels were exposed to enemy between the two men is held by the Chrysler George Badger ordered Hunter to bring gunfire. Also, the size of the wheels meant Museum of Art. On December 22, 1840, Germ to Washington. The tiny vessel a large portion of the area for mounting Myers signed a contract with Hunter and the arrived on June 18 after a trip lasting 32 one's own guns was blocked by machinery. heirs of Benjamin Harris. In return for $3200, hours. She had made an average speed Experience on the newly opened canals to be used to build a small steamer capable of of nine miles per hour. As The showed that side- and stern-wheelers showing the efficacy of horizontal wheels, Madisonian reported; "This is but a germ, created surface waves that destroyed canal Myers would receive one-third of any returns it is believed, of what she can do." After banks. Lieutenant William W. Hunter, then from the U.S . patent. Under Hunter's two days of demonstrations, Germ stationed in Norfolk, and fellow inventor direction, construction began quickly at the returned to Hampton Roads. The return and partner Benjamin Harris had worked Gosport Navy Yard. The result, launched in trip took just 30 hours. Secretary Badger on correcting these flaws for years prior to early Spring 1841, was the Germ. Although discharged the vessel from the service of being granted a patent for their solution in Hunter and Myers retained ownership, the the government, but assured Hunter that 1840. Hunter and Harris devised a gearing steam boat was taken into Federal service. "the only reason for the order. .. was that system that allowed the paddlewheel to be She was what today would be referred to as a as the Germ had already been used under mounted horizontally under water, rather technology demonstrator. Germ was small, a sufficient variety of circumstances for than vertically alongside the ship. The "believed to be the smallest steam vessel ever testing, so far as that vessel would admit, paddlewheel was enclosed in a casing with sent to sea." There is some debate about her the value of your plan, I did not feel at only that portion of the blades exposed dimensions. Germ's length was reported as liberty to retain her. .. for a purpose that which was needed to propel the vessel. This 50 (or 60) feet, her beam at the waterline as 9 had already been accomplished." left the above-water portion of hull clear to (or 12) feet and her draft as 2 feet (or 28 With Germ back under their control, mount guns as usual, while simultaneously inches). Whichever set is true, she was, as Hunter and Myers began serious efforts protecting the propulsion system from 's United States Gazette to make a profit from the technology. gunfire. The arrangement also promised described her, " not much larger than the Myers used his network of European cut down on the size of the wake of launch of one of our vessels of war." A six trading partners to acquire patents on used in canals. It was a simple horse-power "like those used "Hunter's submerged " in but adequate solution to a number of known in locomotives" provided power. problems with paddlewheel . Her name, in those pre-Pasteur days, Germ experiment continued on page 7

6 The Daybook Winter 2000 Germ experiment continued from page 6 France and England. Overseas, however, the officers on board were Myers did "not think [Harris'] widow's puzzled to make her out. At name should be used as she is not entitled last their band struck up " Hail to any interest, contributing not a cent. She Columbia," and cheered her. has no means to aid in furtherance of the The Germ then returned to the object there." Hunter decided it was time Battery, landed her two to stress the variety of uses for which the passengers, with Lieut. system could be employed. On July 3, Hunter, and proceeded to the Germ was used to tow a warship from Navy Yard." More important Gosport to the anchorage off Hospital Point. than newspaper editors, The vessel made another trip through the however, were the passengers Dismal Swamp Canal to Elizabeth City and Hunter had taken out earlier back. In late July, Hunter sent Germ north. that day: Commodore In July, she arrived in Philadelphia where Vanderbilt and the other Hunter demonstrated her capabilities to the directors of the Erie Canal. directors of the Delaware and Chesapeake They were sufficiently Canal. Commodore Charles Stewart also took impressed to offer Hunter and an excursion aboard her as did members of Myers $10 per ton for the the Franklin Institute, "the scientifics" as patent rights to construct canal Hunter called them. The real focus of the boats with submerged trip, however, was New York. The stop at propellers of Hunter's design. Philadelphia, Hunter wrote Myers, had been Other offers came in : for made so that "impressions made here will vessels to run out , for Hunter 's work was not quickly forgotten. Harper's Weekly sketched strengthen our interests in New York." a vessel to work between New this portrait of the naval engineer, and later Confederate flag officer. in The New York visit proved to be a public York and Albany. The Boston 1893, some 50 years after Gosport built Germ. relations success. Bennett 's Herald wrote on and Albany ships, both at 250 tons, would to Troy and the Erie Canal. The Albany August 7, 1841 : "The working of the Germ bring in $2500 each in patent rights. As Argus confirmed the usefulness of Hunter's in our harbor yesterday was admirable. Hunter wrote "Our affair is determined to design for canal travel. "The Troy Whig Crowds flocked to the Battery, to see her, yield an immense profit, almost saysthattheGermpassedthroughthecanal and all were delighted with her graceful and incalculable." at the rate of about five miles per hour, and noiseless movement through the waters. Hunter felt yet more money could be the wave she created was no greater than

