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American Intelligence and the Question of Hitler's Death
American Intelligence and the Question of Hitler’s Death Undergraduate Research Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with honors research distinction in History in the Undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University by Kelsey Mullen The Ohio State University November 2014 Project Advisor: Professor Alice Conklin, Department of History Project Mentor: Doctoral Candidate Sarah K. Douglas, Department of History American Intelligence and the Question of Hitler’s Death 2 Introduction The fall of Berlin marked the end of the European theatre of the Second World War. The Red Army ravaged the city and laid much of it to waste in the early days of May 1945. A large portion of Hitler’s inner circle, including the Führer himself, had been holed up in the Führerbunker underneath the old Reich Chancellery garden since January of 1945. Many top Nazi Party officials fled or attempted to flee the city ruins in the final moments before their destruction at the Russians’ hands. When the dust settled, the German army’s capitulation was complete. There were many unanswered questions for the Allies of World War II following the Nazi surrender. Invading Russian troops, despite recovering Hitler’s body, failed to disclose this fact to their Allies when the battle ended. In September of 1945, Dick White, the head of counter intelligence in the British zone of occupation, assigned a young scholar named Hugh Trevor- Roper to conduct an investigation into Hitler’s last days in order to refute the idea the Russians promoted and perpetuated that the Führer had escaped.1 Major Trevor-Roper began his investigation on September 18, 1945 and presented his conclusions to the international press on November 1, 1945. -
Als Am 21. April 1945 Verbände Der Sowjetischen 5. Stoß-Armee Unter
Die aktuelle Karte: „Schlacht um Berlin, 26. April bis 2. Mai 1945“ Als am 21. April 1945 Verbände der sowjetischen 5. Stoß-Armee unter Nikolai Bersarin bei Marzahn die Außenbezirke von Berlin erreichten, begann damit der Kampf um die Reichshauptstadt. An diesem Tag verließ auch ein Großteil der NS- Granden wie Heinrich Himmler oder Hermann Göring die Stadt. Hitler, der tags zuvor noch Geburtstag gefeiert hatte, verblieb hingegen in Berlin und wollte seinen eigenen Untergang inszenieren. Hier – so glaubte er – könne er einen „moralischen Sieg“ vor der Weltöffentlichkeit erringen. Sein getreuer Propagandaminister Joseph Goebbels pflichtete ihm bei und meinte, „in fünf Jahren“ sei der „Führer eine legendäre Persönlichkeit und der Nationalsozialismus ein Mythos“. Mit der Realität hatten derlei Gedankengänge im „Führerbunker“ unter der Reichskanzlei freilich nichts mehr zu tun. Zur Verteidigung der Reichshauptstadt konnten die Deutschen noch etwa 140.000 Mann aufbieten, vielfach Volkssturm. Etwa ein Viertel der Soldaten war nicht einmal bewaffnet. Die angreifende Rote Armee hingegen zählte über 450.000 Mann und war an Material drückend überlegen. In zehn Tagen gelang es den Verbänden von Schukows 1. Weißrussischer Front sowie von Konews 1. Ukrainischen Front den deutschen Verteidigern Straße um Straße sowie Häuserblock um Häuserblock zu entreißen. Schukow befahl dabei seinen Truppen, die eigentliche Grenze zu Konews Front im Bereich der Yorckstraße zu überschreiten. Damit war klar, dass einzig er auf das Stadtzentrum vorstoßen und somit als der Sieger von Berlin gelten sollte. Am Nachmittag des 30. April beging Hitler mit seiner kurz zuvor angetrauten Ehefrau Eva Selbstmord; am Tag darauf tat es ihm Goebbels mit seiner Familie gleich. -
United States of America V. Erhard Milch
