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American Intelligence and the Question of Hitler's Death
American Intelligence and the Question of Hitler’s Death Undergraduate Research Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with honors research distinction in History in the Undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University by Kelsey Mullen The Ohio State University November 2014 Project Advisor: Professor Alice Conklin, Department of History Project Mentor: Doctoral Candidate Sarah K. Douglas, Department of History American Intelligence and the Question of Hitler’s Death 2 Introduction The fall of Berlin marked the end of the European theatre of the Second World War. The Red Army ravaged the city and laid much of it to waste in the early days of May 1945. A large portion of Hitler’s inner circle, including the Führer himself, had been holed up in the Führerbunker underneath the old Reich Chancellery garden since January of 1945. Many top Nazi Party officials fled or attempted to flee the city ruins in the final moments before their destruction at the Russians’ hands. When the dust settled, the German army’s capitulation was complete. There were many unanswered questions for the Allies of World War II following the Nazi surrender. Invading Russian troops, despite recovering Hitler’s body, failed to disclose this fact to their Allies when the battle ended. In September of 1945, Dick White, the head of counter intelligence in the British zone of occupation, assigned a young scholar named Hugh Trevor- Roper to conduct an investigation into Hitler’s last days in order to refute the idea the Russians promoted and perpetuated that the Führer had escaped.1 Major Trevor-Roper began his investigation on September 18, 1945 and presented his conclusions to the international press on November 1, 1945. -
The Fighting 69Th Infantry Division Association, Inc. Vol. 45 No. 1 Sep
'FIGHTING 69rH INFANTRY DIVISION ****fissoC'iaiion, Ina VOLUME 45, NO.1 SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER - NOVEMBER - DECEMBER 1991 "THE THREE B's" 101 STEPHEN STREET BOLTE'S BIVOUACING BASTARDS NEW KENSINGTON, P A 15068 412/335·3224 bulleti:n. OFFICERS 1991·1992 Welkos O. Hawn, President 2445 South Cody Court Lakewood. CO 80227 . ... Div. Hq. \, Curt E. Peterson, Vi ce President 4900 Wallace Avenue Madison, WI 537 16 . .. ........... 569 Willi am C. Sheavly. Secretary 218 Sacred Heart Lane Reistertown, MD 211 36 .................. 271 Robert Kurtzman. Treasurer P.O. Drawer 178 Wilmot, OH 44689 .............. 272 Clarence Marshall, Membership 101 Stephen Street New Kensington, PA 15068 .. Div. Hq. Edward Lucci, Auditor ................... 273 William Snidow, Chaplain 661 Paul Shadle. Co-Chaplain ................. 271 Earl WitzIeb, Jr. Co-Chaplain . ..... 273 J oe Wright. Parliamentan'an ... Div. Hq. Eugene Butterfield, Legal Adu .. Div. Hq. LADIES' AUXILIARY Maria Keller, President Alice Wolthoff, Vice President Stefani a Nemeth, Secreta ry E llen McCann. A.~s j stant Secretary Edith Chapman, Chaplain J eanne Hawn, Assistant Chaplain Margie McCombs, Sunshine Lady BOARD OF DIRECTORS 1991-1992 Keith Curtis ................. Div. Hq. CUff Barbieri ...................... 27 1 Harold Ruck. .. ... 272 Robert Haag .................................... 273 Paul Thomas ............................. Divarty Francis Sullivan ...... 269 Bill Beswick ..................................... 661 J oe Louden ......................... ............ 777 1992-1993 Clarence -
The Waffen-SS in Allied Hands Volume Two
The Waffen-SS in Allied Hands Volume Two The Waffen-SS in Allied Hands Volume Two: Personal Accounts from Hitler’s Elite Soldiers By Terry Goldsworthy The Waffen-SS in Allied Hands Volume Two: Personal Accounts from Hitler’s Elite Soldiers By Terry Goldsworthy This book first published 2018 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2018 by Terry Goldsworthy All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-0858-7 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-0858-3 All photographs courtesy of the US National Archives (NARA), Bundesarchiv and the Imperial War Museum. Cover photo – An SS-Panzergrenadier advances during the Ardennes Offensive, 1944. (German military photo, captured by U.S. military photo no. HD-SN-99-02729; NARA file no. 111-SC-197561). For Mandy, Hayley and Liam. CONTENTS Preface ...................................................................................................... xiii VOLUME ONE Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 The rationale for the study of the Waffen-SS ........................................ 1 Sources of information for this book .................................................... -