U. S. Government officals expressed enough interest in the experiments involvingGcrm that theyauthori=ed a larger test with the steam sloop Union. She displaced 900- tons and carried f our 68-pdr cannons amid ship. After tests on the Chesapeake Bay. the Navy broke her up in 1848. (Naval Historical Center)

She came close to the Battery wall, Capt. made in Great Lakes navigation. "The that produced by an ordinary canal packet." Hosken and ourselves jumped on board; Lakes offer a vast field & I leave here on Hunter traveled through the canal to she went round and round the North Monday to reap it," he wrote Myers on Oswego and then across Lake to Carolina, like a snake, swift and still, and August 14. Germ proceeded up the Hudson Germ experiment continued on page 8

7 The Daybook Winter 2000

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This is a drawing of Hunter 's submission to the U. S. Patent Office. The office granted his horizontal wheel design a patent in 1840. The Navy authorized the steamf ngate USS Allegheny along these lines and was built in Pittsburg. She demonstrated remarkable rivenne abilities and she successfully navigated the entire length of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers en route to Norfolk on her maden voyage. (U. S. Patent Office) Germ experiment continued from page 7 Kingston. After returning to Norfolk, she from yourself and others tended to favor of doing so. Regretfully he told became the first steam vessel to have gone encourage the grog shops in their designs Hunter that "Congress had so hampered him from to the Great Lakes via upon him." Myers dispatched another as to render it impossible for him to do as the Erie Canal and back. captain to bring Germ back to Norfolk he desires." Next in 1843, Hunter The Navy had been sufficiently warning him "to stop as little as possible at unsuccessfully approached the Coast impressed with Hunter's work to authorize the towns as it is probable that Chaytor has Survey Board in an effort to get them to construction of a larger vessel, Union of contracted debts at each .... If it is necessary suggest Germ 's purchase to Congress. In 900 tons. Work began at Gosport shortly to stop for wood, I presume it can be had at October of that year, he tried a different after his return. This left Myer Myers with the villages." rationale. He approached the new Navy question of what to do with Germ . In the Once Germ returned to Norfolk, there Secretary David Henshaw with the idea that summer of 1842, Myers decided to employ is no firm record of how she was employed. Germ should be bought to be used as a test the vessel as a packet in the North Carolina That did not mean, however, that Hunter bed for the radical concept of developing a Sounds. For a while, it appeared he would slowed his efforts to turn a profit on her. steam-powered cannon. Henshaw again be able to obtain a subsidy to run mail In August 1842, he approached the pled Congress-induced poverty. In March between Windsor and Edenton. The project fell through because of his unfortunate choice for Germ's master. Myers wrote a ((I was also shaken to learn from you that friend in Elizabeth City on November 14, 1842, "Captain [Edmund] Chaytor was Porter and Farragut, whom I had written to recommended to me as a capable, correct & sober man. Was ever a person more take charge of the Germ, had permitted her imposed upon? ' Tis much to be regretted -Hunter to Myers commenting on the unforunate some friend of mine seeing his drunken to be SUnk. " habits in North Carolina had not favored episode that occured under the watch of the future admirals David Dixon me with a hint. Such an act of friendship Porter and , 1845 would have served the owners of the Germ money and an infinity of trouble. As yet I Secretary of the Navy Abel P. Upshur with of 1844, Hunter succeeded in getting a bill have had no settlement with him . In fact, I a plan to have the Navy buy the vessel to introduced in both houses of Congress for have not seen him for three weeks. Nothing continue experiments with larger engines. the expenditure of $13,000 to purchase can be got from him . I am not bound for Upshur, a college classmate and close friend Germ and her equipment. The bill failed. his debts & fear the assistance of money of Myers' older brother Samuel, was in Germ experiment continued on page 9

