The Explosion of Ethnic Retributive Violence in Czechoslovakia at the End of the Second World War
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Twenty Years After the Iron Curtain: the Czech Republic in Transition Zdeněk Janík March 25, 2010
Twenty Years after the Iron Curtain: The Czech Republic in Transition Zdeněk Janík March 25, 2010 Assistant Professor at Masaryk University in the Czech Republic n November of last year, the Czech Republic commemorated the fall of the communist regime in I Czechoslovakia, which occurred twenty years prior.1 The twentieth anniversary invites thoughts, many times troubling, on how far the Czechs have advanced on their path from a totalitarian regime to a pluralistic democracy. This lecture summarizes and evaluates the process of democratization of the Czech Republic’s political institutions, its transition from a centrally planned economy to a free market economy, and the transformation of its civil society. Although the political and economic transitions have been largely accomplished, democratization of Czech civil society is a road yet to be successfully traveled. This lecture primarily focuses on why this transformation from a closed to a truly open and autonomous civil society unburdened with the communist past has failed, been incomplete, or faced numerous roadblocks. HISTORY The Czech Republic was formerly the Czechoslovak Republic. It was established in 1918 thanks to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and his strong advocacy for the self-determination of new nations coming out of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after the World War I. Although Czechoslovakia was based on the concept of Czech nationhood, the new nation-state of fifteen-million people was actually multi- ethnic, consisting of people from the Czech lands (Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia), Slovakia, Subcarpathian Ruthenia (today’s Ukraine), and approximately three million ethnic Germans. Since especially the Sudeten Germans did not join Czechoslovakia by means of self-determination, the nation- state endorsed the policy of cultural pluralism, granting recognition to the various ethnicities present on its soil. -
Remembering Sudetenland: on the Legal Construction of Ethnic Cleansing Timothy W
Maurer School of Law: Indiana University Digital Repository @ Maurer Law Articles by Maurer Faculty Faculty Scholarship 2006 Remembering Sudetenland: On the Legal Construction of Ethnic Cleansing Timothy W. Waters Indiana University Maurer School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facpub Part of the Human Rights Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Waters, Timothy W., "Remembering Sudetenland: On the Legal Construction of Ethnic Cleansing" (2006). Articles by Maurer Faculty. Paper 324. http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facpub/324 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by Maurer Faculty by an authorized administrator of Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Remembering Sudetenland: On the Legal Construction of Ethnic Cleansing TIMOTHY WILLIAM WATERS* I. To Begin: Something Uninteresting, and Something New ......... 64 II. A im s of the A rticle ................................................................. 66 1II. An Attempt at an Uncontroversial Historical Primer .............. 69 A. Czechoslovakia and Munich .......................................... 69 B. The Bene§ D ecrees ........................................................ 70 C. The Expulsions or Transfers .......................................... 73 D. The Potsdam Agreement .............................................. -
Verbesserte Diplomarbeit Carina Vogt, Volksdeutsche, Stand…
DIPLOMARBEIT „Heim ins Reich!“ – Die nationalsozialistische Politik gegenüber den sogenannten „Volksdeutschen“ und ihre Folgen. Carina Vogt angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, 2011 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 190 299 313 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Lehramt PP und GSP Betreuerin / Betreuer: Univ.-Doz. Dr. Bertrand Perz Inhaltsverzeichnis EINLEITUNG ..........................................…..................................…...... 4 – 8 1. Warum gab es deutschsprachige Minderheiten in ganz Europa? ... 9 – 15 2. Minderheitenprobleme und Nationalstaatsdenken – der Erste Weltkrieg und die Zwischenkriegszeit ............................... 15 – 29 2.1. Die Begriffe „Massenzwangsmigration“ und „Umsiedlung“, sowie „Bevölkerungsaustausch“ und „Deportation“ ....……........................... 15 – 17 2.2. Die Bedeutung des Ersten Weltkrieges für die Minderheiten in Europa ………………………………....…….................................…….. 17 – 20 2.3. Die Bedeutung des Ersten Weltkrieges für die Geschichts- wissenschaft und deren Einfluss während des Zweiten Weltkrieges ... 20 – 29 3. Die Annexion, Umsiedlung und Neuordnung während des Zweiten Weltkrieges bis zur Kriegswende. Das Konzept der „Germanisierung“ ............................……........................................... 30 – 132 3.1. Der Begriff „Volksdeutsch“ ....……....................................…...……….. 30 – 33 3.2. Die Aufteilung Polens und die ideologische Rechtfertigung der Umsiedlung im Nationalsozialismus ....…….................................……. -