USHMM Finding
https://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection John M. Steiner collection Interviews with former members of the SS, other Nazi officials, and witnesses to Nazi Germany RG-50.593 The following is a draft English-language summary of an interview in German from the John M. Steiner collection. The translation has been not been verified for accuracy, and therefore, may contain errors. Nothing should be quoted or used from this summary without first checking it against the taped interview. Moreover, the description of events in the summary may not match the sequence, time-code, or track number of the audio files. Interview with Harald von Saucken Recorded in 1976 Speaker says that he will discuss his autobiography, with emphasis on his membership in the Waffen SS from 1934 to 1947. He talks about touring Dachau in November 1942. He discusses his years as an American POW and his post-war career managing American businesses in Germany. Says that he was born on April 23, 1915 in Heidelberg; that his parents divorced in 1921/2 and he spent his youth, either in boarding schools or with his mother. He lived in the Munich area, completed Gymnasium in Mainz in 1934, and then returned to his village, Oberallmanshausen on the Starnberger See. He wanted to continue his studies but had insufficient funds so he decided to join the military. He was deferred due to treaty limitations on the size of the Reichswehr and was very disappointed; however a neighbor told him that there was another avenue – the SS had a branch called the SS-Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT -SS Dispositional Troops). -
The Fighting 69Th Infantry Division Association, Inc. Vol. 48 No. 1 Sep
FIGHTING 69rH INFANTRY DIVISION .... ****fissoc:iaiion, InC'. VOLUME 48, NO.1 SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER - NOVEMBER - DECEMBER 1994 "THE THREE B's" 101 STEPHEN STREET BOLTE'S BIVOUACING BASTARDS NEW KENSINGTON, P A 15068 412/335-3224 bl.Ille-tiIl. OFFICERS 199~·1995 Curt E. Peterson. President 4900 Wallace Avenue IVAN AND JOE 50 YEARS AGO ~l adi s on. WI 537 16. .. 569 Robert Pierce, Vice President 144 Nas hua Court San J ose. CA 95 139 . .. ...... 273 William C. Sheavl),. Secretary 218 Sacred Heart Lane Heistertown . .\10 2 11 36.. .... ... 271 William l\latlach. Treasurer P.O. Box -t74 West Islip. NY 11 795-0 ·17-4 . 27 3 Clarence r... 1a rshall. Mem bership 101 Stephen Street New Kensington, PA 15068 .. Div. I-lq. Edward Lucci. Auditor ... .... ..... ..... .. 273 William Snidow. Chaplaill .............. 661 Paul Shadle. Co-Chaplain ... ... .... 271 Earl Witzleb. J r. Co-Chaplain ........ 273 Joe Wright. Parliamentarian ... Oi\,. Hq. Eugene Butterfield, Legal Adu ... Oi\,. Hq. Bernard Zaffern. A sst. Legal Adv. ... 27 2 LADIES' AUXILIARY A lice Wolthoff. President Edith Chapman. Vice President ~ l\"'n l\'IcCann. Secretary • dnmnan. f:haplain .. -r;e Kormas. A ssistallt Chaplain edith Zaffern. SUTl shine Lady BOARD OF DIRECTORS 1994· 1995 Fred Avery . Div. Hq. Edward Chando . ..... 271 Ralph Goebel . ..... 272 Art Hume . .. 273 Alex Kormas . .. ...... Di\,arty Ward Peterson . .......... 269 Alex Zubrowski . ....... 777 Frank Andrews. .... 369 1995-1996 Seymour Nash . ... .... 569 Scott Greshanl ... ... 27 1 Party celebrating meeting of Soviet and American forces. Notice center left G I with 69th insignia on helmet. Ri chard Hadley. ........ 272 Eugene rvl ischke .. 273 J ames Boris. -
Als Am 21. April 1945 Verbände Der Sowjetischen 5. Stoß-Armee Unter
