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US5618710.Pdf ||||||||| USOO56 871 OA United States Patent 19 11 Patent Number: 5,618,710 Navia et al. 45 Date of Patent: Apr. 8, 1997 54 CROSSLINKED ENZYME CRYSTALS W.H. Bishop et al., “Isoelectric Point of a Protein in the Crosslinked Crystalline State: B-Lactoglobulin', J. Mol. (75 Inventors: Manuel A. Navia, Lexington; Nancy L. Biol, 33, pp. 415-421 (1968). St. Clair, Charlestown, both of Mass. A. Dyer et al., "A Thermal Investigation of the Stability of Crystalline Cross-Linked Carboxypeptidase A', Thermo 73 Assignee: Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., chimica Acta, 8, pp. 455-464 (1974). Cambridge, Mass. D.J. Haas, "Preliminary Studies on the Denaturation of Cross-Linked Lysozyme Crystals', Biophys. J., 8, pp. 549–555 (1968). 21) Appl. No.: 17,510 H.C. Hedrich et al., "Large-Scale Purification, Enzymic Characterization, and Crystallization of the Lipase from 22 Fied: Feb. 12, 1993 Geotrichum Candidum”, Enzyme & Microb. Technol., 13, pp. 840-847 (1991). Related U.S. Application Data J.V. Hupkes, “Practical Process Conditions for the Use of 63 Continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 864,424, Apr. 6, 1992, Immobilized Glucose Isomerase,” Starch, 30, pp. 24–28 abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. (1978). 720,237, Jun. 24, 1991, abandoned, which is a continuation P.J. Kasvinsky et al., "Activity of Glycogen Phosphorylase in-part of Ser. No. 562,280, Aug. 3, 1990, abandoned. in the Crystalline State', J.Biol. Chem., 251, pp. 6852-6859 (51) Int. Cl." .............................. C12N 1/00; C12P1/00; (1976). H. Kirsten et al., “Catalytic Activity of Non-Cross-Linked GON 33/543; CO7K 17700 Microcrystals of Aspartate Aminotransferase in Poly(ethyl 52 U.S. C. ........................ 435/174; 424/94.1; 424/946; ene glycol)”, Biochem. J., 211, pp. 427-434 (1983). 424/94.63; 435/41; 435/109; 435/195; 435/198; A.M. Klibanov, "Enzymatic Catalysis in Anhydrous Organic 435/212; 435/218; 435/817; 436/518; 530/413; Solvents', Trends in Biochem. Sci., 14, pp. 141-144 (1989). 530/810 G. Lindeberg, "A Convenient Synthesis of Aspartame', J. 58 Field of Search .............................. 435/41, 174, 176, Chem. Ed., 64, pp. 1062-1064 (1987). 435/177, 180, 817, 109, 195, 198, 212, D. Lombardo et al., "Crystallization and Preliminary X-ray 218; 424/94.1, 94.6, 94.63; 436/518; 530/413, Study of Horse Pancreatic Lipase', J. Mol. Biol., 205, pp. 810 259-261 (1989). S. Luesner, "Applications of Mirobial Enzymes To Produce 56 References Cited High Fructose Corn Syrup and Other Corn Sweetners' U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS (publication date unknown). T.H. Maugh, II, "A Renewed Interest in immobilized Re. 33,441 11/1990 Wumpelmann et al. ................. 435.194 Enzymes', Science, 223, pp. 474-476 (1984). 4,390,632 6/1983 Carter, II ................. ... 435/83 X 4,411,996 10/1983 Lloyd ........................................ 435/94. (List continued on next page.) 4,693,985 9/1987 Degen et al. ... ..., 436/531 4,699,882 10/1987 Visuri ...................................... 435/188 Primary Examiner-David M. Naff 4,892,825 1/1992 Wumpelmann et al. ................. 435/94. Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Fish & Neave; James F. Haley, 5,120,650 6/1992 Visuri ...................................... 