The Civil War Background Chapter 16 From 7th Grade Textbook

The Debate over Slavery Seeds of War - In 1850, different Senators made proposals to maintain peace - As a result of winning the Mexican-American War in 1848, US has - After debate, it was decided that added over 500,000 sq. miles of land - California would enter the Union as a Free State - With all the new territory, people were spreading out further and along - Territory from the Mexican Cession was divided into Utah and New with that, came the issue of taking with them their Slaves and citizens there would decide whether they would allow - Northerners formed a Free-Soil Party to support the Wilmot Proviso slavery or not which stated that “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever - Texas gave up slavery in exchange for $$ from federal gov’t exist in any part of [the] territory.” - Outlawed slavery in DC - Those living in the South wanted to maintain Slavery - Established a new Fugitive Slave Law - New States of Missouri & California want to be admitted to US but - Southerners were upset that California was a Free State there is a debate about allowing it in as a Free or Slave owning state - Northerners were opposed to Fugitive Slave Act and protested, many peacefully, but violence did erupt Antislavery Literature - The most important piece of literature of this era was Uncle Tom’s Cabin by published in 1852

- Stowe based novel on interviews with “fugitive” slaves’ accounts of their lives in captivity-- she was 21 and living in Ohio

- Summary: “A kindly enslaved African American named Tom is taken Election of 1856 from his wife and sold ‘down the river’ in Louisiana. Tom becomes - James Buchanan (Democrat) won election against John C. Frémont the slave of cruel Simon Legee. In a rage, Simon has Tom beaten to (Republican) who stood against the spread of slavery. death.” By the numbers: - W/in 10 years, over 2 million copies sold, suggesting that 2 million - Buchanan won 14 of the 15 Slave States abolitionists were created; in reality, caused a great divide between - Frémont won 11 of 16 Free States two sides of debate - Millard Fillmore won only one state- Maryland

2 Days after Buchanan because President, Supreme Court issued decision in Dred - When Lincoln met her in 1862- he referred to her as the “little lady Scott case that said African Americans were not citizens of the and who made this big war” couldn’t sue in federal court; also declared unconstitutional (had previously made slavery illegal above 36° 30’ dividing line) - In 1858, Republicans nominated Lawyer for U.S. Harper’s Ferry Senate to oppose Democrat Stephen Douglas (who had represented - October 16, 1859- John Brown tried to incite an uprising when he and his men state since 1847) took over arsenal in Harper’s Ferry, VA- tried to encourage slaves to aid them, - Lincoln was very critical of Douglas and Dem.’s philosophy on slavery but none came

- Debated one another many times - Local white southerners attacked Brown and men, killing 8

- Ultimately Lincoln lost election but - Federal troops led by Robert E. Lee captured him and his men; Brown was Gained a great deal of national attention convicted of , murder & conspiracy; judge ordered him to be hanged on Dec. 2, 1859 (one month after trial)

- Northerners either mourned or criticized Brown’s extreme actions Election of 1860 - Most southern whites felt threatened by this event and feared another uprising as an imitation of this first one - Northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas - Southern Democrats nominated John C. Breckinridge (Buchanan’s VP) - Many newspapers suggested separating from the Union to preserve the - Constitutional Union Party nominated John Bell (a slaveholder) safety of the people - Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln

Although he only won 40% of popular votes, Lincoln won election with 180 of 183 electoral votes belonging to Free States.

Southerners were outraged. Lincoln carried no votes in their territory and yet he was their new President. - Lincoln insisted he wouldn’t change slavery in the south, but did state he would not allow it to expand - Within a week of Lincoln’s election, SC legislature elected to dissolve their agreement with the current Union, basically voting to Secede from nation - Other states soon followed - Mississippi, , Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana & Texas seceded and formed The Confederate States of America (aka the Confederacy) in Feb. 1861

