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This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ John Wesley's doctrine of sin. Bryant, Barry Edward The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 09. Oct. 2021 John Wesley's Doctrine of Sin Barry Edward Bryant Submitted to the Department of Theology, King's College, The University of London, for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree July 1992 (LONDu.1 UNW. Table of Contents Abstract . a . • ........• • • • • yrjj Abbreviations • . I • a . • • a • a a a a a . a ix Acknowledgements • a . a a a I a . a a I • b a 4 a . X Introduction- A Prolegomenoron Method and Structure I 1. Method and Structure . a .....a • . a 1 1.1. The Shortcomings of a Historical Theological Study 1 1.2. Towards a Wesleyan Framework for Systematic Theology 2 1.3. Wesley as a 'Holistic' Theologian 7 1.4. Shortcomings of Using the 'Order of Salvation' Alone . 8 1.5. Wesley's Concept of the 'Christian System ' ..........• • a 10 1.6. The Nature of Wesley's 'Christian System' 12 1.7. Four Doctrines from the 'Christian System ' . 16 2. Two Major Contributions • 17 2.1. Two Contributions to Wesley Studies 17 2.2. The Contribution to other Theological Discussions . 27 Chapter One- '...According to Scripture, Reason, and Experience': Wesley's Epistemology • a 33 la Introduction ...........• . 33 2. Towards a Wesleyan Epistemology . • . 34 2.1. A Quadrilateral or a Triangle? 36 2.2. John Wesley, Henry Aldrich, and Pope John XXI ...... 41 2.3. Locke and the Schoolmen 44 2.4. Locke's 'Degrees of Assent' a 45 2.5. Wesley's 'Scale of Assent' . a . a a 49 2.5.1. Assent on the Basis of Experience . a a • 49 2a5.2. Assent and the Epistemology of Testimony ....... 50 2.5.3. Assent on the Basis of Reason andNature. • • .. a a. 5! 2.5.4. Eternal Reason 51 2.5.5. Analytical Reason . • . 53 2.5.6. The Success of Analytical Reason . 55 2.5.7. The Limits of Analytical Reason . 57 2.5.8. The Failure of Analytical Reason . • . a 59 2.5.9. Assent to Revelation . 60 2.5.10. Assent on the Basis of Analytical Reason . 60 2.5.11. Assent on the Basis of the Nature of God • . a e 62 2.5.12. Assent on the Basis of Eternal Reason, or Relationality 63 Table of Contents iii 2.6. ExperIence and the Concept of Personhood . 65 2.6.!. Sensory and Religions Experience ........ 66 2.6.2. Wesley's Denial of Innate Knowledge . 67 2.6.3. Locke's Mind/Body Duality 70 2.6.4. Wesley's Soul/Body Duality 73 2.6.5. Consciousness is not Personal Identity ........ 78 2.6.6. Consciousness is Personality 79 2.6.7. Personhood and Personality 82 3. Suinmar,r . ......... 83 Chapter Two- 'Unde Malum?', or 'Whence Came Evil?' 85 1. Introduction . 85 1.1. Theodicy- The Question of Evil 85 1.2. Wesley's Interest in Theodicy 86 2. The Aesthetic Theme- Creation and Eternal Reason 88 2.!. The Aesthetic Theme- Creation and the Best World Possible 90 2.2. The Aesthetic Theme- Creation and the 'Chain of Being' . 92 2.2.1. The Chain of Being and the Plurality of Worlds 95 2.2.2. The Chain of Being and Angelology ........ 97 3. Wesley's Moral Theme . .......... 103 3.1. Wesley's Response to the Optimists 104 3.2. Moral, Natural, and Penal Evils 110 4. Free-Will, Foreknowledge, and the Doctrine of God . , . ......... 112 4.1. Free-Will and the Paradox of Omnipotence 112 4.1.1. Omnipotence as Power and Restraint ...... 113 4.1.2. Omnipotence and the Power of Providential Control . 115 4.2. Free-Will and the Paradox of Omniscience . 119 4.2.1. Omniscience and the 'Eternal Now ' . 119 4.2.2. Omniscience and 'Middle Knowledge' . 124 4.2.3. Arminius and Molina on 'Middle Knowledge' . 129 4.3. Compatiblism, Prayer, and Prophecy 134 5. Conclusion ........ ........ 135 Chapter Three- Wesley's Doctrine of Original Sin: 'The Loathsome Leprosy' . ....... 137 1. Introduction • 137 1.!. Accounting for Sin That is Seen • 139 1.2. The Tradition He Defended. • 140 1.3. Importance of the Doctrine of the Soul to Original Sin ....... • 142 Table of Contents iv 2. The Image of God in the Soul of Adam: Wesley's Speculative Anthropology 143 2.1. Understanding, Will, Liberty . 