435/176 Jr.; Margaret A. Pierri FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS (57) ABSTRACT 0092829 11/1983 European Pat. Off. ........ C12P 21/02 A protein such as an enzyme of antibody is immobilized by 0169767 1/1986 European Pat. Off. ........ C2N FO2 crosslinking crystals of the protein with a multifunctional 0166427 1/1986 European Pat. Off. .......... C12N 9/92 0.175582 3/1986 European Pat. Off. .......... C12N 9/96 crosslinking agent. The crosslinked protein crystals may be 0.195311 9/1986 European Pat. Off. .......... C11C 3100 lyophilized for storage. A preferred protein is an enzyme 6341503 11/1989 European Pat. Off. Such as thermolysin, elastase, asparaginase, lysozyme, 0367302 5/1990 European Pat. Off. .......... C2N 9/52 lipase or urease. Crosslinked enzyme crystals preferably WO85/03247 8985 WIPO .................... ... B08B 3/10 retain at least 91% activity after incubation for three hours WO91A05857 5/1991 WEPO .............................. C12N 9/00 in the presence of a concentration of PronaseTM that causes OTHER PUBLICATIONS the soluble uncrosslinked form of the enzyme to lose at least 94% of its initial activity under the same conditions. A G.M. Alter et al., "Kinetic Properties of Carboxypeptidase B preferred enzyme:Pronase M ratio is 1:40. Enzyme crystals in Solutions and Crystals”, Biochemistry, 16, pp. 3663-3668 (1977). that are crosslinked may be microcrystals having a cross S.A. Barker et al., “Enzymatic Processes for High-Fructose section of 10 mm or less. Crosslinked enzyme or antibody Corn Syrup,” In: Enzymes and Immobilized Cells in Bio crystals may be used in an assay, diagnostic kit or biosensor technology, Menlo Park, CA (1985). for detecting an analyte, in an extracorporeal device for G.J. Bartling et al., "Protein Modification in Nonaqueous altering a component of a fluid, in producing a product such Media - A New Method of Enzyme Cross-Linking', as using crosslinked thermolysin crystals to produce aspar Enzyme, 18, pp. 310-316 (1974). tame, in separating a substance from a mixture, and in S.J. Bayne et al., "Enzymatically Active, Cross-Linked Pig therapy. Heart Lactate Dehydrogenase Crystals', Carlsberg Res. Comm., 41, pp. 211-216 (1976). 13 Claims, 19 Drawing Sheets 5,618,710 Page 2 OTHER PUBLICATIONS E. Tuchsen et al., "Kinetic Properties of Subtilisin Type T. Nakagawa et al., “Development of Effective Cross-Link Carlsberg in the Crystalline State', Carlsberg Res. Comm., ing Method for Bioactive Substance-Enzyme Immobiliza 42, pp. 407-420 (1977). tion Using Glutaraldehyde Oligomers', Chem. Pharm. Bull, K. Visuri et al., "Purification and Characterisation of Crys 37, pp. 2463-2466 (1989). talline B-Amylase From Barley”, Eur: J. Biochem., 28, pp. K. Polyvinen et al., "Pilot-Scale Production and Properties 555-565 (1972). of Lignin Peroxidases’, In: Enzymes in Biomass Conver K. Visuri et al., “Enzymatic Production of High Fructose sion, Am. Chem. Soc., Boston, MA, Apr. 22-27 (1990). Corn Syrup (HFCS) Containing 55% Fructose in Aqueous F.A. Quiocho et al., "Intermolecular Cross Linking of a Ethanol", Biotech. & Bioeng., 30, pp. 917-920 (1987). Protein in the Crystalline State: Carboxypeptidase-A', K. Visuri, "Industrial Scale Crystallization of Glucose Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 