- As states seceded, Lincoln reminded them that there were federally Chapter 16 Section 1: The War Begins held locations that the Union still had the power to control Key Terms: (don’t write these down, we will come to them throughout notes) - April 1861- Confederate troops surrounded Fort Sumter in Charleston, SC - Abraham Lincoln - Lincoln sent ships w/ supplies to defend the fort; Confederates - Fort Sumter demanded federal troops evacuate and they refused - Border states - - April 12, 1861-- Confederates opened fire on Fort Sumter thus - Cotton diplomacy beginning the Civil War - After 34 hours of fighting, Fort Sumter surrendered and became the first Confederate victory - After the fall of Ft. Sumter, Lincoln asked state governors for 75,000 - DE, KY, MD, MO were left as border states that did not join militiamen to quash the rebellion; Stephen Douglas declared “There can Confederacy be no neutrals in this war, only patriots-- or traitors.” - WV became its own state gov’t in 1863 - In response, NJ & PA did what Lincoln asked, so did states to their north After separating from VA

- NC, TN, VA & AR seceded - Many families, especially in border states, had relatives on both sides of conflict - Mary Todd Lincoln had 4 brothers That fought for Confederates

North South North South

Officers Fewer strong officers Many strong officers put into battle Population (from which to 22 million 5.5 million draw workers/soldiers) Strategy ● General Winfield Scott’s ● Much open space, drew North Railroad 22,000 miles of tracks 9,000 miles of track goals to them to fight so they knew A. destroy South’s economy lay of the land Economy ● Coal, iron, wheat & wool ● Highly agricultural and w/ naval ● In VA, rivers run east to west production increased (to could supply army with B. gain control of Mississippi forcing Union troops to attack supply military) plenty of food River to divide south from side ● Corn, wheat, beef & ● Began printing ● Other leaders urged attack ● Cotton Diplomacy: President pork export increased to Confederate dollars on Confederate Capital, hoped GB Europe (some states printed Richmond, VA would support them b/c of ● Had a stable currency their own, too) cotton exports but failed b/c (greenbacks) ● Exports decreased b/c they had supplies from India & of Union Blockades Egypt Preparing for War

- has 16,000 volunteer soldiers at start of the war; within months they had half-million soldiers

- Civilians on both sides helped.-- they raised $$ & provided aid to soldiers and families

- Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell (first female to receive license to practice medicine) pressured Pres. Lincoln to form U.S. Sanitary Commission in June 1861 to send bandages, medicines & food to Union army camps & hospitals

- Approx. 3,000 women served as nurses in Union Army

Source: https://www.civilwar.org/learn/articles/north-and-south

- Volunteers on both sides were usually teachers, farmers and laborers that - Uniforms: troops faced had very little experience in fighting shortages of clothing, - Discipline & Drill were used to turn volunteers into effective soldiers food & rifles; many just wore their own clothes - Soldiers were provided w/ rifles (usually) and needed to learn to load, aim & for a while. Eventually, fire 3 times in one minute each side chose a uniform - Rifles were either Springfield or Enfields and had very poor accuracy - Union: Blue Confederate: Gray - Tents were issued by Union armies, but soldiers often discarded b/c they weren’t very portable; Confederate soldiers were not issued tents but rather used ones they captured from Union Soldiers Complete Section 1 Assessment Section 2: The War in the East Complete questions 1-3 (including ALL parts) Key Terms: - Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

- Pg 515 - George B. McClellan - Robert E. Lee - Seven Days’ Battle - Second Battle of Bull Run - - ironclads

Section 2: The War in the East

- First Battle of Bull Run/ Manassas - July 1861 Lincoln orders General Irvin McDowell to lead 35,000 man army from Washington DC to Richmond. They were thoroughly unprepared and untrained; covered only 5 miles the first day

- On their way, they would pass through Manassas and knew if he took it, he could control route to Richmond

- Confederate General Pierre G.T. Beauregard was there w/ 22,000 troops waiting along Bull Run Creek July 21, 1861: First Battle of Bull Run/ Manassas - Union finally gave up and tried to leave in orderly manner, but spectators clogged - Most troops had arrived at fighting grounds and began to battle roads and they scattered in chaos - One soldier remarked “There is Jackson standing like a stone wall!” Which is where General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson got his nickname when he stood - Confederates lacked strength to continue north to Washington DC, but they had his ground w/ his troops and would not back down secured their first victory, shattering the Union’s hopes of a quick and easy war