8 The Daybook Winter 2000 The Curse of the Water Witch

illiam Hunter's role as an inventor somewhat overshadows W a very intriguing career in the U.S. Navy. President James Monroe appointed him a midshipman in 1822 as a favor to Hunter's father, who was a well­ known doctor in Philadelphia. The young officer spent the early part ofhis career with David Porter' s Squadron chasing down pirates. Pirates captured him but he promptly escaped from his imprisonment. Shortly after he returned home, the ironfisted Commodore John Rodgers served as Hunter's mentor and took him to the Mediterranean on board the ship-of-the line North Carolina. For the next 20 years, Hunter served in Shown here ts the mail packet/ USS Water Witch. Hunter 's men captured the vessel in a flawlessly the West Indies Squadron and with ships executed raid in 1864. Unfortunately for Hunter. this vessel was nothing short of cursed and had brought him bad luck in the early stages of his wheel design. The new vessel. which had components from the firs/Water exploring the Ocean. He took Witch, brought Hunter even more misfortune. Gen. Sherman "s army was on the las/ stage of its "March to the enough time off while in Hampton Roads Sea " and showed up in Savannah a few days after her capture. (Naval Historical Center) to marry Jane Virginia Saunders ofNorfolk on November 30, I 831. He then spent a make good history, they do make good sea for. This failure did much to damage large portion of his shore duty in this area stories. An earlier version of Water Witch Hunter's chances for long term success. and in . Spending so much may have brought a small hex upon the The Navy transferred the vessel to time in the South must have made a deep Confederate flag officer. The Washington Philadelphia to be refitted with a different impression upon him, as he was one of the Navy Yard built the orginal Water Witch in propulsion system, a "Loper" , and first Naval officers to resign his 1844. The Navy intended to use her as a commissioned Water Witch for a second commiss ion, despite his Northern roots, at water tender for ships stationed in Hampton time. This one rejected her engineer plant the time of Ft. Sumter. Roads. Specifically, her miss ion was to as well. In disgust, she was given the tried The Confederate Government gave him obtain fresh water from the Dismal Swamp and true side-wheel paddles. After serving a captain's commission and put him to work and bring it up to the Gosport Navy Yard. in the Mexican War, and in dry-docks due in such diverse places as New Orleans, the This would have been a perfect vessel for to constant breakdowns, the Navy took its coast of Texas, and the Rappahanock River Hunter' s wheel because it required the frustrations out on the vessel by using her here in Virginia. Promoted to flag officer vessel to make turns in tight corners. She for gunnery practice. The spirit of the vessel in 1864, Richmond transferred him to was fitted out with Hunter' s wheel and did not die so easily. The machinery from Savannah and ordered him to take charge delivered to Hampton Roads. the second Water Witch was used to build of all naval forces there. While in Savannah, Unfortunately, when the Navy attempted a third. She served well in the American Hunter' s men successfully seized the to take Water Witch through the Dismal Civil War as a gunboat and a mail dispatch gunboat/mail packet paddle wheel steamer Swamp Canal lock for the first time, they vessel on various blockade stations. USS Water Witch. The capture is one of discovered that John Porter, future co­ However, the witch brought more bad the great exploits of the Confederate States designer of CSS Virginia, and his wokers luck to Hunter. Shortly after Hunter' s men Navy as it was done with deadly efficiency. in Washington had built the ship incorrectly. seized the Union vessel, Gen. Sherman' s However, of the all the ships Hunter's men Her draft was too deep and her beam was army marched into Savannah forcing had to capture, Water Witch was one vessel too wide for the vessel to fit through the Hunter to burn all of his vessels. Among Hunter probably regretted seeing. lock. The Navy attempted to use the vessel the ships lost were two brand new ironclads, While curses and other witchcraft do not as a harbor tug, a mission she was not built CSS and Savannah. ~

Germ experiment continued from page 8 In 1845, Hunter was in New Orleans. There, condition. Hunter had asked fellow officers also shaken to learn from you that Porter he tried to interest friends in purchasing at the Gosport Navy Yard to use sailors from and Farragut whom I had written to take Germ as a school ship to train the receiving ship Pennsylvania to maintain charge of the Germ had permitted her to be steamshipmen. In the meanwhile Germ 's Germ. Their efforts were disappointing. sunk." In all probability, the vessel's idleness led to a deteriorating material On February I, 1845, he wrote Myers " I was Germ experiment continued on page 14

9 The Daybook Winter 2000 Book Reviews FDR and the U.S. Navy Edited by Edward J. Marolda Reviewed by William H. Wagner, jr.