52, pp. 833–839 (1964). Isomerase', Enzyme Engineering X: International Confer F.A. Quiocho et al., “Effects of Changes in Some Solvent ence, Sep. 24–29, 1989, Kashikojima, Japan. Parameters on Carboxypeptidase A in Solution and in K. Visuri, "Method of Producing Cross-Linked Glucose Cross-Linked Crystals', Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 57, pp. Isomerase', Szabadalmi Kozlony es Vedjegyertesito, 525-537 (1967). Budapest, 1990. Abstract T/52 817 (Original in Hungarian, D.M. Shotton et al., "Conformational Changes and Inhibitor English translation). Binding at the Active Site of Elastase', Cold Spring Har K. Visuri, "Crosslinked Crystalline Glucose Isomerase As bour Symp. Quant. Bio., XXXVI, pp. 91-105 (1972). Industrial Catalyst', Lecture in Detmold Starch Convention C.A. Spilburg et al., "Kinetic Properties of Crystalline (1992). Enzymes. Carboxypeptidase A', Biochemistry, 16, pp. A. Yonath et al., "Crystallographic Studies of Protein Dena 1142-1150 (1977). turation and Renaturation. 1. Effects of Denaturants on T. Tashima et al., "Structure of a New Oligomer of Glut Volume and X-ray Pattern of Cross-Linked Triclinic araldehyde Produced by Aldol Condensation Reaction', J. Lysozyme Crystals', Biochemistry, 16, pp. 1413-1417 Org. Chem., 56, pp. 694-697 (1991). V.P. Torchlin et al., "The Principles of Enzyme Stabilization: (1977). III. The Effects of the Length of Intra-Molecular Product Information SPEZYMECE) CIGI, Genecor Interna Cross-Linkages on the Thermostability of Enzymes', Bio tional, (publication date unknown). chem. Biophys. Acta, 522, pp. 277–283 (1978). Nakanishi et al., "Continuous Synthesis of N-(Benzyloxy V.P. Torchlin et al., “Principles of Enzyme Stabilization: V. carbonyl)-L-Aspartyl-L-Phenylalanine Methyl Ester With The Possibility of Enzyme Selfstabilization Under the Immobilized Thermolysin in an Organic Solvent', Bio/ Action of Potentially Reversible Intramolecular Technology, 3, pp. 459-464 (1985). Cross-Linkages of Different Length', Biochem. Biophys. Lee et al., Bioorganic Chemistry, vol. 14, 1986, pp. Acta, 568, pp. 1-10 (1979). 202-210. U.S. Patent Apr. 8, 1997 Sheet 1 of 19 5,618,710 A/G / O.33 O3 0.29 O.27 ABSORBANCE 0.25 (34.5 nm) 0.23 O2 0.9 O7 O 5 O 5 TME(MN) H CLEC THERMOLYSN - O - SOLUBLE THERMOLYSIN U.S. Patent Apr. 8, 1997 Sheet 2 of 19 5,618,710 A/G 2 OO 80 60 MAXIMUM ACTIVITY 40 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 -HCLEC THERMOLYSN -O-SOLUBLE THERMOLYSIN U.S. Patent Apr. 8, 1997 Sheet 3 of 19 5,618,710 A/G.3 MAXIMUM ACTIVITY OO O 2O 3.0 40 50 TIME(DAYS) -HCLEC THERMOLYSIN -O-SOLUBLE THERMOYSIN U.S. Patent Apr. 8, 1997 Sheet 4 of 19 5,618,710 A/G. 4 OOO 80 60 MAXIMUM % MAX ACT WITY ACTIVITY 60 40 O 20 60 90 TIME (MIN) Oe OO O 20 30 40 TME ( DAYS) -H CLEC THERMOLYSIN -O-SOLUBLE THERMOLYSIN U.S. Patent Apr. 8, 1997 Sheet 5 of 19 5,618,710 A/654 OO 80 % PRODUCT 6 40 20 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 O TIME ( DAYS) -- CLEC THERMOLYS IN - A - SOLUBLE THERMOLYSIN U.S. Patent Apr. 8, 1997 Sheet 6 of 19 5,618,710 00 80 % PRODUCT 60 TIME (HOURS) - A - CLEC THERMOLYSN -- SOLUBLE THERMOLYSIN U.S. Patent Apr. 8, 1997 Sheet 7 of 19 5,618,710 00 80 60 PRODUCT 40 20 07; 0.0 O 2O 3.0 40 TME(HOURS) - HCLEC THERMOLYSN A SOLUBLE THERMOLYSN U.S. Patent Apr.
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