- Battle continued through the day while spectators from Washington DC picnicked and watched

More Battles in June 1862

- Bull Run showed Lincoln he needed a stronger army so he put - Robert E. Lee takes control of Confederate Army in Virginia General George P. McClellan in charge - June 26, 1862- Lee launches Seven Days’ Battles to force Union troops to retreat from near Richmond

- McClellan spent months training army and finally in Spring 1862 - Lincoln ordered General John Pope to march directly into Richmond from launched efforts to capture Richmond called the “Peninsular Washington DC, but met Jackson’s troops (again) and fought for 3 days in Campaign” Second Battle of Bull Run

- McClellan slowly moved troops into position between James and York - Confederates won both of these Rivers; in this time Jackson moved troops to attack Washington DC which kept reinforcements away from McClellan Battle of Antietam: Sept. 1862

- Sept. 4: 40,000 Confederate Soldiers cross into MD - Lee divided troops, sending ½ to Harpers Ferry w/ Jackson-- they defeated Union troops there and captured town

- Lee went to Frederick MD and tried to convince citizens to join Confederates; didn’t succeed - Union soldiers there found a copy of Lee’s battle plans at an abandoned camp and gave to McClellan; McClellan hesitated to attack and Lee’s troops had time to reunite

The Battle of Antietam: Sept. 17, 1862 (aka Battle of Sharpsburg) Antietam TODAY

- Battle lasted most of day and by the end of the day, 12,000 Union casualties and 13,000 Confederate casualties

- Known as the bloodiest single-day battle of the entire Civil War and of US History

- McClellan kept 4 divisions of soldiers on reserve and wouldn’t let them attack Lee’s devastated army; despite this, it was still a victory for the Union because Lee’s Virtual Visit: https://www.civilwar.org/visit/virtual-tours/antietam-virtual-tour troops did not advance further north - Victory for Union - Confederates soon tried out a new type of warship called ironclads -ships Battle at Sea heavily armored with iron-- in hopes of taking away North’s advantage at sea

- was better than Confederate & also had means to build more - British gov’t didn’t stop ships from being delivered (they had pledged neutrality) ships

- One Union soldier called it a “huge half submerged crocodile” - Confederates turned to British companies for new ships

- Union strategy: southern ports - Blockade was tough b/c there are thousands of miles of southern coast, but still prevented South from selling or receiving goods; damaged south’s economy

- Reduced # of entering ships from 6,000 to 800 even w/ south using smaller ships outrunning warships

- Confederates had captured Union The Merrimack and converted to an ironclad-- renamed it CSS Virginia Section 3: The War in the West - March 1862- moved into and sank 2 Union wooden warships; had Key Terms little damage - - Ulysses S Grant - - - - Union had already built their own ironclad called the (designed by - March 9, 1862: The two Swedish-born engineer ) ironclads meet in battle

at Hampton Roads - Unique feature: Revolving gun tower; also power guns & thick iron plating

- Was built from ground- up, giving it a space advantage

- After hours of fighting, neither was majorly damaged, but Monitor forced Virginia to retreat

- This battle marked the change in naval warfare and the decline of wooden warships

Complete Section 2 Assessment Section 3: The War in the West

Page 521 Key Terms:

Complete questions 1-4 (including ALL parts) - Ulysses S. Grant Questions 1-3 should be in COMPLETE SENTENCES that - Battle of Shiloh RESTATE the question. - David Farragut - Siege of Vicksburg Question 4 may be a chart. There are 3 Battles you should choose Union Strategy in the West - April 6, 1862- Battle of Shiloh - Ulysses S. Grant in charge to the west - Rebels attack Grant’s sleeping men