o doubt when one reads the history continued in the next entry, "Josephus of a particular era - especially an Daniels, Franklin Roosevelt, and the N era which one has lived through - Reinvention of the Naval Enlisted Man" by it is almost impossible to maintain a Ronald H. Spector. Many of the educational completely impartial attitude. Having this opportunities for enlisted men where small but wonderful book, which is made introduced by Daniels and Roosevelt by up of essays written by well known "combining the democratizing, historians and biographers of Roosevelt, rationalizing, and technocratic aspects of the tossed in my direction was like being tossed Progressive Era, laid the foundation for the a bag of Christmas candy on Christmas Day. competence-based, technology oriented, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was one of the specialized, and meritocratic navy of the definitive icons of the twentieth century. twentieth century. Less happily, they also unanimous declaration of war from FDR and the U.S. Navy is a treasure, filled laid the foundation for the pervasive Big Congress and aroused the ire and with nuggets of information about his Brotherism of the modern military tremendous backing of the American relationships with the Navy in its many and exemplified by the compulsory ethics people." varied facets. Just how did FOR get to be courses, surprise drug testing, and 'don' t Space does not allow for a more detailed Assistant Secretary of the Navy. One ask, don't tell. "' review of FDR and the U. S Navy to essayist commented that "for one reason, FOR' s experience in the political field comment fully on Roosevelt and naval and that was his name. He had no special broadened when Governor James Cox, the strategy, particularly his importance to the Democratic candidate for the presidency in evolution of the U. S. Fleet. Thomas C. Edward J. Marolda, editor. FDR 1920, chose him as his running mate. After Hone's essay "The Evolution of the U. S. and the U.S'. Nmy. New York: his run for the vice-presidency, he enjoyed Fleet, 1933-1941: How the President St. Martin's Press. 1998. 176 national standing. Spector' s essay Mattered" does cover this topic very well. comments that "a comparison of the FOR Hone states, " Scholars have described in pages. ISBN 0-31221-157-0 of 1913 with the FOR of 1921 does not detail Roosevelt's interest in the Navy, his $49.95. suggest that he had acquired the inner actions to shape the nature of the fleet, and resources- the strength of character, the his use of his formal powers to place certain qualifications for the position other than an moral courage - that are necessary to lead admirals in the Navy's top positions." interest in maritime affairs and yachting." a great nation in moments of desperate Based on their work, it seems that One of the most fascinating of the entries crisis. To gain insight into FOR ' s Roosevelt was frequently guilty of of the collection is " No Talent for acquisition of the inner resources that served dabbling in hi s hobby, the navy, but his Subordination: FOR and Josephus Daniels" him well in later years, historians must turn grand instinct. .. was correct, as was the by Kenneth S. Davis. His appointment to to his harrowing experience during the years overall course he charted for the Navy.' the post of Assistant Secretary was FOR's between 1921 and 1933." FDR and The U. S. Navy is not a large formal introduction to the U.S. Navy. Just It is fascinating to read about Roosevelt's book, but is a most fascinating glimpse of the last paragraph of the entry is enough to handling of the "Navy Brass" after his a great man who handled a great crisis in a whet one's appetite to read the whole entry, election to the presidency in 1932, and the great and grand manner. The fl yleaf of the "As for Daniels, I think we all have reason events leading up to the opening of volume states, "The essays argue that one to be grateful for the loving kindness and hostilities in 1941 with the Japanese attack of Franklin Roosevelt' s greatest forbearance with which he dealt with a on Pearl Harbor. achievements was his direction as young man whom many others saw as Michael A Barnhart in " Making It Easy commander in chiefofthe U. S. Navy and brash, overly self-confident, and overly for Him" :-The and the other American armed forces during ambitious, but in whom he saw qualities Franklin D. Roosevelt to Pearl Harbor says World War II. When the very survival of destined to determine great and beneficent that , " It is hard to avoid the conclusion that the nation was at stake, it is both a powerful events in the history of the United States." the Imperial Japanese Navy was one of tribute and an important historical work on Daniels had a very deep and lasting Franklin Roosevelt's best friends right up FDR.D influence on the Navy and on FOR and it to the ' date which will live in infamy.' The Mr. Wagner is a former pharmacist "s mate chiefpe tty was fortunate for FOR that he served under surprise attack on Pearl Harbor gave officer. a retired Episcopal rector. and a veteran of him . The import of this tour with Daniels is Roosevelt the easy task of getting an almost Pearl /-/arb or.

10 The Daybook Winter 2000 Desert Shield at Sea: What the Navy Really Did by Marvin Pokrant Reviewed by Alex Macensky

s we approach the ten year decisions on the spot and every other anniversary of the Gulf War, a service. Their are conflicts with the Air A second wave of books on the Force over matters like Tomahawk Missiles subject is starting to roll in. Beyond the and 'package' bombing. Criticisms and flood of biographies and Monday morning explanations are plentiful on the matter of quarterback books of the early nineties, it relations with General Schwartzkopf's could be reasonably expected that more command in Riyhad. Issues over the Marine objective and considered works on Desert deployment are addressed. It even seems Shield and Storm would be forthcoming. that a defense is offered for Admiral Mauz's Marvin Pokrant's Desert Shield at Sea: decisions on the deployment of his task What the Navy Really Did aims at dissecting forces. These defenses are well researched There is an awful lot of insightful and and justifying the decisions of the Navy and often rather compelling. But the interesting information about how the Navy high command during Operation Desert question is beged, whose criticisms is the prepared for and conducted the embargo on Shield. Considering the wealth of insider author defending against? Iraq. But the constant bullet point staff knowledge displayed in the work, As far as this reviewer is aware, the justifications for every action on every Desert Shield at Sea certainly has a new broad public does not harbor any misgivings other page became tedious after about the slant to offer to the subject. It is very about the Navy's role in Desert Shield or tenth time. If you are very interested in apparent from the first pages, however, that the Gulf War at large. Even among Gulf Navy's actions during Desert Shield with War enthusiasts, there is not a roiling debate an emphasis on command staff decision about the Navy being culpable for it' s making, then this is an excellent book. performance in the Gulf War. Perhaps the However, for the casual Gulf War author felt that the Navy did not the credit enthusiast, Dr. Pokrant may lose you at it was due in other works on the subject. It some points. Because of the excellent is hard to say. One gets the impression that accounts of various embargo actions. I some of the points raised by Dr. Pokrant regret having to give a very qualified are for a handfulof people, and not for the recommendation for this work. It would be average reader. unfair to the reader however to subject them this book is also an effort to vindicate all This spirited defense against phantom to someone else's finger pointing war the Navy's decisions in Desert Shield. The attackers wears on the reader after a while. without fair warning. results are mixed. Dr. Pokrant's book moves chronologically through the events of initial invasion, the US and UN blockade and buildup, and the plans for offensive actions in the Gulf. Through each step of Desert Shield, he airs grievances and offers explanations and excuses for the Navy command. This is not unexpected. The foreword after all is by Admiral Henry Mauz, who was commanding officer of Seventh Fleet during Desert Shield. The endnotes for every chapter rely heavily on the recollections of Mauz, his staff, and contemporaries. What strikes the reviewer as odd is the number of issues Dr. Pokrant and some of his contributors feel need addressing and clarifying. The book describes problems in staff relations between the Navy's command