War Crimes Trials Special List No. 38 Records of Case II United States of America v. Erhard Milch National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, Washington, D.C. 1975 Special List No. 38 Nuernberg War Crimes Trials Records of Case II United States of America v. Erhard Milch Compiled by John Mendelsohn National Archives and Records Service General Services Administration Washington: 1975 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data United States. National Archives and Records Service. Nuernberg war crimes trial records. (Special list - National Archives and Records Service; no. 38) Includes index. l. War crime trials--N emberg--Milch case,l946-l947. I. Mendelsohn, John, l928- II. Title. III. Series: United States. National Archives and Records Service. Special list; no.38. Law 34l.6'9 75-6l9033 Foreword The General Services Administration, through the National Archives and Records Service, is· responsible for administering the permanently valuable noncurrent records of the Federal Government. These archival holdings, now amounting to more than I million cubic feet, date from the <;lays of the First Continental Congress and consist of the basic records of the legislative, judicial, and executive branches of our Government. The presidential libraries of Herbert Hoover, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson contain the papers of those Presidents and of many of their - associates in office. These research resources document significant events in our Nation's history , but most of them are preserved because of their continuing practical use in the ordinary processes of government, for the protection of private rights, and for the research use of scholars and students. -
Hitlers Hofstaat Der Innere Kreis Im Dritten Reich Und Danach
Unverkäufliche Leseprobe Heike B. Görtemaker Hitlers Hofstaat Der innere Kreis im Dritten Reich und danach 2019 528 S., mit 62 Abbildungen ISBN 978-3-406-73527-1 Weitere Informationen finden Sie hier: https://www.chbeck.de/26572343 © Verlag C.H.Beck oHG, München Heike B. Görtemaker Hitlers Hofstaat Der innere Kreis im Dritten Reich und danach C.H.Beck Mit 62 Abbildungen © Verlag C.H.Beck oHG, München 2019 Umschlaggestaltung: Kunst oder Reklame, München Umschlagabbildung: Berghof 1935, Hitler und seine Entourage beobachten Kunstfl ieger © Paul Popper / Getty Images Satz: Janß GmbH, Pfungstadt Druck und Bindung: CPI – Ebner & Spiegel, Ulm Gedruckt auf säurefreiem, alterungsbeständigem Papier (hergestellt aus chlorfrei gebleichtem Zellstoff ) Printed in Germany ISBN 978 3 406 73527 1 www.chbeck.de Inhalt Inhalt Einleitung 9 Erster Teil Hitlers Kreis 1. Untergang und Flucht 18 Im Bunker der Reichskanzlei 18 – Absetzbewegungen und Verrat 22 – Zufl uchtsort Berghof 26 – Ende in Berlin 32 2. Die Formierung des Kreises 36 Die Münchner Clique 37 – Ernst Röhm 42 – Hermann Esser und Dietrich Eckart 44 – Alfred Rosenberg 49 – Leibwächter 50 – «Kampfzeit» 53 – Hermann Göring und Wilhelm Brückner 56 – Vorbild Mussolini 59 – Ernst Hanfstaengl 63 – Heinrich Hoff mann 64 – «Stoßtrupp Hitler» 67 – Bayreuth 71 – Putsch 75 – Landsberg 79 – Neuorientierung 83 – Wiedergründung der NSDAP 88 – Joseph Goebbels 93 3. Machtübernahme 97 Aufstieg 98 – Unsicherheit und Beklemmungen 100 – Geli Raubal: Romanze mit dem Onkel 102 – Rekrutierung bewährter Kräfte 108 – Otto Dietrich 112 – Magda Goeb- bels 115 – Das Superwahljahr 1932 122 – Ernüchterung nach der «Machtergreifung» 128 – Blutsommer 1934 133 – Lüdecke auf der Flucht 137 – Hinrichtungen 142 – Recht- fertigungsversuche 148 Zweiter Teil Die Berghof-Gesellschaft 1. -
Fabricating the Death of Adolf Hitler Part 1
Introduction: Debunking the bunker legend any people are broadly familiar with the official narrative of Adolf Hitler's "last days", which was revisited on our cinema screens only recently in the form of the German film Do w n f a l l (Der Untergang, 2004). What they do not know is Mthat the official narrative is a political fiction—and that the revulsion it inspires is the result of deliberate planning. The little that most As the war reached its dreadful conclusion, Churchill and the British government set out to ensure that history never repeated itself—that there would be no resurgence of German of us think we know nationalism—by dictating how history would view the ultra-nationalistic Third Reich down to the very last detail. The narrative was to be so unedifying as to permanently tarnish the about the regime's prestige in the eyes of even its most ardent supporters. At no stage was historical truth a consideration. Neither the British nor the Americans showed genuine interest in circumstances of Hitler's fate. Their on l y interest lay in assigning to the movement's leader the most ignoble exit from the historical stage as possible. In this sense, the consignment of Hitler's charred Hitler's demise corpse to a rubbish-strewn bomb crater functioned as a metaphor for the consignment of the comes to us Hitler regime itself to the dustbin of history. In the foreword to Hitler's Death (2005), an anthology of documents from the Russian courtesy of British state archives designed to buttress the official narrative of the German leader's fate, historian Andrew Roberts avers: "Part of the reason why Germany has been such a successful, MI6 agent Hugh pacific, liberal democracy for the past sixty years is precisely because of the way that Hitler met his end in the manner described in mesmerising detail in this book. -