- Battle lasted 2 days-- Rebel leader Johnson is killed on first day; Ohio troops - Feb. 1862- launches attack on Tennessee & by Feb 6. Captures Fort led by Buell add support and push Confed. Army back into Mississippi McHenry - 10k casualties - Grant pushed further into Tennessee, paused near Shiloh Church to wait for - Grant claims the victory for North Ohio Army (reinforcement)

- After victory in Shiloh, Grant battles his way south along Mississippi - Farragut sailed up Miss. River, taking Baton Rouge, Louisiana & Natchez for North as well - While he heads South, Union navy battling North, biggest obstacle: - Headed towards Vicksburg

- David Farragut takes 18 ships & 700 men to entrance of New - City is along river, but is on top of 200-ft-tall cliffs; Farragut ordered Orleans from . He can’t defeat forts, so he races past them to surrender them - General Grant cut off supplies by - Before dawn, April 24, 1862, Farragut set sail-- Confederates sent Mid-May 1863 by cutting off City and burning rafts towards them & fired weapons, but Farragut’s ships made it shelling repeatedly-- This is the Siege of Vicksburg - Farragut & army conquered New Orleans April 29 & city was controlled by Union Siege of Vicksburg

- Food began to run out; soldiers & citizens survived eating cats, dogs & horses

- By June, CSA soldiers sent commander a note that asked him to surrender or troops would mutiny

- Their leader (Pemberton) surrenders July 4, 1863 to General Grant

Complete Section 3 Assessment Section 4: Daily: Life during the War Page 525 Key Terms:

Complete questions 1-2 (including ALL parts) - Emancipation - Emancipation Proclamation - Contrabands - 54th Infantry - Habeas Corpus - Copperheads - Emancipation Proclamation Northerners’ reactions varied:

- Dems: opposed; feared slaves would come North and take their jobs for less $ Why was the Civil War being fought? - Abolitionists said war is pointless unless slaves are freed; warned nation would - 1858- Lincoln reminded nation that every person is entitled to “life, liberty and stay divided until issue resolved the pursuit of happiness” - Lincoln: worried he would lose support; prior to war, Confiscation Acts that tried - Still worried about the issue of Emancipation (freeing of the slaves) and its to free slaves had failed effects on the nation; also believed he didn’t have constitutional power to do so Many agreed w/ Lincoln that slave labor was aiding Confederacy to make war possible; as Commander in Chief, it was w/in Lincoln’s right to free slaves in rebellious states (and could then join Union Army)

September 22, 1862- Lincoln issues the - Proclamation Freed slaves only in areas controlled by Confederacy. Emancipation Proclamation

It was released as a result of victory in Antietam that gave Lincoln the leverage he needed

Together, let’s read what it says.

- Did not officially go into effect until January 1, 1863 - After Proclamation, slaves would flock towards Union troops and follow them - Had little immediate effect b/c those states where it applied were not enforced for protection by federal gov’t - Loss of slaves= South grows weaker - Didn’t stop slavery in border states - As war continued, casualties and deaths increased; North needed soldiers-- - More than anything, discouraged Britain from aiding Confederacy & defined many African Americans were ready to volunteer exactly what Union was fighting for - Not all Northerners ready to accept them, but eventually they did

- December 31, 1862- Many parties held in African American churches where - Congress began allowing them to volunteer July 1862 worshippers sang, prayed and gave thanks - Also gave Contrabands (escaped slaves) right to join Union army

The 54th Massachusetts Infantry - 180,000 African Americans served Union Army - Unit made of mostly freed African Americans - During battle, Confederates often captured African American soldiers and either killed them or sold them back into slavery - July 1863, led charge into SC’s Fort Wagner - Later, in 1864, Lincoln suggested rewarding soldiers w/ the right to vote - They took heavy fire, suffered many casualties & nearly ½ men died