11 The Daybook Winter 2000 If Looks Could Kill: A View of a Ship's Architecture

th the current talk around town mind that Mobile Bay potentially has more big fat tower for a bridge, Long Beach was about the battleship Wisconsin, destructive power with her 120-plus not ash ip of beauty. Part of the reason for her W t begs the question: why are we Tomahawk cruise missiles. lack of pulchritude was due to the multiple so interested in this ship and other battleships The Sage in the past has given you his list desgin changes by wishy-washy naval like it? The answer simply put is that it is an of"best" and "worst" names and other such architects. Norman Pollier notes in his design awesome sight to behold. People who work silly awards. Now it's time to look at some history of American that the Navy or teach layout design and publishing will tell of the best and worst looking ships. To be changed the Long Beach's design no less than you that faces draw a reader's eye to an article. sure, Naval architects are obviously not out 15 times over the course of a few years. This There is another item that draws reader's to win beauty pageants. Their job is to create was largely due to the fact that 1950' s attention, a picture of a gun. Whether you a machine for the fleet that will accomplish architects had many new technologies at their like them, hate them, whether you are a life an assigned mission in the most efficient disposal including nuclear-propulsion, guided manner. Nonetheless, in their quest to make missiles, and new electronics. the most efficient maritime war machine Being that Long Beach was the first missile possible, American naval architects have designed from the keel-up, and not a produced some rather odd-looking and gun cruiser conversion, the nuclear-powered beautiful vessels. vessel served a valuable role as a test platform The oddest and ugliest looking vessels not only for new technologies, but for new throughout the history of the U.S. Navy are doctrines in . For example, for a usually the ones that serve as test beds for time Long Beach was to have the ability to new technologies. These ships have the shoot Polaris ballistic missiles similar to the unfortunate duty of testing out new ideas and ones used by boomers. The gun cruiser inventions and often look like they were conversions were not much better in terms of pieced together by Dr. Frankenstein himself. looks. USS Albany (CLG-10. ex-CA-123), is an example of this. "Tin can on a for example was a nice looking World War II shingle" is the most common nickname gun cruiser until the Navy decided to put thrown at Monitor, although there are less missiles on her. com pi imentary ones out there as well. There are some nice looking warships. Monitor not only was revolutionary in the Students of the Age of Sail would say every CJhe ~useum Sage fact that she was an iron warship but sailing ship is beautiful. Maybe so, but to revolutionary in design, which took many grossly paraphrase George Orwell, some are member of the National Rifle Association, or people by surprise. more beautiful than others. In The Sage' s are a bleeding heart liberal, it does not matter. A more recent example is the I 950' s opinion, when it comes to sailing warships, Di spl ay a gun and you will get people's guided-missile cruiser USS Long Beach the smaller the vessel, the better it looks. The attention. Battleships happen to have some (CGN-8). With a long, narrow hull and a fast schooners, such as Shark and Alligator, of the biggest guns ever manufactured. built to catch slave traders and pirates are A ship's outward appearance has drawn among the better looking ones. This is one much attention over the years. The first of the The Sage continues on page 13 five senses that usually forms an opinion about a ship are the eyes. In their own special way, ships are works of art. "That ship has fine lines" is a common expression among maritime buffs. In stark contrast to a battleship' s appearance, modern-day political humorist P.J. O' Rourke noted that the ­ class cruiser USS Mobile Bay (CG-53) was " ... not very impressive to see. It has a tall, boxed-in, blank-sided superstructure that give it a floating-car-barn look. And the only immediately discernible weapons, the two The Sage's two ugly ships of the U. S Navy, USSLong dinky five-incher gun turrets, would not make Beach (CGN-8) at left and USS Albany (CLG-10) for dramatic Liberty Bond poster art." Never above. (HRNM photos)