Eight Years with Hitler
Nicolaus von Below. At Hitler's Side: The Memoirs of Hitler's Luftwaffe Adjutant 1937-1945. London: Greenhill Books/Lionel Leventhal, 2004. 256 pp. $19.95, paper, ISBN 978-1-85367-600-0. Reviewed by Howard D. Grier Published on H-German (May, 2005) The memoirs of a young Luftwaffe officer and this translation of his memoirs is therefore who spent practically every day for eight years in welcome. Hitler's presence are naturally of great interest. Below's reliability is the main concern. Al‐ The work under review is an abridged translation though much of his account rings true, some sec‐ of Nicolaus von Below's Als Hitlers Adjutant tions clearly are fabrication. The most glaring ex‐ 1937-45, published in 1980. For reasons never ample is his assertion that Hitler hoped to avoid stated, this English version is only about half the war with Poland. Below maintains that Hitler length of the original German edition. Most of the wanted to meet with Polish diplomats to resolve material omitted comes from the prewar years, the crisis, and he refers to the Fhrer's "heartfelt and therefore a discussion of several important wish to solve the Polish question without blood‐ topics contained in the German edition (the An‐ shed" (p. 30). According to Below, British treach‐ schlu, the occupation of Czechoslovakia, and the ery was responsible for the war with Poland. To Spanish Civil War) is missing. Below states that blame the English for unleashing World War II is his diaries were destroyed during the war, and absurd. Below also dusts off the old argument that that the manuscript is based upon notes he made Hitler ordered the invasion of the Soviet Union to in captivity, from 1946 to 1948. -
HITLERS HÖLLENFAHRT Das Ende Im Bunker Und Die Lange Reise Des Leichnams / Teil II CHALDEJ / VOLLER ERNST Sowjetfahne Auf Dem Reichstag Am 2
SERIE HITLERS HÖLLENFAHRT Das Ende im Bunker und die lange Reise des Leichnams / Teil II CHALDEJ / VOLLER ERNST Sowjetfahne auf dem Reichstag am 2. Mai 1945: „Zusammen mit den Deutschen wären wir unbesiegbar gewesen“ n der Nacht vom 27. auf den 28. April sagt: „Jetzt bin ich wer, jetzt bin ich Roten Kreuzes, Folke Graf Berna- 1945 breitet sich im Bunker das Ver- die Schwägerin von Fegelein!“ dotte. Ilangen nach einem Massenselbstmord Hitler läßt den möglichen Schwipp- Davon erfährt Hitler erst am nächsten aus. Vorher möchte der Chef, dessent- schwager vom Personenschützer Peter Tag, dem 28. April, aus einer Meldung wegen jeden Tag noch Tausende ihr Le- Högl im umkämpften Charlottenburg des Stockholmer Rundfunks. Die Bun- ben lassen müssen, einen Mord an ei- aufspüren, in der bereits vom Feind er- kerbewohner schreien auf, allesamt wei- nem seiner Paladine begehen. oberten Bleibtreustraße 4. nen sie und jammern. Dann wird auch Vielleicht weiß er auch, was seine Se- Fegelein, in Zivil, hat einen Koffer noch bekannt, daß der von Hitler ge- kretärin Christa Schroeder über seine mit 105 725 Reichsmark und Schweizer schätzte SS-General Karl Wolff – Fege- Freundin Eva Braun und den SS-Grup- Franken bei sich, dazu Unterlagen leins Vorgänger als Himmlers Verbin- penführer Hermann Fegelein weiß: über die Gespräche, die sein Chef dungsmann zu Hitler – an der Italien- Dem ist „ihr Herz zugetan“. Zu ihrer Heinrich Himmler seit einem Jahr mit front mit den Amerikanern einen Waf- Freundin Marion Schönmann hat Eva dem Feind im Westen angebahnt hat. fenstillstand ausgehandelt hat. im Jahr zuvor gesagt: „Wenn ich Fege- Im Mai 1944 suchte der höchste Hen- Dazu noch die Befehlsverweigerung lein zehn Jahre früher kennengelernt ker Kontakt ausgerechnet zum „Welt- des SS-Generals Felix Steiner: Hitler hätte, würde ich den Chef gebeten ha- judentum“, er bot als Tauschobjekt die fühlt sich nun auch von seinen SS-Jani- ben, mich freizugeben.“ 750 000 Juden Ungarns – über die tscharen verraten. -