- Did not succeed, but still is remembered as most decorated African American Unit of the War - African American soldiers Rec’d $10 a month payment Growing Opposition - Whites rec’d $13/month - Northern Dems. grew tired of war politics; many began speaking out, called Union Army volunteers enlisted for 3 years-- if they survived & re-enlisted, they themselves “Peace Democrats”; opponents called them Copperheads rec’d a 30-day-leave + transport home + $400 bonus (named after the snake)

- Copperheads- Midwesterners that sympathized w/ South and opposed Abolition

- Copperheads believed war wasn’t necessary & called for an end

- Lincoln saw Copperheads as a threat to war efforts

To silence Copperheads, Lincoln suspended Habeas Corpus (the constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment) Northern Draft

- Union officials put any enemies in jail including some Copperheads w/out trial - March 1863- Congress approved draft (Union) or evidence - For $300, men could “buy-out” of their service (this was a year’s salary for - This angered Dems. and even some Republicans unskilled laborer, though)

- July 1863- riots in NYC b/c African Americans are brought in to replace Irish dock workers who were on strike; NYC was also holding a war draft @same time - Rioters grew violent, attacked African Americans & draft offices-- 100+ ppl died Lincoln’s Re-election in 1864 - Northern Dems. nominated Gen. George McClellan to run against Lincoln for Life for Soldiers and Civilians his re-election; they wanted immed. End to war - Lincoln defeated McClellan in pop. vote winning BY 400,000 votes of the - Fighting took place in ancient formations using modern weapons 4 mill. Total Cast- - Electoral votes: won 212 to 21 - Used Guns and Cannons; when cannonballs landed, would take out many soldiers b/c they were close to each other

- Bullets- Minié Ball: made of soft lead that would flatten or spread upon impact; improved accuracy from 200 to 500 yds.

- Drs. & nurses common on battlefields but wound infections still very common; would set up “hospitals” in citizens’ homes near battlefields

- Many soldiers had limbs amputated both with and w/out painkillers

- Infections even to minor wounds caused deaths b/c of lack of meds to stop

- Biggest Killer of Civil War: diseases like typhoid, pneumonia & tuberculosis which killed 2x as many soldiers as combat Prisoners of War

- Both sides of the battles took prisoners of war

- Ppl were packed into prisons in Andersonville, Georgia & Elmira, NY

- Prisons were meant to hold only a fraction of what it actually held

- Conditions: POOR! Little shelter, food or clothing → starvation & diseases killed thousands of prisoners of war

Battlefield Communications Life as a Civilian - Drummers drummed specific beats that directed - Young, Old and women also served the country in their own ways troop movement during - Those who couldn’t fight worked in factories & farms battles; also prepare attack, fire or cease fire - Northern Economy was good→ less people working meant wages increased 43% between 1860-1865 - Would stay close to - Production & prices also went up commanders

- Some drummers were as young as 9 - Women most important to civilian life-- women & children did chores men usually did; Civil War Era Music - Southern Women also managed farms & plantations - Other women joined men on the battlefields, many as nurses

- Clara Barton- “angel of the battlefield” - Organized collections of medicine & supplies for delivery to battlefield - Soothed wounded & dying, assisted Drs. as fighting continued around her - Barton’s work was basis for future American Red Cross

- Sally Louisa Tompkins- South - established a small hospital in Richmond - by end of war, became a major army hospital - Jefferson Davis recognized her value and made her a Captain in Confed. Army

Section 4 Assessment Section 5: The Tide of War Turns

Page 534 Key Terms:

Complete Questions 1-4 using COMPLETE SENTENCES that RESTATE the - Questions - - Pickett’s Charge - Gettysburg Address - Wilderness Campaign - Total War - Appomattox Courthouse - Burnside soon steps down and General becomes commander Fredericksburg & Chancellorsville of Army of Potomac - Meet Lee’s troops west of Fredericksburg, in Chancellorsville - Lincoln replaces McClellan in 1862 b/c he’s frustrated w/ McClellan’s lack of

aggression-- General Ambrose E. Burnside takes control of Army of Potomac - Hooker’s troops retreat to another Confederate victory

