DOCSLIB.ORG

Emerging Jewish-Christian Ethnonationalism

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Emerging Jewish-Christian Ethnonationalism THE INTERNATIONAL CHRISTIAN EMBASSY, JERUSALEM AND RENEWALIST ZIONISM: EMERGING JEWISH-CHRISTIAN ETHNONATIONALISM A dissertation submitted to The Graduate Division of Religion Drew University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree, Doctor of Philosophy Matthew C. Westbrook Drew University Madison, New Jersey May 2014 ABSTRACT The International Christian Embassy, Jerusalem And Renewalist Zionism: Emerging Jewish-Christian Ethnonationalism Ph.D. Dissertation by Matthew C. Westbrook The Graduate Division of Religion Drew University May 2014 This study names and examines the Renewalist (Pentecostal-charismatic-neo- charismatic) strain of Christian Zionism using the International Christian Embassy, Jerusalem, as a primary lens into this global movement. The major finding in this dissertation is the contemporary emergence of a Jewish-Christian ethnonationalism, suggesting changes to the way nationalism is manifest in a global age, changes to certain segments of Christianity, and the emergence of a distinctive global political and religious culture centered around the existence of the state of Israel. Scholars of Christian Zionism have long associated the Christian Zionism with the 19th century, largely American theological movement known as premillennial dispensationalism. This association is erroneous in that it does not recognize earlier and different sources of Christian Zionism, nor does it recognize alternate, contemporary forms of the movement. Such undifferentiating associations have consequences for scholarly approaches to understandings related to the socio-political activities of Christian Zionism globally, the history of Christian Zionism, millennialist Christianity, and the Christian appropriation of the state of Israel and Jewish religion, culture, and even persons. Using the ICEJ as a primary example of Renewalist Zionism, this dissertation examines the ways this Christian Zionism manifests in other historical and contemporaneous forms of Renewalist Christianity. This work includes ethnography of the ICEJ’s annual Feast of Tabernacles celebration held in Jerusalem, Israel and attended by thousands of Christians annually. A further ethnography of the ICEJ-USA’s constructed pilgrimage and tour to Israel explores the expressions and practices of Renewalist Zionism on the ground in Israel. The ways that charismatic authority is constructed, the interplay of text, contemporary political realities, and Renewalist spirituality, and the role of global Christian media are also examined in detail. Furthermore, using the sociological theories of cultural globalization and social memory, Christian Zionism is theorized as a subjective ground for truth for its adherents in a relativizing, global age characterized by transnational flows and local, socio-political particularizations. CONTENTS Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………….... 1 2. RECENT SCHOLARLY TREATMENT OF CHRISTIAN ZIONISM BY HISTORIANS AND SCHOLARS OF RELIGION: AN ASSESSMENT…… 36 3. RENEWALIST ZIONISM: THE ICEJ AND THE NEW APOSTOLIC REFORMATION (NAR)……………………………… 86 4. THEO-POLITICAL PILGRIMMAGES: 2011 ICEJ FEAST OF TABERNACLES TOUR…………………………………123 5. SUPERNATURAL/MATERIAL BIBLE EXTENSIONS, BIBLICAL ‘PROOFS,’ AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY………………………………………………146 6. 2011 ICEJ FEAST OF TABERNACLE CONFERENCE: EMERGING JEWISH-CHRISTIAN ETHNONATIONALISM………………….177 7. RENEWALIST ZIONISM, MESSIANIC JEWS, AND TELEVISION MEDIA……………………………………………………...211 8. GLOBALIZATION, RENEWALISM, AND RENEWALIST ZIONISM: PROBLEMS OF IDENTITY AND CERTAINTY………………………………..240 9. SOCIAL MEMORY, ELECTION AND THE JEWISH PEOPLE IN RENEWALIST ZIONISM…………………………………………………….275 10. CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………312 WORKS CITED..…………………………………………………………………………325 The desires of interpreters are good because without them the world and the text are tacitly declared to be impossible; perhaps they are, but we must live as if the case were otherwise. Frank Kermode. 1979. The Genesis of Secrecy: On the interpretation of narrative, The Charles Eliot Norton lectures. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 126. Anyone wishing to measure the religious temperature of our world must take a hard look at Pentecostalism. The future of Christianity itself and the encounter between Christianity and other faiths is deeply affected by it. Anderson, Allan. 2004. An Introduction to Pentecostalism: Global charismatic Christianity. Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press, 280. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Great works, in quality or merely in scope, are produced by great effort. Great effort often comes in the plural. Such was the case with this dissertation. The lion’s share of effort for this degree and this work was borne by my family, who endured financial hardship, a father and husband’s time away from his duties, sometimes poor living conditions, unreasonable debt, and emotional stresses innumerable. Thank you, Grace, Brendan and Eva, from the bottom of my heart for your sacrifices, your love, and your pride in me. To my mentor, Laurel Kearns, who made time for our personal selves as well as our professional selves, through these many (9) long years. Without your encouragement, sage advice, direction, and keen eye for detail and gaps in thinking, this work would be but a shell of itself. Thank you to Wyatt Evans for putting the importance of social memory front-and-center in the study of history and social life. Your long pauses in your lectures remind me of the importance of thinking deeply about a subject and following one’s sparks of imagination to fruitful conclusions. To Terry Todd, thank you for always pointing to the “varieties of ‘Jesus’ experiences” present in Christianity, and for your enthusiastic reading of my dissertation. To the International Christian Embassy, Jerusalem, I offer my thanks for your hospitality and generosity in celebrating my birthday on the tour. I would like to offer special thanks to former ICEJ-staffer Michael Hines, for his friendship and understanding on the tour. I would like to thank my fellow tourists who exuded love for one another on the tour, particularly in looking after one another. Thank you for your conversations, suggestions for further reading or listening, and for being good sports when I spilled food or drink on you. To the library staff at Portland State University I offer my thanks for your inter-library loan services, which I used extensively over seven years. Thank you to my co-workers at Oregon Volunteers who encouraged me greatly, pushed me toward my desired career (and away from them), and endured my long time away for field research. I am also grateful to John Pattison for his many hours of conversation—fruitful agonistic discourse—leading to ideas and to their sharpening over the years. And thanks to my remaining father figure, Warren Staley, for your willingness to talk about your dispensationalist background and to assist with research projects. Thank you to the late Otto Maduro for teaching in such detail and depth that make the lessons impossible to forget. Rest in peace, friend. In loving memory of Brenda Jane Herron Westbrook Chapter 1 Introduction As we exited the bus at Qasr el Yahud (“Castle of the Jews”) located in the West Bank,1 the sound of music could be heard from a pronaos, or open-sided portico near the Jordan river, where our group was to experience the rite of baptism at the traditional site of Jesus’ baptism. After changing into baptismal robes, our group approached the portico on the way to the river. The music was coming from a group of Filipino Christians who were praying in tongues and singing contemporary, Pentecostal-style worship songs, identifiable to our group but sung in Filipino. Two men strummed guitars; an elderly man in a wheel-chair sang nearby; several women with headscarves waved various flags. One of the flags was a modified Israeli flag that included the star of David but added an image of a key just below it; the meaning and significance of the key were not obvious, but reminded me of Christian Zionists through the centuries who have pointed to Israel as the key to interpreting the winding down of history. These were clearly Pentecostal Christian Zionists. Our group sang, in English, with the Filipino group for a while then made their way down the steps to the newly renovated baptismal site. The river is not wide; an adult could easily throw a stone to the opposite bank. On the Jordanian side, situated in the shadows of the ruins of the ancient monasteries, was a baptismal site for Jordanian Christians, just as beautiful as the one where we were standing. Jordanians were being baptized in the river as our group made its way into the water, both groups serenaded by the Filipinos singing in the pronaos. Other groups, comprised of many different ethnicities and nationalities, made their way into and out of the river, participating in the 1 This site was closed to tourists by the Jordanian government shortly after the 1967 war, but re-opened and refurbished by the Israeli Ministry of Tourism in 2010. Gitit Ginat, “Take me to the River,” Haaretz, January 14, 2010. 1 2 baptismal scene and ritual. Michael Hines, the International Christian Embassy, Jerusalem (ICEJ) USA communications director was standing near me, taking in the scene. “This must be the most peaceful border in existence between Jordan and Israel (sic),” Michael stated to me as I videoed the surroundings. Israeli soldiers, fully armed, strolled nearby, occasionally taking out their mobile devices and recording the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Baptism: Valid and Invalid