The 12Th SS Panzer Division “Hitlerjugend”
The 12th SS Panzer Division “Hitlerjugend” The 12th SS Panzer Division “Hitlerjugend” By Adrian Dragoș Defta The 12th SS Panzer Division “Hitlerjugend” By Adrian Dragoș Defta This book first published 2021 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2021 by Adrian Dragoș Defta All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-7090-8 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-7090-0 In loving memory of the most special ladies of my life: my Grandmother Elisabeta and my Mother Elena. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................ x CHAPTER I ................................................................................................... 1 THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE STUDY 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 1 1.2 Literature Review: The 12th SS Panzer Division “Hitlerjugend” in Contemporary Historiography ..................................................... 6 1.3 Methodology ................................................................................. 20 1.4 Resources Used for Research ....................................................... -
Selling Hitler Tells the Story of the Biggest Fraud in Publishing History
CONTENTS About the Book About the Author Also by Robert Harris Title Page Acknowledgements List of illustrations Dramatis Personae Prologue Part One Chapter One Chapter Two Chapter Three Part Two Chapter Four Chapter Five Chapter Six Chapter Seven Chapter Eight Chapter Nine Chapter Ten Part Three Chapter Eleven Chapter Twelve Chapter Thirteen Chapter Fourteen Chapter Fifteen Chapter Sixteen 1 Chapter Seventeen Chapter Eighteen Chapter Nineteen Chapter Twenty Chapter Twenty-One Chapter Twenty-Two Chapter Twenty-Three Chapter Twenty-Four Part Four Chapter Twenty-Five Chapter Twenty-Six Chapter Twenty-Seven Chapter Twenty-Eight Chapter Twenty-Nine Chapter Thirty Epilogue Picture Section Index Copyright 2 About the Book APRIL 1945: From the ruins of Berlin, a Luftwaffe transport plane takes off carrying secret papers belonging to Adolf Hitler. Half an hour later, it crashes in flames . APRIL 1983: In a bank vault in Switzerland, a German magazine offers to sell more than 50 volumes of Hitler’s secret diaries. The asking price is $4 million . Written with the pace and verve of a thriller and hailed on publication as a classic, Selling Hitler tells the story of the biggest fraud in publishing history. 3 About the Author Robert Harris is the author of Fatherland, Enigma, Archangel, Pompeii, Imperium and The Ghost, all of which were international bestsellers. His latest novel, Lustrum, has just been published. His work has been translated into thirty-seven languages. After graduating with a degree in English from Cambridge University, he worked as a reporter for the BBC’s Panorama and Newsnight programmes, before becoming political editor of the Observer and subsequently a columnist on the Sunday Times and the Daily Telegraph. -
Heldenpolitik: Ritterkreuz, Ideology and the Complexities of Hero Culture Under National Socialism
Heldenpolitik: Ritterkreuz, Ideology and the Complexities of Hero Culture under National Socialism By Colin Gilmour A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2018 Department of History and Classical Studies McGill University Montreal, Quebec ©Colin Gilmour 2018 i Abstract This dissertation explores the political history of Germany’s highest award for military excellence during the Second World War: the Knight’s Cross of the Iron Cross, or “Ritterkreuz.” Expanding upon a limited foundation of existing scholarly research, its primary focus is to examine the role played by this famous medal as a vessel of “symbolic capital” for the National Socialist regime. Designed not only as a tool to help forge a new archetype for military heroism, it was also to represent the “revolution” that the Party claimed to have produced in German society and politics. Using this function as a framework, the component chapters of this study document different ways in which it informed or affected official usages of the Ritterkreuz and the activities of its recipients – called “Ritterkreuzträger” – during the war years. Through this investigation, the dissertation argues that while