Guides to German Records Microfilmed at Alexandria, Va
GUIDES TO GERMAN RECORDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXANDRIA, VA. No. 32. Records of the Reich Leader of the SS and Chief of the German Police (Part I) The National Archives National Archives and Records Service General Services Administration Washington: 1961 This finding aid has been prepared by the National Archives as part of its program of facilitating the use of records in its custody. The microfilm described in this guide may be consulted at the National Archives, where it is identified as RG 242, Microfilm Publication T175. To order microfilm, write to the Publications Sales Branch (NEPS), National Archives and Records Service (GSA), Washington, DC 20408. Some of the papers reproduced on the microfilm referred to in this and other guides of the same series may have been of private origin. The fact of their seizure is not believed to divest their original owners of any literary property rights in them. Anyone, therefore, who publishes them in whole or in part without permission of their authors may be held liable for infringement of such literary property rights. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 58-9982 AMERICA! HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION COMMITTEE fOR THE STUDY OP WAR DOCUMENTS GUIDES TO GERMAN RECOBDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXAM)RIA, VA. No* 32» Records of the Reich Leader of the SS aad Chief of the German Police (HeiehsMhrer SS und Chef der Deutschen Polizei) 1) THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION (AHA) COMMITTEE FOR THE STUDY OF WAE DOCUMENTS GUIDES TO GERMAN RECORDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXANDRIA, VA* This is part of a series of Guides prepared -
Aftermath: Accounting for the Holocaust in the Czech Republic
Aftermath: Accounting for the Holocaust in the Czech Republic Krista Hegburg Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERISTY 2013 © 2013 Krista Hegburg All rights reserved Abstract Aftermath: Accounting for the Holocaust in the Czech Republic Krista Hegburg Reparations are often theorized in the vein of juridical accountability: victims of historical injustices call states to account for their suffering; states, in a gesture that marks a restoration of the rule of law, acknowledge and repair these wrongs via financial compensation. But as reparations projects intersect with a consolidation of liberalism that, in the postsocialist Czech Republic, increasingly hinges on a politics of recognition, reparations concomitantly interpellate minority subjects as such, instantiating their precarious inclusion into the body po litic in a way that vexes the both the historical justice and contemporary recognition reparatory projects seek. This dissertation analyzes claims made by Czech Romani Holocaust survivors in reparations programs, the social work apparatus through which they pursued their claims, and the often contradictory demands of the complex legal structures that have governed eligibility for reparations since the immediate aftermath of the war, and argues for an ethnographic examination of the forms of discrepant reciprocity and commensuration that underpin, and often foreclose, attempts to account for the Holocaust in contemporary Europe. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ii Introduction 1 Chapter 1 18 Recognitions Chapter 2 74 The Veracious Voice: Gypsiology, Historiography, and the Unknown Holocaust Chapter 3 121 Reparations Politics, Czech Style: Law, the Camp, Sovereignty Chapter 4 176 “The Law is Such as It Is” Conclusion 198 The Obligation to Receive Bibliography 202 Appendix I 221 i Acknowledgments I have acquired many debts over the course of researching and writing this dissertation. -
Czechoslovak-Polish Relations 1918-1968: the Prospects for Mutual Support in the Case of Revolt
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1977 Czechoslovak-Polish relations 1918-1968: The prospects for mutual support in the case of revolt Stephen Edward Medvec The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Medvec, Stephen Edward, "Czechoslovak-Polish relations 1918-1968: The prospects for mutual support in the case of revolt" (1977). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5197. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5197 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CZECHOSLOVAK-POLISH RELATIONS, 191(3-1968: THE PROSPECTS FOR MUTUAL SUPPORT IN THE CASE OF REVOLT By Stephen E. Medvec B. A. , University of Montana,. 1972. Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1977 Approved by: ^ .'■\4 i Chairman, Board of Examiners raduat'e School Date UMI Number: EP40661 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. -
Dismemberment of Yugoslavia: Lessons for the Ethnic Conflict
