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BA Ritgerð Syndug BA ritgerð Guðfræði Syndug dýr Siðfræðileg greining á getu dýra til að syndga Bjarki Geirdal Guðfinnsson Leiðbeinandi Sólveig Anna Bóasdóttir Júní 2021 Háskóli Íslands Hugvísindasvið Guðfræði Syndug dýr Siðfræðileg greining á getu dýra til að syndga Ritgerð til B.A.-prófs Bjarki Geirdal Guðfinnsson Kt.: 040292-2099 Leiðbeinandi: Sólveig Anna Bóasdóttir Maí 2021 Efnisyfirlit 1 Inngangur .................................................................................................................. 2 2 Fræðileg umfjöllun ................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Syndahugtakið frá tímum fornkirkjunnar til dagsins í dag ............................... 6 2.2 Dýr .................................................................................................................. 11 3 Ný kynslóð .............................................................................................................. 14 3.1 Hvernig skipta dýr máli? ................................................................................ 14 3.2 Geta dýr syndgað? .......................................................................................... 16 3.3 Siðferðileg staða dýra ..................................................................................... 19 4 Lokaorð ................................................................................................................... 23 Heimildaskrá ................................................................................................................... 25 1 1 Inngangur Það er óhætt að fullyrða að samband okkar við dýr sem deila með okkur sömu plánetu hefur í gegnum tíðina verið með ýmsu móti. Við höfum nánast alla tíð notfært okkur önnur dýr á einn eða annan hátt. Við höfum ýmist veitt þau til matar, búið til úr þeim föt eða jafnvel tamið þau og gert þau að lífsförunautum okkar. Fyrstu hundraðþúsund árin í samskiptum okkar við önnur dýr vorum við hinsvegar ekkert síður í hættu á að verða fórnarlömb þeirra. Í dag erum við flest ekki í neinni sérstakri hættu á að verða drepin af öðrum dýrum en aftur á móti deyja milljarðar dýra á hverju ári til þess eins að uppfylla þarfir og langanir mannsins. Það er tæpast of djúpt í árina tekið að halda því fram að mannkynið hafi með tímanum sett sig í einskonar drottnunarhlutverk þar sem tilvist annarra dýra er nær alfarið háð lifnaðarháttum okkar og því hvernig við skipuleggjum umhverfi okkar. Hugleiði maður þetta vakna ýmsar siðfræðilegar og guðfræðilegar spurningar varðandi framkomu mannfólks í garð annarra dýra. Fræðimenn hafa fjallað um ómannleg (e. nonhuman) dýr innan guðfræðinnar á einn eða annan hátt á undanförnum öldum. Sem dæmi má nefna bók Bishop Jospeh Butlers The Analogy of Religion Natural and Revealed to the Constitution and Course of Nature,1 bók John Hildrops Free Thoughts Upon the Brute Creation,2 bók Humphry Primatts Dissertation on the Duty of Mercy and the Sin of Cruelty to Brute Animals3 og An Essay on the Future Life of Brute Creatures4 eftir Richard Dean. Viðfangsefnin sem rædd eru í slíkum verkum fjalla oftar en ekki um meðferð mannfólks á ómannlegum dýrum útfrá guðfræðilegri nálgun eða um tillögur að ódauðleika ómannlegra lífvera.5 Á nítjándu öld flutti John Wesley prédikun þar sem hann ræddi og útskýrði endurlausn (e. redemption ) ómannlegra dýra.6 Snemma á miðri tuttugustu öld setti Albert Schweitzer fram „virðing fyrir lífi“ (e. reverence for life) siðfræði þar sem allar lifandi verur hafa 1 Joseph Butler, The Analogy of Religion Natural and Revealed to the Constitution of Course of Nature, London: George Routledge and Sons, 3. útg., 1887, bls. 12-21. Extract in Animals and Christianity: A Book of Readings, edited by Andrew Linzey and Tom Regan, bls. 88-90. London: SPCK, 1988. 2 John Hildrop, Free Thoughts Upon the Brute Creation, eða an Examination of Father Bougeant‘s Philosophical Amusement, &c.: In Two Letters to a Lady. London: R. Minors, 1742 3Humphry Primatt, Dissertation on the Duty of Mercy and the Sin of Cruelty to Brute Animals, London: R. Hett, 1776. 4 Richard Dean, An Essay on the Future Life of Brute Creatures, London: G. Kearsly, 1768 5 Kristopher James Hiuser, Cur Deus Homo? University of Chester, 2014 6 John Wesley, The Great Deliverance í The Works of Rev. John Wesly 9, ritstj. John Wesley og Joseph Benson, London: Conference Office, 1811, bls. 189-203 2 siðferðilegt gildi7 og C.S. Lewis skrifaði um ómannleg dýr, guðfræðilegt gildi þeirra og siðferðilega meðferð mannfólks á þeim.8 Áhuginn á ómannlegum dýrum út af fyrir sig sem guðfræðilegu viðfangsefni kom í raun og veru ekki fram af fullum krafti fyrr en seint á síðustu öld. Á áttunda áratugnum kviknaði áhuginn á siðfræðilegri og guðfræðilegri umræðu um ómannleg dýr sem átti eftir að þróast og hafa mikil áhrif. Á þeim tíma lá áherslan á að sannfæra fólk um að dýr skiptu máli og umræðu um þau þyrfti að taka alvarlega. Megin vandamálin sem tekist var á um snéru að vægðarlausri meðferð á dýrum, hvort sem það varðaði iðnaðar- landbúnað, lyfjarannsóknir eða ábyrgðarlaust gæludýrahald. Bækur eftir heimspekinganna Peter Singer9, Stephen Clark10 og Tom Regan11 ásamt guðfræðingnum Andrew Linzey færðu málefni ómannlegra dýra síðan inn í akademíska ummræðu. Frá áttunda áratugnum og áfram jókst áhuginn á ómannlegum dýrum sem viðfangsefni til mikilla muna innan guðfræðinnar með útkomu fjölda bóka sem fjölluðu um dýr og kristna guðfræði. 