Die aktuelle Karte: „Schlacht um Berlin, 26. April bis 2. Mai 1945“ Als am 21. April 1945 Verbände der sowjetischen 5. Stoß-Armee unter Nikolai Bersarin bei Marzahn die Außenbezirke von Berlin erreichten, begann damit der Kampf um die Reichshauptstadt. An diesem Tag verließ auch ein Großteil der NS- Granden wie Heinrich Himmler oder Hermann Göring die Stadt. Hitler, der tags zuvor noch Geburtstag gefeiert hatte, verblieb hingegen in Berlin und wollte seinen eigenen Untergang inszenieren. Hier – so glaubte er – könne er einen „moralischen Sieg“ vor der Weltöffentlichkeit erringen. Sein getreuer Propagandaminister Joseph Goebbels pflichtete ihm bei und meinte, „in fünf Jahren“ sei der „Führer eine legendäre Persönlichkeit und der Nationalsozialismus ein Mythos“. Mit der Realität hatten derlei Gedankengänge im „Führerbunker“ unter der Reichskanzlei freilich nichts mehr zu tun. Zur Verteidigung der Reichshauptstadt konnten die Deutschen noch etwa 140.000 Mann aufbieten, vielfach Volkssturm. Etwa ein Viertel der Soldaten war nicht einmal bewaffnet. Die angreifende Rote Armee hingegen zählte über 450.000 Mann und war an Material drückend überlegen. In zehn Tagen gelang es den Verbänden von Schukows 1. Weißrussischer Front sowie von Konews 1. Ukrainischen Front den deutschen Verteidigern Straße um Straße sowie Häuserblock um Häuserblock zu entreißen. Schukow befahl dabei seinen Truppen, die eigentliche Grenze zu Konews Front im Bereich der Yorckstraße zu überschreiten. Damit war klar, dass einzig er auf das Stadtzentrum vorstoßen und somit als der Sieger von Berlin gelten sollte. Am Nachmittag des 30. April beging Hitler mit seiner kurz zuvor angetrauten Ehefrau Eva Selbstmord; am Tag darauf tat es ihm Goebbels mit seiner Familie gleich. -
Stress the Import Nce
stress the import nce 2009 Social REPoRT “ We believe that charitable programmes are even more important today than they were during the pre-crisis period. So in the future, as each year throughout the Bank’s history, we will continue to render comprehensive support and financial assistance to essential projects, reaffirming our reputation of a socially responsible company.” Rushan Khvesyuk Chairman of the Executive Board, Member of the Board of Directors Message from Alfa-Bank management As a biggest financial institution in Russia, Alfa-Bank has always attached great importance to social and charitable activities. We are pleased to present our social report telling about some of our most significant events and undertakings in 2009. Alfa-Bank has a profound respect for the cultural heritage of our great country and endeavours to contribute to preserving it. For instance, we financed restoration work on a number of unique books in the Orenburg Universal Scientific Library named after N. Krupskaya, including Decrees of Ekaterina Alexeevna and Peter II published as early as in 1743 and works of Mikhail Lomonosov. In Nizhniy Novgorod, we sponsored restoration of Nikolay Koshelev’s canvas The Burial of Christ which was the ver y fir st ar t work in the collection of the regional museum. Alfa-Bank also covered the costs of restoring two pictures of the globally recognised artist Ivan Shishkin — Evening in a Forest and Evening in a Pine Forest belonging to the Tatarstan State Museum of Fine Arts in Kazan. Having supported initiatives aimed at preserving memory of our past for many years running, we also prioritise care for the young and talented, since they are our future. -
Hitlers Hofstaat Der Innere Kreis Im Dritten Reich Und Danach
Unverkäufliche Leseprobe Heike B. Görtemaker Hitlers Hofstaat Der innere Kreis im Dritten Reich und danach 2019 528 S., mit 62 Abbildungen ISBN 978-3-406-73527-1 Weitere Informationen finden Sie hier: https://www.chbeck.de/26572343 © Verlag C.H.Beck oHG, München Heike B. Görtemaker Hitlers Hofstaat Der innere Kreis im Dritten Reich und danach C.H.Beck Mit 62 Abbildungen © Verlag C.H.Beck oHG, München 2019 Umschlaggestaltung: Kunst oder Reklame, München Umschlagabbildung: Berghof 1935, Hitler und seine Entourage beobachten Kunstfl ieger © Paul Popper / Getty Images Satz: Janß GmbH, Pfungstadt Druck und Bindung: CPI – Ebner & Spiegel, Ulm Gedruckt auf