BALKAN SOSYAL BILIMLER DERGISI 2019 8(15) 15–27 Balkan Journal of Social Sciences BJSS Derginin ana sayfası: http://dergipark.gov.tr/bsbd Araştırma Makalesi ● Research Article Dismemberment of Yugoslavia: Lessons for the Ethnic Conflict Literature Yugoslavya’nın Parçalanması: Etnik Çatışma Literatürü İçin Çıkarılacak Dersler Kürşat Çınar a,* a Dr. Öğr. Üyesi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü, 06800, Ankara/Türkiye. ORCID: 0000-0001-6044-2810 M A K A L E B İ L G İ S İ ÖZ Makale Geçmişi: Etnik çatışma literatürü, insan doğasının ve sosyal davranışlarının bilhassa çeşitlilik gösteren toplumlarda motivasyonlarıyla ilgili bizlere çok önemli bilgiler sunmaktadır. Bu makale son dönemlerde yaşanmış en büyük Başvuru tarihi: 09 Mayıs 2018 çaplı etnik çatışmalardan Yugoslavya örneğini araştırmaktadır. Makale, ilkin etnisite literatürünü incelemekte, Düzeltme tarihi: 12 Aralık 2018 etnik çatışmanın mikro- ve makro-bazlı nedenlerini irdelemektedir. Makale özellikle etnik çatışmaların Kabul tarihi: 06 Ocak 2019 kültürel, siyasi, yapısal, psikolojik ve ekonomik nedenlerini incelemektedir. Makale bu teorik altyapı ışığında Yugoslavya örneğini ele almakta ve bahsi geçen nedenlerin Yugoslavya örneğindeki karşılaştırmasını yapmaktadır. Buna göre Yugoslavya örneğinde siyasi ve yapısal nedenlerin öne çıktığı gözlemlenmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Makale son olarak Yugoslavya’nın ardılı ülkelerde son dönemlerde insanların çok-etnisiteli toplumlara yaklaşımını inceleyip, konuyla ilgili çıkarımlar yapmaktadır. Etnik Çatışma Yugoslavya Çok-Uluslu Devletler A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Ethnic conflict literature offers us great insights regarding the motivations of human behavior, especially in diverse societies. This article explores one of the greatest ethnic conflicts of our times, the Yugoslavian case. -
ABSTRACT Title of Document: the FURTHEST
ABSTRACT Title of Document: THE FURTHEST WATCH OF THE REICH: NATIONAL SOCIALISM, ETHNIC GERMANS, AND THE OCCUPATION OF THE SERBIAN BANAT, 1941-1944 Mirna Zakic, Ph.D., 2011 Directed by: Professor Jeffrey Herf, Department of History This dissertation examines the Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans) of the Serbian Banat (northeastern Serbia) during World War II, with a focus on their collaboration with the invading Germans from the Third Reich, and their participation in the occupation of their home region. It focuses on the occupation period (April 1941-October 1944) so as to illuminate three major themes: the mutual perceptions held by ethnic and Reich Germans and how these shaped policy; the motivation behind ethnic German collaboration; and the events which drew ethnic Germans ever deeper into complicity with the Third Reich. The Banat ethnic Germans profited from a fortuitous meeting of diplomatic, military, ideological and economic reasons, which prompted the Third Reich to occupy their home region in April 1941. They played a leading role in the administration and policing of the Serbian Banat until October 1944, when the Red Army invaded the Banat. The ethnic Germans collaborated with the Nazi regime in many ways: they accepted its worldview as their own, supplied it with food, administrative services and eventually soldiers. They acted as enforcers and executors of its policies, which benefited them as perceived racial and ideological kin to Reich Germans. These policies did so at the expense of the multiethnic Banat‟s other residents, especially Jews and Serbs. In this, the Third Reich replicated general policy guidelines already implemented inside Germany and elsewhere in German-occupied Europe. -
Disorderly and Inhumane: the United States and the Expulsion of Germans After World War II
Mississippi State University Scholars Junction Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1-1-2015 Disorderly and Inhumane: the United States and the Expulsion of Germans after World War II Bradley J. Brewer Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td Recommended Citation Brewer, Bradley J., "Disorderly and Inhumane: the United States and the Expulsion of Germans after World War II" (2015). Theses and Dissertations. 1528. https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td/1528 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Scholars Junction. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholars Junction. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Automated Template A: Created by James Nail 2011 V2.02 Disorderly and inhumane: The United States and the expulsion of Germans after World War II By Bradley J. Brewer A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Mississippi State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Department of History Mississippi State, Mississippi May 2015 Copyright by Bradley J. Brewer 2015 Disorderly and inhumane: The United States and the expulsion of Germans after World War II By Bradley J. Brewer Approved: ____________________________________ Richard V. Damms (Director of Dissertation) ____________________________________ Alan I. Marcus (Committee Member) ____________________________________ M. Kathryn Barbier (Committee Member) ____________________________________ William Anthony Hay (Committee Member) ____________________________________ Stephen C. Brain (Graduate Coordinator) ____________________________________ R. Gregory Dunaway Professor and Dean College of Arts & Sciences Name: Bradley J. Brewer Date of Degree: May 9, 2015 Institution: Mississippi State University Major Field: History Major Professor: Richard V. -