    BAPTISM: VALID AND INVALID The following information has been provided to the Office of Worship and Christian Initiation by Father Jerry Plotkowski, Judicial Vicar. It is our hope that it will help you in discerning the canonical status of your candidates. BAPTISM IN PROTESTANT RELIGIONS Most Protestant baptisms are recognized as valid baptisms. Some are not. It is very difficult to question the validity of a baptism because of an intention either on the part of the minister or on the part of the one being baptized. ADVENTISTS: Water baptism is by immersion with the Trinitarian formula. Valid. Baptism is given at the age of reason. A dedication ceremony is given to infants. The two ceremonies are separate. (Many Protestant religions have the dedication ceremony or other ceremony, which is not a baptism. If the church has the dedication ceremony, baptism is generally not conferred until the age of reason or until the approximate age of 13). AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL: Baptism with water by sprinkling, pouring, or dunking. Trinitarian form is used. Valid. There is an open door ceremony, which is not baptism. AMISH: This is coupled with Mennonites. No infant baptism. The rite of baptism seems valid. ANGLICAN: Valid baptism. APOSTOLIC CHURCH: An affirmative decision has been granted in one case involving "baptism" in the apostolic church. The minister baptized according to the second chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, and not St. Matthew. The form used was: "We baptize you into the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins, and you shall receive a gift of the Holy Ghost." No Trinitarian form was used.
    [Show full text]
  • The Charismatic Movement and Lutheran Theology [1972]
    THE CHARISMATIC MOVEMENT AND LUTHERAN THEOLOGY Pre/ace One of the significant developments in American church life during the past decade has been the rapid spread of the neo-Pentecostal or charis­ matic movement within the mainline churches. In the early sixties, experi­ ences and practices usually associated only with Pentecostal denominations began co appear with increasing frequency also in such churches as the Roman Catholic, Episcopalian, and Lutheran. By the mid-nineteen-sixties, it was apparent that this movement had also spread co some pascors and congregations of The Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod. In cerrain areas of the Synod, tensions and even divisions had arisen over such neo-Pente­ costal practices as speaking in tongues, miraculous healings, prophecy, and the claimed possession of a special "baptism in the Holy Spirit." At the request of the president of the Synod, the Commission on Theology and Church Relations in 1968 began a study of the charismatic movement with special reference co the baptism in the Holy Spirit. The 1969 synodical convention specifically directed the commission co "make a comprehensive study of the charismatic movement with special emphasis on its exegetical aspects and theological implications." Ie was further suggested that "the Commission on Theology and Church Relations be encouraged co involve in its study brethren who claim to have received the baptism of the Spirit and related gifts." (Resolution 2-23, 1969 Pro­ ceedings. p. 90) Since that time, the commission has sought in every practical way co acquaint itself with the theology of the charismatic movement. The com­ mission has proceeded on the supposition that Lutherans involved in the charismatic movement do not share all the views of neo-Pentecostalism in general.
    [Show full text]
  • Introducing the Christadelphians Introducing the Christadelphians
    Introducing the Christadelphians Introducing the Christadelphians Walking down the streets of your town, you may have noticed a hall with “CHRISTADELPHIANS” on the sign outside. Who, you may wonder, are these people, and what do they stand for? hristadelphians are found in most to return from heaven to be a king on C countries of the world. We believe the the earth, bringing justice and peace. As Bible is God’s handbook for life, and read this could be any time, we try to live as it daily for comfort and advice. We model pilgrims, ready to leave and be with him. If our beliefs and practices as closely as we die, we hope to be raised back to life we can on the first century church, which when Jesus comes. We believe the Jews makes us different to most other Christian are still God’s people, and will be restored groups. For example, we have no paid to him. And we follow these simple rules priests or pastors, because there were – love God, love each other, love your none in the time of the apostles. We do neighbours, and remember Jesus in bread not feel bound to tithe our income, or keep and wine. If this sounds interesting, please Sabbaths, or burn incense, because these read on to find out more about us! practices were left behind with the Law of Moses, and not repeated in the New THE NAME Testament. We call each other ‘brother’ “Christadelphians” is a bit of a mouthful. or ‘sister’. We practise only adult baptism.