- Burnside takes quick action and Nov. 1862, sets out w/ 120,000 troops to - Even though South wins, was accidentally shot by his own attack Richmond troops during this battle and has his arm amputated. A soldier doesn’t want

Stonewall’s arm buried in a mass grave, so he takes it and buries it in a - Lee is taken by surprise; he had divided his 78,000 men in Fredericksburg but marked grave-- Jackson died a few days later b/c of pneumonia caused by still manages to fend off Union leading to Confederate victory amputation

Battle of Gettysburg: July 1-3, 1863

- Early June 1863, before troops met in Gettysburg, Lee was cutting across Northern Maryland into southern PA, he was unaware Union Troops were encamped in another nearby town

- Lee hadn’t been getting any info b/c his chief “Jeb” Stuart had gone off on his own raiding party, against Lee’s orders

- Separate raiding party goes to Gettysburg for boots & other supplies; there they run into General ’s cavalry which triggers the 3 day Battle of Gettysburg on July 1, 1863 - Raiding parties both exchange fire; Confederates push Union troops back thru Gettysburg

- Union soldiers regroup on high ground of Cemetery Ridge and Culp’s Hill, but General Lee want to prevent Union from entrenching themselves (digging in for battle)

- Lee orders General Ewell to attack immediately; Ewell hesitates & it gives Union time to est. defensive positions

- Gen. Longstreet (CSA) thought Union’s position impossible to overrun & thinks CSA should move east to establish a defense-- Lee disagrees, believes his troops are invincible

- July 2- Second day of battle

- Lee orders attack on left side of Union line b/c he knows he can win battle if he captures Little Round Top from the Union forces - - Union & Confederate forces fought viciously for control, union even built rock - 20th Maine led by Col. battled against 15th Alabama bunkers the night before the battle to defend themselves & maintain control of and pushed Confederates away from Little Round Top, also taking over Big hill which overlooks a stone stronghold known as Devil’s Den Round Top (which is where Chamberlain’s monument is located)

Day 3 of Battle: July 3 - Confederates continue battling, attack Cemetery Hill & Culp’s Hill until nightfall; Union holds strong and stays on defensive by day’s end - Longstreet begs Lee not to fight

- - Lee thinks Union is weak and ready to break

- Lee plans to attack at Cemetery Ridge b/c he thinks it’s unexpected

- Meade was surprised and was left w/ only 5,750 men

- Even after hours of shelling and cannonball shots, they held strong - In another part of town, the Union held strong along Taneytown Road. Gen. Pickett (CSA) commander of largest Unit (15,000 men) is leading men

- Pickett takes men slowly up toward Cemetery Ridge (across an open field); this is now called Pickett’s Charge

- The men are showered w/ cannon & rifle fire; suffer severe losses but some eventually reach destination

- Union adds to reinforcements and force Confederates to retreat leaving 7,500 casualties

- Lee is distressed and riding among survivors, told them “It’s all my fault”

- Fighting is also taking place all along lines - On July 4, Confederates retreat to VA & Meade decides not to follow between 2 main thoroughfares and into town. - Union Army Claims Victory in the fight-- it is the Major Turning Point in the war and Northerners believe they can win the war - Places like the Peach Orchard become battlefields - Gettysburg is what’s known as the “High Water Mark” of War - Townspeople were scared, many hid in basements thru duration of battle

- Only ONE civilian died (on day 3 of fighting)- Jennie Wade-- Who was cooking in the kitchen of her home when Bullet came from battlefield, thru door and struck her Photographer Matthew Brady takes pictures of the dead in Gettysburg-- sells photos to newspapers, so he sometimes “stages” photographs such as this one of a Confederate sharpshooter in Devil’s Den-- It is believed that Brady set up this picture and didn’t actually find the soldier or his weapon in this way.