The Relationship Between Religious and National Identity in the Case Of
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RELIGIOUS AND NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE CASE OF TRANSYLVANIAN SAXONS 1933-1944 By Cristian Cercel Submitted to Central European University Nationalism Studies Program In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Advisor: Prof. András Kovacs External Research Advisor: Dr. Stefan Sienerth (Institut für deutsche Kultur und Geschichte Südosteuropas, Munich) CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2007 Acknowledgements I am deeply indebted to the IKGS (Institut für deutsche Kultur und Geschichte Südosteuropas) in Munich whose financial assistance enabled me to do the necessary research for this thesis. Georg Aescht, Marius Babias and Matthias Volkenandt deserve all my gratitude for their help in assuring me a fruitful and relaxed stay in Munich. I am also grateful to Peter Motzan for his encouragement and insightful suggestions regarding the history of the Transylvanian Saxons. The critical contribution of Dr. Stefan Sienerth has definitely improved this thesis. Its imperfections, hopefully not many, belong only to me. I am also thankful to Isabella Manassarian for finding the time to read and make useful and constructive observations on the text. CEU eTD Collection i Preface This thesis analyzes the radicalization undergone by the Transylvanian Saxon community between 1933 and 1940 from an identity studies perspective. My hypothesis is that the Nazification of the Saxon minority in Romania was accompanied by a relegation of the Lutheran religious affiliation from the status of a criterion of identity to that of an indicium. In order to prove the validity of the argument, I resorted to the analysis of a various number of sources, such as articles from the official periodical of the Lutheran Church, diaries and contemporary documents. -
German’ Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War
EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE, FLORENCE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION EUI Working Paper HEC No. 2004/1 The Expulsion of the ‘German’ Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War Edited by STEFFEN PRAUSER and ARFON REES BADIA FIESOLANA, SAN DOMENICO (FI) All rights reserved. No part of this paper may be reproduced in any form without permission of the author(s). © 2004 Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees and individual authors Published in Italy December 2004 European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50016 San Domenico (FI) Italy www.iue.it Contents Introduction: Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees 1 Chapter 1: Piotr Pykel: The Expulsion of the Germans from Czechoslovakia 11 Chapter 2: Tomasz Kamusella: The Expulsion of the Population Categorized as ‘Germans' from the Post-1945 Poland 21 Chapter 3: Balázs Apor: The Expulsion of the German Speaking Population from Hungary 33 Chapter 4: Stanislav Sretenovic and Steffen Prauser: The “Expulsion” of the German Speaking Minority from Yugoslavia 47 Chapter 5: Markus Wien: The Germans in Romania – the Ambiguous Fate of a Minority 59 Chapter 6: Tillmann Tegeler: The Expulsion of the German Speakers from the Baltic Countries 71 Chapter 7: Luigi Cajani: School History Textbooks and Forced Population Displacements in Europe after the Second World War 81 Bibliography 91 EUI WP HEC 2004/1 Notes on the Contributors BALÁZS APOR, STEFFEN PRAUSER, PIOTR PYKEL, STANISLAV SRETENOVIC and MARKUS WIEN are researchers in the Department of History and Civilization, European University Institute, Florence. TILLMANN TEGELER is a postgraduate at Osteuropa-Institut Munich, Germany. Dr TOMASZ KAMUSELLA, is a lecturer in modern European history at Opole University, Opole, Poland. -
The United States and German Demilitarization, 1942- 1947
FROM ENMITY TOWARDS ALLIANCE: THE UNITED STATES AND GERMAN DEMILITARIZATION, 1942- 1947 Oliver Haller B.A., Wilfrid Laurier University, 199 1 M.A. Thesis Submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree Wilfrid MerUniversity 1996 @ Oliver Haller 1996 National Library Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Seivices seMces bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 canada Canada YovrW voarrréfefmce Our Ne NonerrlHhena, The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, districbute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microforni, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/fïh, de reproduction sur papier ou sur fomat électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thése ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorkation. Table of Contents Abstract ............................................... iii Introduction........................................... I Notes: Introduction .................................... 13 Chapter One: The Versailles Precedent and Initial Arnerican Perceptions of Civil-Military Government...... 18 Notes: Chapter One ..................................... 40 Chapter Two: The Formulation of an Amencan Civil-Military Direcive and the Ascendendcy of Demilitarimion through Deindustrialization.......