    [Show full text]
  • Reading the Book of Revelation Politically
    start page: 339 Stellenbosch eological Journal 2017, Vol 3, No 2, 339–360 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17570/stj.2017.v3n2.a15 Online ISSN 2413-9467 | Print ISSN 2413-9459 2017 © Pieter de Waal Neethling Trust Reading the Book of Revelation politically De Villiers, Pieter GR University of the Free State [email protected] Abstract In this essay the political use of Revelation in the first five centuries will be analysed in greatest detail, with some references to other examples. Focus will be on two trajectories of interpretation: literalist, eschatological readings and symbolic, spiritualizing interpretations of the text. Whilst the first approach reads the book as predictions of future events, the second approach links the text with spiritual themes and contents that do not refer to outstanding events in time and history. The essay will argue that both of these trajectories are ultimately determined by political considerations. In a final section, a contemporary reading of Revelation will be analysed in order to illustrate the continuing and important presence of political readings in the reception history of Revelation, albeit in new, unique forms. Key words Book of Revelation; eschatological; symbolic; spiritualizing; political considerations 1. Introduction Revelation is often associated with movements on the fringes of societies that are preoccupied with visions and calculations about the end time.1 The book has also been used throughout the centuries to reflect on and challenge political structures and 1 Cf. Barbara R. Rossing, The Rapture Exposed: the Message of Hope in the Book of Revelation (Westview Press, Boulder, CO., 2004). Robert Jewett, Jesus against the Rapture.
    [Show full text]
  • Justice Tourism and the Water Regime in Palestine
    Tourism, Culture & Communication, Vol. 17, pp. 139–158 1098-304X/17 $60.00 + .00 Printed in the USA. All rights reserved. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3727/109830417X14966810027580 Copyright Ó 2017 Cognizant, LLC. E-ISSN 1943-4146 www.cognizantcommunication.com CRITICAL REVIEW TRANSFORMATIONAL HOST COMMUNITIES: JUSTICE TOURISM AND THE WATER REGIME IN PALESTINE RAMI K. ISAAC Academy for Tourism, NHTV, Breda University of Applied Sciences, Breda, The Netherlands Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism, Bethlehem University, Bethlehem, Palestine In this article, Isaac argues that since 1948, Israel’s control of water resources has been the result of military actions that forced between 700,000 and 800,000 Palestinians into exile and claimed the most fertile part of the disputed territory for the state. It thereby paved the way for subsequent mili- tary occupation. Isaac maintains that the Israeli occupation has violated the Palestinian right to the equitable and reasonable utilization of shared water resources. In his view, from the end of the 1967 war, Israel initiated its occupation of the territories of Palestine and quickly imposed military order with a view to achieving full control over land and water resources. To Isaac, these military orders served to dissolve the pre-1967 legal systems and which consisted of Ottoman, British, Jordanian (West Bank) and Egyptian (Gaza Strip) laws. This critical review article concentrates on the concept of justice tourism as a response to these assumed Israeli violations of Palestinian rights to equitable and
    [Show full text]
  • John Hagee, Christian Zionism, Us Foreign Policy and the State of Israel
    JOHN HAGEE, CHRISTIAN ZIONISM, U.S. FOREIGN POLICY AND THE STATE OF ISRAEL: AN INTERTWINED RELATIONSHIP Master’s Thesis Presented to the Near Eastern and Judaic Studies department Brandeis University S. Ilan Troen, Advisor In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts By Michael Kupferberg May 2009 Copyright by Michael Kupferberg May, 2009 ABSTRACT John Hagee, Christian Zionism, U.S. Foreign Policy and the State of Israel: An Intertwined Relationship A thesis presented to the Near Eastern and Judaic Studies department Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Waltham, MA By Michael Kupferberg Christian Zionism while originating in England over two centuries ago is currently experiencing a reinvigoration, especially in the political world. Christian Zionists are using politics as a way to fulfill Biblical prophecy, by influencing powerful politicians in all levels of government to support Israel. The most vocal, and prominent leader within the Christian Zionist movement is Pastor John Hagee. Through the establishment of his organization