säurefreiem, alterungsbeständigem Papier (hergestellt aus chlorfrei gebleichtem Zellstoff ) Printed in Germany ISBN 978 3 406 73527 1 www.chbeck.de Inhalt Inhalt Einleitung 9 Erster Teil Hitlers Kreis 1. Untergang und Flucht 18 Im Bunker der Reichskanzlei 18 – Absetzbewegungen und Verrat 22 – Zufl uchtsort Berghof 26 – Ende in Berlin 32 2. Die Formierung des Kreises 36 Die Münchner Clique 37 – Ernst Röhm 42 – Hermann Esser und Dietrich Eckart 44 – Alfred Rosenberg 49 – Leibwächter 50 – «Kampfzeit» 53 – Hermann Göring und Wilhelm Brückner 56 – Vorbild Mussolini 59 – Ernst Hanfstaengl 63 – Heinrich Hoff mann 64 – «Stoßtrupp Hitler» 67 – Bayreuth 71 – Putsch 75 – Landsberg 79 – Neuorientierung 83 – Wiedergründung der NSDAP 88 – Joseph Goebbels 93 3. Machtübernahme 97 Aufstieg 98 – Unsicherheit und Beklemmungen 100 – Geli Raubal: Romanze mit dem Onkel 102 – Rekrutierung bewährter Kräfte 108 – Otto Dietrich 112 – Magda Goeb- bels 115 – Das Superwahljahr 1932 122 – Ernüchterung nach der «Machtergreifung» 128 – Blutsommer 1934 133 – Lüdecke auf der Flucht 137 – Hinrichtungen 142 – Recht- fertigungsversuche 148 Zweiter Teil Die Berghof-Gesellschaft 1. -
Occupying Germany and Japan
OCCUPYING GERMANY AND JAPAN (Image: The National WWII Museum, 2013.544.004_1.) The formal surrender of Nazi Germany on May 8, 1945, DIVIDED FORCES, RISING TENSIONS followed by the announcement of Japan’s surrender on August 15, 1945, brought about massive celebrations The Allied forces holding the territory formerly under Nazi that filled streets all over the Allied world. After years of control divided the land into four zones of occupation, nighttime blackouts, enforced to protect against aerial with the Americans basing their headquarters in attacks, cities lit up once again. In Paris, the Opera House Frankfurt. Initially, the Allies planned to govern Germany shone with lights colored red, white, and blue—on for collectively through the Allied Control Council, which the first time since September 1939. At 8:00 p.m. on May operated until relations within the Council began to 8, according to the New York Daily News, “all the jewels in break down in 1946. At the outset of occupation, the Broadway’s crown were full aglow, and the great chunky Council issued rules prohibiting fraternization to avoid masses of humanity seemed to swim in the light and their confrontation or violence between the German people and spirits were warmed by it.” the occupying forces. Initially, such prohibitions included all interactions with German citizens; Americans could Outbursts of joy may have swept across the victorious not even speak to children. While strict, such rules sought Allied countries, but amongst the defeated, US forces to protect the occupying troops and the German citizens encountered devastation and hostility. To those in and also to give the forces on the ground time to adjust to Germany and Japan, the Americans who came into their their new role. -
Art in Europe 1945
Facing the Future Art in Europe 1945 - 1968 Facing the Future Art in Europe 1945 - 1968 1945 - 1968 After the liberation View of the ruined British Prime Minister of the Auschwitz centre of Warsaw after Winston Churchill, US concentration camp by the retreat of the President Franklin D. the Red Army, German troops, Roosevelt and Soviet leader children show January 1945 Joseph Stalin during the photographers the © BPK Three Power Conference at prisoner numbers Yalta, February 1945. Photo: tattooed into their arms, Samary Gurary February 1945. © MAMM/MDF COLLECTION, MOSCOW © BPK 1945 27/01/1945. Jan 1945. 04-11/02/1945. Liberation of the The name “auschwitz” victims came from Warsaw, Poland, in Yalta Conference surviving prisoners has become a byword Belgium, Germany, ruins, January 1945 The three main Allies from the Auschwitz for the Holocaust. France, Greece, Italy, of World War II (USA, concentration camp There were over 5.6 Yugoslavia, Luxembourg, UK, USSR) discuss Auschwitz-Birkenau million victims of the the Netherlands, the denazifi cation, was the biggest German Holocaust, of whom Austria, Poland, demilitarization, death camp during the around 1.1 million Romania, the Soviet democratization and Nazi era. It was located people, including Union, Czechoslovakia partition of Germany, near the Polish town of a million Jews, and Hungary. along with the distribution Oświęcim, which was were murdered at of power in Europe after renamed Auschwitz. Birkenau. Most of the the end of the war. timeline I 1945-1950 ➤ Poster from the Fantasten exhibition, Galerie Gerd Rosen, Berlin, February 1946 © BPK 1945 15/06/1945. 03/07/1945. -