achieving an impact on wartime culture that continues to be felt in Germany today, both medal and men proved as much a source of frustration and embarrassment to the regime as they did ideological success. As such, it challenges several existing assumptions regarding the role of orders and decorations created by National Socialism while highlighting an underrecognized layer of complexity in its “Heldenpolitik” (Hero Politics). ii Résumé Cette thèse explore l'histoire politique de la plus haute distinction militaire accordée en Allemagne durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale : la croix de chevalier de la croix de fer, la « Ritterkreuz ». -
DER SPIEGEL Jahrgang 2002 Heft 12
Werbeseite Werbeseite DAS DEUTSCHE NACHRICHTEN-MAGAZIN Hausmitteilung 18. März 2002 Betr.: Bush-Krieger, Irak, SPIEGEL special ie Bush-Krieger Dfühlten sich ge- troffen. Das SPIE- GEL-Titelbild 8/2002 von Illustrator Jean- Pierre Kunkel, das George W. Bush, 55, und seine Mannschaft als muskelbepackte / AP DOUG MILLS Rambos im „Feldzug Rumsfeld, Powell, Bush, Cheney, General Shelton, Rice gegen das Böse“ zeig- te, gefiel dem Texaner ganz außerordentlich. „Der Präsident war geschmeichelt, mit einem solchen Körper abgebildet zu werden“, berichtete US-Botschafter Dan Coats, 58, vergangene Woche bei einem Besuch im Hauptstadtbüro des SPIEGEL. Die Ber- liner US-Vertretung orderte 33 großformatige SPIEGEL-Werbe- plakate mit den „Bush-Kriegern“ für das Weiße Haus. Auch die anderen Mitkämpfer, Außenminister Colin Powell, Ver- teidigungsminister Donald Rumsfeld, Vizepräsident Richard Cheney und Sicherheitsberaterin Condoleezza Rice, wünschten sich ein Poster. Dass Bush und seine Getreuen sich die kritische Linie der dazugehörigen Titelgeschichte („Rambo hat wieder Ausgang“) zu Herzen nehmen, scheint zweifelhaft. Die kämpfe- rische Botschaft des Bildes sei doch positiv, scherzte Coats: „Leg dich nicht mit Texanern an!“ Titel 8/2002 in mutmaßliches Ziel der Bush-Krieger, den Irak, nahmen ver- Egangene Woche die SPIEGEL-Redakteure Volkhard Windfuhr, 65, und Bernhard Zand, 34, in Augenschein. Im „Reich des Bösen“ herrscht ungewohnte Lässigkeit. Mit mehr als 170 Stundenkilome- tern jagte der einheimische Fahrer das Auto, in dem die beiden Nah- ost-Korrespondenten saßen, über den Autobahnring von Bagdad. „Früher war Raserei am Tigris ein Schwerverbrechen“, sagt Wind- fuhr, der den Irak seit 30 Jahren bereist. Die SPIEGEL-Leute sa- AYMAN BARAIZ AYMAN hen in der Hauptstadt den üppigen Luxus der irakischen Upper- Windfuhr, Zand class, die vom Schwarzhandel mit Öl über die türkische Grenze pro- fitiert. -
Rigg Bm.Pdf (651.5Kb)
notes note on sources Although oral testimonies are subject to fallible human memories, they have none- theless proven invaluable in explaining several documents collected for this study. Documents never before seen by historians, found in people’s closets, basements, and desk drawers, created a much fuller and complex history, especially when their owners supplied the background and history of the documents as well. These sources helped re-create the unique and tragic history of the Mischlinge, which is still so little understood over half a century later. The thousands of pages of documents and oral testimonies (on 8 mm video and VHS video) in this study are now part of the permanent collection at the Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv in Freiburg, Germany, as the Bryan Mark Rigg Collection. Although interviews need to be treated with some skepticism, they have repeatedly shown that oral history often enriches rather than contradicts historical documents. All too often, history is written without the human element, that is, without knowing what these people thought, felt, and believed. Oral history helps reconstruct many of these people’s thoughts, feelings, and beliefs through their diaries, letters, interviews, and photographs. In this way, a healthy combination of hard documents or primary sources and secondary sources and testimonies expands our sense of this history. Often one reads about men and women but feels no human connection with them. The interviews were done to try to bridge this gap and to pro- vide readers with the means to enter these men’s and women’s thoughts and feelings to understand them better and to deepen readers’ knowledge of this history.