Christians United for Israel, Hagee has localized and given a tangible center for Christian Zionist activists. Additionally, the movement has gained membership as it was established in the model of a grassroots organization. Hagee has become a well known figure in the political community, and garners national media attention. While it has become fashionable in recent times to criticize Jewish organizations such as AIPAC, it is the Christian Zionist organizations which yield a large portion of power in Washington. However, it is crucial to realize that while CUFI and groups like it may yield some power in Washington, and account for some of the decision making that goes into U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Fear Under Construction: Islamophobia Within American
    ISLAMOPHOBIA STUDIES JOURNAL Volume 2 • Issue 1• Spring 2014 26 ISJ 2(1) Fear Under Construction: Islamophobia Within American Christian Zionism Steven Fink University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire ISLAMOPHOBIA STUDIES JOURNAL VOLUME 2, NO. 1, SPRING 2014, PP. 26-43. Published by: Islamophobia Research and Documentation Project, Center for Race and Gender, University of California, Berkeley. Disclaimer: Statements of fact and opinion in the articles, notes, perspectives, etc. in the Islamophobia Studies Journal are those of the respective authors and contributors. They are not the expression of the editorial or advisory board and staff. No representation, either expressed or implied, is made of the accuracy of the material in this journal and ISJ cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The reader must make his or her own evaluation of the accuracy and appropriateness of those materials. 27 Fear Under Construction: Islamophobia Within American Christian Zionism Steven Fink University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire “Violent Islam is true Islam.” This statement by Walid Shoebat (2010: 137) encapsulates a view of Islam which is commonly presented by leaders of American Christian Zionism, a subsection of American evangelical Christianity which emphasizes unwavering support for the nation of Israel. Reflecting the Orientalist tendency of constructing degrading monolithic caricatures of Islam and Muslims, these leaders construct essentialist depictions which play a powerful role in shaping Christian Zionist laypeople’s conceptions of Muslims in general and Palestinian Muslims in particular. Seeking to gauge Christian Zionism’s place within the landscape of American evangelical Christianity, it is difficult to determine the actual number of Christian Zionists in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Islam EXPOSED!
    JACK VAN IMPE MINISTRIES JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2016 ISLAM EXPOSED! THE SHOCKING TRUTH now captured in the single strongest video Drs. Jack & Rexella Van Impe have ever produced! Don’t miss what’s insiDE: A REVELATION FROM DR. VAN IMPE, PAGE 3 FROM REXELLA’S HEART, PAGE 12 | LETTERS WE LOVE, PAGE 19 1. Can a democracy and 3. How has President Obama today for Christ’s return? ISLAM brings you answers Islam coexist? demonstrated anti-Israel and 6. What is “taqiyya” and how to these compelling 2. Does the Koran really tell pro-Muslim attitudes? does it contradict the Bible? questions: EXPOSED Muslims to kill those who 4. How is ISIS growing? 7. Who are the false prophets disagree with them? 5. How is the stage being set today, predicted in the Bible? And many more! How much danger The Shocking Truth are you and your family in because About Islam ... Finally of the advance of radical Islam in these latter days? EXPOSED! BLOCKBUSTER VIDEO REVEALS WHAT MAINSTREAM MEDIA WON’T TELL YOU! SEND A GIFT OF The single strongest $ 95 BY DR. JACK VAN IMPE and most important 24 uddenly, in studios and created video ever produced 100 major the single strongest by Drs. Jack & cities across video we have ever Islam Exposed America, the produced — not only Rexella Van Impe! DVD (DIEV) Running Time: billboards went the strongest, but also ISLAM EXPOSED 80 minutes CC up — proclaiming an the most important astonishing lie: that the ... and certainly the PROVES THAT Jesus of the Koran and most urgently needed THE JESUS OF the Jesus of the Holy by multitudes in these THE KORAN AND Bible are one in the same! latter days! What a falsehood! This critically important video, THE JESUS OF When I heard the news Islam Exposed, shines the blazing THE CHRISTIAN about this outrageous campaign spotlight of truth on the gross of deception, organized by a misrepresentations about Jesus in BIBLE ARE leading Muslim organization, the Koran.