12 Meginheimildin sem leitað er í til þess að túlka stöðu ómannlegra dýra út frá sjónarhóli kristinnar siðfræði eru að sjálfsögðu textar Biblíunnar. Helstu heimildir innan Biblíunnar eru sköpunarfrásagnirnar, biblíulegar útskýringar á falli heimsins, ritningarstaðir sem lýsa eða gefa í skyn endurlausn ómannlegra dýra og eskatólógísk vers. Með því að skoða sköpunarguðfræðilegar frásagnir samhliða eskatólógískum frásögnum þá sést að ásetningur Guðs er að jafnvægi og sátt ríki milli allra lifandi vera innan sköpunarverksins. Hér kemur oft fram áhersla á aðgreiningu dýra og plantna og að þau deili mörgum eiginleikum með mannfólki, meðal annars því að hafa sama 7Albert Schweitzer, Civilization and Ethics 3. útg, London: Adam and Charles Black, 1949 kafli 21 8C.S. Lewis, „Animal Pain.“ In The Problem of Pain, 106-18. London: Fount Harper Collins, 1998; „Vivisection.“ In God in the Dock, edited by Walter Hooper, 224-228. Grand Rapids: William B Eerdmans Publishing, 1970. 9 Singer, Peter. Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for our Treatment of Animals. New York: Random House, 1975. 10 Clark, Stephen. The Moral Status of Animals. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977. 11 Tom Regan, The Case for Animal Rights, Berkley: University of California Press, 2004 12 See for example Linzey, Andrew. Christianity and the Rights of Animals. London: SPCK, 1987; Linzey, Andrew. Animal Theology. London: SCM Press, 1994; Linzey, Andrew, and Dorothy Yamamoto (eds). Animals in the Agenda: Questions about Animals for Theology and Ethics. London: SCM Press, 1998; Barad, Judith. Aquinas on the Nature and Treatment of Animals. San Francisco: Catholic Scholars Press, 1995; Webb, Stephen. Of God and Pelicans: Theology of Reverence for Life. Loisville: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1989; Regenstein, Lewis G. Replenish the Earth: A History of Organized Religion‘s Treatment of Animals and Nature – Including the Bible‘s Message of Conservation and Kindness to Animals. London: SCM Press, 1991; Birch, Charles, and Lukas Vischer. Living with the Animals: The community of God‘s Creatures. Geneva: WCC Publications, 1997; Fox, Michaek J. The Boundless Circle: Caring for Creatures and Creation. Wheaton: The Theosophical Publishing House, 1996. 3 „lífsanda“ sem og að vera á grænmetis mataræði.13 Einnig hafa guðfræðingar fjallað um dýraguðfræði með því að rannsaka kristna trúarhefð þar sem verk eldri guðfræðinga eru skoðuð varðandi stöðu ómannlegra dýra. Undanfarið hafa guðfræðingar og heimspekingar tekist á við ýmis álitamál varðandi dýr í auknum mæli útfrá vísindalegum rannsóknum og þá helst innan hugrænnar atferlisfræði.14 Slík þverfagleg nálgun er oft á tíðum sett fram með það í huga að takast á við hefðbundna framsetningu á ómannlegum dýrum á gagnrýninn hátt, þar sem þau eru gjarnan talin skorta margvíslega eiginleika sem mannkynið hefur. Markmiðið með slíkri nálgun er meðal annars að sýna fram á að dýr búi yfir ýmsum hæfileikum sem vanalega hafa verið notaðir, bæði meðal guðfræðinga og heimspekinga, til þess að aðgreina mannkynið frá öðrum dýrum. Sumir hafa jafnvel gengið svo langt, með því að styðjast við atferlisfræðilegar rannsóknir, að halda því fram að dýr hafi getuna til þess að greina á milli rétts og rangs. Með öðrum orðum, að dýr hafi siðferðisvitund og geti þar með tekið siðferðilegar ákvarðanir. Ég tel að getan til þess að velja á milli réttra og rangra ákvarðanna sé ein af meginforsendum fyrir því að mannfólk og önnur dýr geti talist syndug. Það ríkir þó ekki samstaða meðal fræðimanna um að ómannleg dýr séu fær um að taka siðferðislegar ákvarðannir og á þeim forsendum hafa því margir hafnað möguleikanum á því að dýr séu syndug og geti syndgað. Í þessari ritgerð mun ég því leitast við að svara spurningunni „eru dýr syndug og geta þau syndgað?“ Meginmarkmið mitt í þessari ritgerð er að færa rök fyrir þeirri fullyrðingu að dýr séu í raun og veru syndug. Til þess að færa rök fyrir afstöðu minni varðandi það hvort dýr séu fær um að syndga í guðfræðilegum skilning mun ég styðjast við bókina On Animals I: Systematic Theology (2012) eftir guðfræðinginn David L. Clough (1968). Í þeirri bók kemst Clough að þeirri
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