12 The Daybook Winter 2000 The Sage continued from page 12 case where the architect's need to build a fast to keep sunlight from heating up the ship, 15-inch guns wielded to the hull. Speaking ship directly translated into a sleek hull design. because the interior of these ships were already of tycoons, some of the better looking Compare these to the ship-of-the-lines like excessively hot from the boilers and very poor commissioned warships came from rich, Pennsylvania, and the schooners win the ventilation. The white painted hulls made patriotic Americans. Granted these ships beauty prize hands down. Teddy Roosevelt go nuts with excitement were not purpose built as warships. They As the Navy moved to steel hull ships, when he saw the 16 battleships in Hampton were luxury yachts, but they all served very some within the department must have taken Roads in 1907. The newspapers took notice well in wartime "Commodore" Cornelius an interest in the ship's appearance. All ships, too as they dropped the official name of the Vanderbilt graciously donated his sidewheel with the exception of torpedo boats, from squadron, which was the U.S. Battle Fleet, and to the U.S. Navy, who called roughly the 1880's to World War I had hulls used a more romantic name, "The Great White the ship USS Vanderbilt, at the beginning of painted the better looking white during peace Fleet." the Civil War. During the Spanish-American time. Looks had to be the primary reason for Of the Age of Steel ships, one is the War, the Navy snatched up several yachts to the use of white. It could not have been used "cruiser" USS Vesuvius, a vessel the Sage serve as . USS Gloucester was the loves to talk about. most famous, which was once investment Her hull readily banker J.P. Morgan's yacht Corsair and stands out among served with high honors during the Battle of other turn of the Santiago. century steel ships. Outward appearance is not the designer's , Officially designated goal, at least it probably should not be. This a "dynamite cruiser" does not mean that architects have not tried. one is not sure Artists conceptions of the Navy's destroyer ,_,_ whether to classify it for the 21 " century and the now defunct - .;,. ___ as a warship or as a "arsenal ship" project have drawn a large ~-:.-,- - :'"""..._ rai Iroad tycoon 's amount of"ooohs" and "ahhhs" simply based On the more beautiful side of the Navy is the gunboat USS Gloucester. This fine yacht that just on their looks. Beauty does make a great looking vessel formerly belonged to Wall Street investment banker J.P. Morgan and h h h served with great honor at the Bailie ofSantiago in 1898. (Naval Historical Center) appens to ave t ree selling point. D Useful Web Sites

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,): ;~· ;J ~ ,._ ~ ''"' oi ;:, ll r.a S~ fOf~tW Ado..:! Hen ~IJI'Ch ~ An ~ Stq:~ illiiJ :C,t-B«»:.~ulh !J.Loc.tbcnJWIV/'-u:cu--.orgl :::J 1/J.WtfW.nd www. USS-Salem.org-This is the site for the display ship USS Salem (CA- '1r1 ;~ (3 Tkbt Ol..dts .. Olin& .. !Wo¥'1 - Rwct. - -.Millo . cr--- 139) and the United States Naval and Shipbuilding Museum at Quincy, MA. Salem is the only remaining heavy cruiser on public display. The site USS SaWm is mrTmtly In Dn·dock for R!Pair and Rmontion Unittfl StatH Naval Shipbuildinc Muuurn and USS S.Jntt Tm1pnruily J informs the user about the museum, its mission, and its holdings. The site Closed also has information sources and links on the history of shipbuilding in the l\Iust>um Online \Iust>um United States. A limited, but ever expanding, online version of the Naval Information Historical Center's Dictionary ofFighting American Ships series is an added WUrs new both at the museWD and online. l\luseum Propams Mu.sewn Main Pan · learn about our USS Salem (CA 139) benefit of the site. exhibits and archives! T. ..,mlllhnntnnrmnc~nm'cr• h•mll'rl' du• ~

i~J' , ~ Oocun!lll[.l(re . .:.{;;. .~ ~p~ ".k ;liS&•II'!f"'---tWO> l(il~P41g111N _ j!.i)tn- ~ II=UnitedSteL .:i . ~ 2:llA-4 t1J!Wij§§@i¥W.. ilft!MP'f?l r- Edl Y- Go ~ Hell> 'in:d • ~· ·>' '3. -~ a. ~ .:$ r.6': s ...-t. ' Aeloed Han. s-en N«n:C)e P•rt SKUity ~: .....t·a~. }.J. l.ocatloltjhl:tpii-~ . !">4YI'mil~i.bi¥JIIhorrep~hl:m Norfolk.navy.mil/sublant-As this is the I OO'h anniversary 1110>'.) \ of the Submarine Force, it is only appropriate to highlight the Commander Submarine Force Atlantic (COMSUBLANT)'s web site. This site highlights the people and equipment that operate and manage the Navy's Atlantic boats. It gives a brief history of the command, its Commander Submar·ine For·ce past commanders, and boats lost at sea. It also provides U.S. Atlantic Fleet up to date information on new developments. The site Welcome to the Home Page for the Atlantic Fleet will move to www.sublant.navy.mil on April I. Submarine Force! .=J ~~ Ooc!.ment. DOfle · .::;t, :;~ ·ii!SI £.:;J ~ "'""'I (ii Adob