    [Show full text]
  • Trends & Statistics 2017
    The Case for Responsible Travel: Center for Responsible Travel Transforming the Way the World Travels Trends & Statistics 2017 ***Special edition in recognition of the UN’s International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development The United Nations designated 2017 as the International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development, recognizing, in its resolution, “the important role of sustainable tourism as a positive instrument towards the eradication of poverty, the protection of the environment, the improvement of quality of life and the economic empowerment of women and youth and its contribution to… sustainable development, especially in developing countries.”1 This International Year (IY2017, as it is known) comes 15 years after the UN’s designation of the International Year of Ecotourism in 2002. Responsible travel has come a long way, from its original roots in small-scale, nature- and culture-based ecotourism. Today sustainability – environmental, social, and economic – is increasingly recognized as the benchmark for all tourism business, of all sizes, in all destinations, and across all sectors of the industry. In addition, the UN’s 2017 International Year clearly recognizes that sustainable tourism is an important tool for development, most importantly in poor communities and countries. As noted by the UN World Tourism Organization, 57% of international tourist arrivals in 2030 will be in emerging economies.2 And in 2017 and 2018, emerging and developing economies are forecast to grow 4.5 and 4.8% respectively, outpacing the
    [Show full text]
  • View Our Extensive Collection, and Allow Us to Assist You in Building Your Own Private Collection of Fine and Rare Books
    We invite you to visit us at our new location in Palm Beach, Florida, view our extensive collection, and allow us to assist you in building your own private collection of fine and rare books. OUR GUARANTEE All items are fully guaranteed and can be returned within ten days. We accept all major credit cards and offer free domestic shipping and free worldwide shipping on orders over $500 for single item orders. A wide range of rushed shipping options are also available at cost. Each purchase is expertly packaged to ensure safe arrival and free gift wrapping services are available upon request. FOR THE COLLECTION OF A LIFETIME The process of creating one’s personal library is the pursuit of a lifetime. It requires special thought and consideration. Each book represents a piece of history, and it is a remarkable task to assemble these individual items into a collection. Our aim at Raptis Rare Books is to render tailored, individualized service to help you achieve your goals. We specialize in working with private collectors with a specific wish list, helping individuals find the ideal gift for special occasions, and partnering with representatives of institutions. We are here to assist you in your pursuit. Thank you for letting us be your guide in bringing the library of your imagination to reality. 561-508-3479 | 1-800-rare-book (1-800-727-3266) | [email protected] www.RaptisRareBooks.com 2 Contents Featured Antiquarian Books..................................................................4 Literature.............................................................................................12
    [Show full text]
  • Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements Don Fanning Liberty University, [email protected]
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Liberty University Digital Commons Liberty University DigitalCommons@Liberty University Trends and Issues in Missions Center for Global Ministries 2009 Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements Don Fanning Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgm_missions Recommended Citation Fanning, Don, "Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements" (2009). Trends and Issues in Missions. Paper 7. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgm_missions/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Global Ministries at DigitalCommons@Liberty University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Trends and Issues in Missions by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Liberty University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Pentecostal/Charismatic Movements Page 1 Pentecostal Movement The first two hundred years (100-300 AD) The emphasis on the spiritual gifts was evident in the false movements of Gnosticism and in Montanism. The result of this false emphasis caused the Church to react critically against any who would seek to use the gifts. These groups emphasized the gift of prophecy, however, there is no documentation of any speaking in tongues. Montanus said that “after me there would be no more prophecy, but rather the end of the world” (Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church, Vol II, p. 418). Since his prophecy was not fulfilled, it is obvious that he was a false prophet (Deut . 18:20-22). Because of his stress on new revelations delivered through the medium of unknown utterances or tongues, he said that he was the Comforter, the title of the Holy Spirit (Eusebius, V, XIV).
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses Animal rights & human identity: a polemical quest for authenticity O'Neill, Pamela Susan How to cite: O'Neill, Pamela Susan (2000) Animal rights & human identity: a polemical quest for authenticity, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4474/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk Pamela Susan O'Neill, University of Durham, Department of Anthropology. Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Social Anthropology Thesis Title: Animal Rights & Human Identity: A Polemical Quest for Authenticity Abstract This thesis examines the hypothesis that 'The conflict between animal advocates and animal users is far more than a matter of contrasting tastes or interests. Opposing world views, concepts of identity, ideas of community, are all at stake' (Jasper & Nelkin 1992, 7). It is based on a year of anthropological fieldwork with a group of animal rights activists.
    [Show full text]