145 2.2. A Trinitarian Hermeneutic . 146 2.3. A Trinitarian Image of God . 147 2.4. The Political, Natural, and Moral Image of God . 154 2.5. The Political Image of God . 156 2.6. The Natural Image of God . 158 2.7. The Moral Image of God . 163 2.8. Summary of Development . 167 3. The Fall and Its Consequences: Empirical Anthropology . 168 3.1. The Loss of the Moral Image . 171 3.2. The Marring of the Natural, and Political Images .......... 174 33. original Sin and Total Depravity 176 3 • 4 . St_i mm a r y . 179 4. The Fall and Christology, or Adam and Christ 180 4.1. 'The Head of All Mankind' . 181 4.2. '0 Felix Culpat' ....... 186 4.3. 'What We Lost in Adam, We Recover in Christ ' • ......• , . • 189 4 . 4 . Sum in a r r . 190 Chapter Four- Actual Sin: 'Properly' and 'Improperly So Called' 1. Introduction . • . • . 192 2. The Historical Development . • 192 21. Personal Sin and the Concern for Holy Living . • 193 2.2. Infirmities are not Sins . o 195 2.3. The Cognitive Aspect Sin . 196 2.4. The Volitional Aspect of Sin • 197 2.5. Sin as the Wilful Transgression of the Known Law of God ....... 198 2.6. Sin Properly and Improperly So alled . ........• • * • 199 2.7. The Discussions of Sin and Sanctification • . 201 3. Sources of Influence . • 202 3.1. Its Aristotelian Roots . • 202 3.2. Its Theological Roots . • 203 3.3. Its Catholic Roots: Moral Theology • 204 3.4. Such Distinctions not Found in Reformers . • 205 3.5. Its Anglican Roots: The Moralists • 205 3.6. Richard Lucas and John Wesley • 207 3.7. Wesley's Understanding of . • . • • 210 3.8. Summary of Development . • 212 4. A Systematic Analysis- Sin Properly, Improperly So Called • . • 213 41. Sin Properly So Called- The Cognitive Aspect . • 213 4.2. Sin Properly So Called- The Volitional Aspect . • 217 Table of Contents V 4.3. Sin Improperly So Called . 220 4.4. Summary . , . 225 Chapter Five- Wesley's Order of Salvation: The Re-Inscription of the Image of God . 227 1. Introduction 227 2. The Nature of Wesley's Order of Salvation 228 2.1. It has Historical and Biblical Precedence . ......... 228 2.2. Experience is the Interface between Dogmatics and Ethics . 229 2.3. It is Teleological in Nature . 230 2.4. It is Attained by Faith . 231 2.5. It is Existential in Nature . 233 2.6. It is Trinitarian In Orientation 233 2.7. It is Dialogical in Nature , . 235 2.8. It is Dialectical in Nature 236 3. Constructing the Order of Salvation . 237 3.1. Predestination . 239 3.2. Prevenient Grace ......... 240 3.2.1. Prevenient Grace and Free- Will. ....... 241 3.2.2. Prevenient Grace and the Moral Law . 242 3.2.3. Prevenient Grace and 'Natural Conscience' 246 3.2.4. Prevenient Grace and 'Splendid Sins' . 248 3.2.5. Prevenient Grace and Natural Theology...... 250 3.2.6. Prevenient Grace and Intuitionism . 252 3.2.7. Summary of Prevenient Grace 253 3.3. Justification 254 3.3.1. JustifIcation and Repentance 258 3.3,2. Justification and Faith . 261 3.3.3. Justification and the Righteousness of Christ 264 3.3.4. Justification and Works 270 3.3.5. Justification and Freedom from Outward Sin . 271 3.4. Entire Sanctification 271 3.4.1. Conviction of Remaining Sin 272 3.4.2. Second, or Evangelical Repentance . 279 3.4.3. Faith unto Entire Sanctification . 280 3.4.4. Entire Sanctification . 281 3.5. Glorification . ...... 284 Conclus ions 1. A Critique .............. , 287 2. A Proposed Resolution ...........288 Table of Contents vi Bibli ography . • a a a a a a a 290 Primary Sources ...... • . 290 Collected Works . a . a • 290 Single Works .........a 292 Articles from the Arminian Magazine 295 Non-Wesleyan Primary Sources a 298 Secondary Sources • a 308 Wesleyan Bibliographies . a . a a 308 Other Publications . • • . a a 308 Unpublished Theses . a . a a a a 328 Abstract The thesis seeks to understand Wesley's doctrine of sin within a theological context 1 the context being his understanding of the 'Christian system'.
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