13 The Daybook Winter 2000

a naval iron steamer of II 00 tons permanently adopted, she will greatly [Allegheny] that will be launched in enhance the value of our patent." about 6 months [actually completed The reality was even less sanguine than in 1847 with $10,320 going to Myers' description. Before the experiment Hunter personally for his patent ended, the Government had taken rights]. The boilers of the Steamer possession of, at one time or another, nine Union after a little service were vessels equipped with the Hunter wheel. found ineffective & that vessel Three went to the Navy, three went to the performed but little service & was Revenue Service, two to the Coast Survey, laid up. They contemplate giving her and one to the Topographical Engineer Corps soon a new boiler, etc. in the Great Lakes. All the Revenue Cutters were However, none of the government vessels modeled upon the same plan & it was constructed with Hunter's submerged found very defective, those vessels propellers was successful with the exception not having sufficient beam. There of a small prefabricated survey vessel built was another miscalculation & all for the Army Corps of Engineers and these vessels being alike not one has assembled in Buffalo. Colonel Abert [later been able to establish our propellers. renamed Surveyor in 1849] conducted her The II 00 ton ship that will be work until 1875 when she was sold out to launched in about 6 months is all become a St. Clair River . By 1849, all right & she is relied on to establish others had been converted to side-wheels or Despite claims that ships equipped with Hunter 's wheels could the propellers and get them screw propellers or were out of service . .. run circles" around Princeton, which was equipped with a permanently adopted in our Navy. Even Margaret Kimble, a I 00 ton iron John Ericsson-designed screw, the Navy dropped the project. . . . . They instead constructed ships using the Swedish-American This vessel It IS contemplated Will be tfeighter and passenger steamer built in 1844 inventor 's ideas. (HRNM photo) exhibited in England & other parts for Myer Myers was switched to Germ experiment continued from page 9 of Europe under the command of one paddlewheels in 1846. The reason for this watertight cofferdam around her paddles of the patenters - a naval officer [Hunter]. failure is found in the problem of mechanical had leaked. One assumes this was not a true If this vessel proves as we confidently efficiency. Too much power was lost in the reflection of the abilities of two officers believe she will, proves our propellers to slip of the paddle (the difference between the who were destined to become the U.S. be far superior to all others & they become theoretical distance moved by the paddle and Navy's first admirals. The ship was raised, actual movement of the ship) In reality, and Hunter recommended Myers maintain Hunter's horizontal wheels were moving not her by his wharf to keep a closer eye on only the ship but also the water contained in her. In 1848, Myer Myers closed the the paddle casings. According to early steam vessel's account with Hunter after receiving historian Donald Canney, for Hunter's a last payment of $163.39 for Germ's design, the slip figured to be 50- 70%. By expenses. The final end of the tiny vessel comparison, Ericson's screw propeller used is not known. on Princeton was only 23 - 46%. This The end of Germ did not mean the end resulted in higher comparative fuel of Hunter's technology. On August 5, consumption. Allegheny's consumption of 1845, Myers had written to the coal was seven times that of the side­ lawyers who handled the English patent wheeler Mississippi. Another factor application: was the effect of the unusual hull shape "Our Government built on our plan the required by Hunter's wheels on sailing War Steamer Union at [900] tons. She was properties. Despite all this research on found to move with all her armament etc. steam propulsion, sail were still considered on board upwards of I 0 knots per hour. All to be the primary form of propulsion. the other advantages of the submerged The Navy eventually built most of its .horizontal paddles were so obvious that our ships using Swedish-American inventor Government immediately ordered 5 iron John Ericsson's propeller. This invention steamers built with our propellers for propably had a bigger impact on naval Revenue Cutters each [400] tons. Three of history than Ericsson ' s more famous them have been launched [Bibb, McLane ironclad project. and Spencer], two are not yet completed Even the giants of the US. Navy had their bad days. Why then did the Navy seemingly waste Germ sank in /-Iampton Roads while under the watch [Dallas was finished in 1846, the other not so many scarce resources on an idea that of one Lt. David Dixon Porter. shown here as a finished]. The Government has also in the commander in 1861. and his half-brother Lt. David seems ludicrous in retrospect? The answer course of construction with our propellers Farragut. (Naval llistorical Center) Germ experiment continued on page 15