1. Introduction 1 Preface 1
A European Anabasis: Introduction 11/17/03 4:39 PM 1. Introduction 1 Preface 1. Introduction The Volunteer Phenomenon Volunteer Phenomenon The participation of foreign nationals in the service of the German armed forces during the SS Recruiting Second World War has evoked both curiosity and consternation. Many Germans saw their Ideology & Race presence as evidence of the legitimacy of the war against Bolshevik Russia and proof of a New Order Russo-German reassuring measure of acceptance of the "New Order in Europe," the political structure the War German Reich's envisioned in occupied Europe. For the resistance movements and post-war 2. Propaganda liberated governments, these volunteers represented collaboration and treason of the 3. Neutral Variation basest order. 4. Transformation 5. Fanaticism What foreign nationals volunteered for service in the German forces? For what ends did 6. Collaboration they serve and why? How many served, and to what extent did they contribute to German Bibliography Maps military fortunes? This study attempts to analyze the experience of Western European volunteers in the German Army and Waffen-SS in order to discuss the character of their military collaboration, their motivations, and the effects of their service on the German war effort. In so doing, it will focus on German efforts to integrate non-German nationals into the German Wehrmacht (armed forces), how successful they were in doing so, and what measures they took to achieve their objectives. Although foreign nationals from virtually every European nation served in one or more branches of the German armed forces, those serving in the ground forces far outnumbered those who served in the air and at sea; they also took a more direct part in combat than the others. -
Fabricating the Death of Adolf Hitler Part 1
Introduction: Debunking the bunker legend any people are broadly familiar with the official narrative of Adolf Hitler's "last days", which was revisited on our cinema screens only recently in the form of the German film Do w n f a l l (Der Untergang, 2004). What they do not know is Mthat the official narrative is a political fiction—and that the revulsion it inspires is the result of deliberate planning. The little that most As the war reached its dreadful conclusion, Churchill and the British government set out to ensure that history never repeated itself—that there would be no resurgence of German of us think we know nationalism—by dictating how history would view the ultra-nationalistic Third Reich down to the very last detail. The narrative was to be so unedifying as to permanently tarnish the about the regime's prestige in the eyes of even its most ardent supporters. At no stage was historical truth a consideration. Neither the British nor the Americans showed genuine interest in circumstances of Hitler's fate. Their on l y interest lay in assigning to the movement's leader the most ignoble exit from the historical stage as possible. In this sense, the consignment of Hitler's charred Hitler's demise corpse to a rubbish-strewn bomb crater functioned as a metaphor for the consignment of the comes to us Hitler regime itself to the dustbin of history. In the foreword to Hitler's Death (2005), an anthology of documents from the Russian courtesy of British state archives designed to buttress the official narrative of the German leader's fate, historian Andrew Roberts avers: "Part of the reason why Germany has been such a successful, MI6 agent Hugh pacific, liberal democracy for the past sixty years is precisely because of the way that Hitler met his end in the manner described in mesmerising detail in this book.