After the Battle of Gettysburg The Gettysburg Address

- Nov. 19, 1863- Lincoln helps to dedicate cemetery in Gettysburg; he was not originally supposed to be there, but decides just before to go

- Edward Everett was main speaker, spoke for 2 hours

- Lincoln spoke after him, delivers a speech that is 273 words long & only takes 2-3 minutes to deliver

- In speech, he praised bravery of the Union soldiers and renewed commitment to winning Civil War Union Campaigns Cripple the Confederacy

- Lincoln is very pleased w/ Grant’s leadership

- Confederacy is beginning to feel stretched and supplies are growing increasingly limited

Sherman Strikes the South Wilderness Campaign in the East - Lincoln is growing desperate for another victory in 1864 that will seal the deal - May-June 1864, armies are fighting in Northern & Central VA for his re-election

- Union launches The Wilderness Campaign designed to capture Richmond - Gen. gives him this

- Troops fight just outside Richmond in Spotsylvania for 5 days (under Meade) - Spring 1864, Sherman marches South from Tenn.w/ 100,000 troops→ goal is to capture Atlanta, GE & take out railroad link - Union troops continue to fight their way through VA but get delayed along the way, their main objective now is to take control of the Railways - July 1864, he marches troops in and holds Atlanta under siege & it falls to Sherman’s troops on Sept. 2, 1864 after much of city is destroyed

- Sherman also orders residents to leave - Sherman taking Atlanta encourages those in the North and contributes to The South Surrenders Lincoln’s re-election - Second week of April 1865, Grant has Lee’s army

surrounded & demands they surrender - Sherman quickly moves on to next campaign w/ goal of Savannah, Georgia

- Lee tries to run, but can’t escape - Mid Nov. 1864, Sherman leaves Atlanta heading to Savannah; this is

Sherman’s march to the sea - Lee begins to recognize situation is hopeless and on

April 9, 1865, Union and Confederate leaders meet in - Sherman practices “total war” by destroying civilian and economic resources Appomattox Courthouse where Lee surrenders to along the route Grant, thus ending the Civil War

- He believed this would ruin South’s economy; railroads, bridges, crops, livestock destroyed, plantations burned and slaves freed all along the way Lincoln’s Assassination - Lincoln was taken across the street to be treated for his wounds

- Died at 7:22 AM on April 15 at age 56 - April 14, 1865 (Good Friday)- Pres. Lincoln and wife went to Ford’s Theater to see the show “Our American Cousin”

- John Wilke’s Booth (an actor) conspired w/ 5 others to sneak in and assasinate - Booth, fled the scene the night before, but had tripped on a curtain and got his the President b/c he didn’t agree w/ politics ankle caught and injured.

- “At 10:15, Booth slipped into the box and fired his .44-caliber single-shot - He stopped at a Doctor Mudd’s house along the way for broken foot and later derringer pistol into the back of Lincoln’s head. After stabbing Rathbone, made his way to the home of Thomas A. Jones, a VA agent. Agents surrounded who immediately rushed at him, in the shoulder, Booth leapt onto the stage home on April 26, set foot to barn where Booth was hiding along with 5 other and shouted, “Sic semper tyrannis!” (“Thus ever to tyrants!”–the Virginia co-conspirators. Booth and one other man didn’t come out and were burned in the state motto). (history.com)” barn; 4 of the co-conspirators surrendered and were later tried and hung (one was a woman- the first female executed by federal gov’t)

Timeline Project

Section 5 Assessment: Page 543 Your groups are as follows 1861- Nora, Kahlil, Mikkai, Jake Complete Questions 1-4 in Complete Sentences 1862- Jayson, Sam, Jess, Elorm,

1863- Christine, Heidi, Christian O., Gabby, Hannah

1864- Nick, Christian F., Drew, Nicole

1865- Kitty, Gemma, Tadgh, Tina

Each Group will be responsible for creating a timeline of ONLY their year’s happenings during the Civil War. You should use your textbooks and/or your notes to focus on the things we have learned in class. If you would like, you can also use the Chromebooks to look for pictures to print to add to your timelines or to answer any questions you might have and would like to add to your timeline.

You will be given a GROUP Classwork grade, but if your teammates come to me with concerns about YOU individually, I reserve the right to lower your individual grade.