14 The Daybook Winter 2000 Germ experiment continued from page 14 lies in the nature of technology at the cusp when not under power. It was not obvious and Ericson's designs the only alternatives of change. In the absence of a clear right that the screw propeller would become put forward. Canney's fine work, The Old choice, many alternatives will be tried until dominant Indeed, when Union first went Steam Navy, lists at least six other variations one proves dominant. The Navy in the late to sea, it was felt by many observers that on steam propulsion that were considered 1830's and early 1840's was unhappy with she could run circles around the screw by the Navy in this era. Just as for seaplanes the conventional answer to steam propeller-driven Princeton. From New and lighter-than-aircraft ninety years later, propulsion, side-wheelers. Such ships were York in August 1841 , Hunter had written partisans for each alternative voiced their vulnerable to enemy shot and had Myers "Everyone here says we beat support until external circumstances clearly exceedingly bad sailing characteristics Ericson's propeller." Nor were Hunter's identified the "right" choice. ~ Museum Joins Historic Naval Ship Association by Capt. Channing Zucker (Ret.)

f Editor's note: In preparation for the non-profit organization incorporated to battleship USS Wisconsin (88-64), the educate and inform those who are interested Hampton Roads Naval Museum recently in the rich naval heritage of seafaring joined the Historic Naval Ship Association. nations. Channing Zucker is the executive director Homeported from Halifax to Houston ofthe association and the following article and from Bordeaux to Brisbane, the fleet is tells a little bit about the organization. visited by more than nine million people each year. Visitors can walk the oak decks s the size of the U.S. Navy shrinks of a fully rigged ship-of-the-line and crawl and naval bases across the country through the cramped compartments of a Aare closed, the fleet of historic submarine. To help them learn from these naval ships that serve as floating museums great wooden and steel vessels, innovative is becoming more important to the future interpretation programs have been of the Navy. Consisting of four aircraft developed. On some ships, such as carriers, five battleships, six cruisers, II Constitution, period uniforms are worn. On destroyers, 30 submarines, Coast Guard many, historic reenactments are performed. cutters, Army and Merchant Marine USS Massachusetts was the first to offer Scotia in September with the corvette vessels, and an armada of other combatants overnight camping on board the ship, HMCS Sackville managing the from the United States, Australia, Canada, combined with educational tours, lectures arrangements. The delegates discuss England, France, Greece, and The and films. Youth group encampment matters such as educational programs, Netherlands; the HNSA fleet could be programs are now in place at a dozen preservation methods, conservation ranked as the world's third largest navy. vessels in the historic fleet. HMCS Haida techniques, insurance. exhibiting, fund The Historic Naval Ships Association in is a leader in coeducational raising, and marketing their sites and promotes the preservation and exhibition citizenship training programs for Sea programs. of some of the most celebrated ships in Cadets. The restored brig Niagara, Membership in the Association is open history. The largely American fleet of homeported at Erie. Pennsylvania, is to individuals and organizations that historic ships includes the 1797 frigate USS maintained in operational order, fostering support its goals. For further information Constitution and the nuclear powered the preservation of skills necessary to get and a membership application, one should submarine USS Nautilus. The ships are as her underway. The carrier Intrepid at New contact the Association's secretariat at the .. effective as educational assets today as they York City uses large-screen motion pictures U.S. Naval Academy Museum , 118 were in years gone by as combatants going with remarkable effect. The merchant Maryland Avenue, Annapolis, MD 21402- in harm 's way on the world's oceans. For marine cargo vessel SS Jeremiah 0 'Brien 5034. Membership benefits include a those who visit them today the ships are steamed from San Francisco to Normandy subscription to the ANCHOR WATCH living testimony to many of history's most for the 501h anniversary commemoration newsletter, a copy of the Historic Naval stirring actions. When they go ashore. ceremonies in 1994. Ships visitors' guide, free or reduced visitors take with them a deep appreciation The Association provides a forum for its admission to more than 70 ships in the for the sacrifices made by the men and members to exchange ship museum Association, and invitations to the annual women who built these ships, and the management information and technical conferences. sailors who fought them on the world's expertise. Annual conferences are each For further information, contact executive oceans to preserve freedom. hosted by a member museum. The 2000 director Channing M. Zucker at (757) 499- Founded in 1966, the Association is a meeting will be take place in Halifax, Nova 6919. ®-

15 The Daybook Winter 2000 You think it was cold this January?

..

.; .

The mighty Atlantic Fleet-stuck in the York River, 1918. The river froze over solid during one ofthe worst winters on record. What was worse was that it happened to be in the middle of World War I. Ironically, in 1917 local lobbyists used the region's historically temperate climate as a reason to locate the Navy 's new naval station in Hampton Roads.

In Our Next Issue. • • •

(jj= Robert E. Lee's Navy Cousin: Rear Adm. Samuel P. Lee, USN

r::g= Battle of the Atlantic Exhibit Renovations •

Book Reviews: Crossed Currents-Navy Women in a Century of Change by Jean Ebbert & Marie-Beth Hall and Call Sign Revlon by Sally Spears

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