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NIB Moose Flechten Pilze Wolfgang Rabitsch und Stefan Nehring (Hrsg.) Naturschutzfachliche Invasivitäts- bewertungen für in Deutschland wild lebende gebietsfremde terrestrische Moose, Flechten und Pilze BfN-Skripten 603 2021 Naturschutzfachliche Invasivitäts- bewertungen für in Deutschland wild lebende gebietsfremde terrestrische Moose, Flechten und Pilze Ergebnisse aus dem gleichnamigen F+E-Vorhaben (FKZ: 3514 86 0200) Herausgegeben von Wolfgang Rabitsch Stefan Nehring Titelbild: Graphische Darstellung der Methodik der naturschutzfachlichen Invasivitätsbewertung für ge- bietsfremde Arten. Stellvertretend sind für die Moose (Foto links) Campylopus introflexus (Kak- tusmoos) und für die Pilze (Foto rechts) Clathrus archeri (Tintenfischpilz) abgebildet. Unter den in Deutschland wild lebenden Flechten ist bislang keine gebietsfremde Art nachgewiesen worden. Vier Arten gelten jedoch als kryptogen, d.h. ihre Herkunft (einheimisch oder gebietsfremd) ist bis- lang nicht genau bekannt. Stellvertretend für die Flechten (Foto Mitte) ist Anisomeridium polypori (Spitzkegelflechte) abgebildet. (Graphik: ©BfN, Fotos: C. introflexus ©Sandra Skowronek, Clathrus archeri ©Stefan Nehring, A. polypori ©Jymm/CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons- .org/licenses/by-sa/4.0) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Anisomeridium_p- olypori_Jymm.jpg, Ausschnitt). Adressen der Herausgeber: Dr. Wolfgang Rabitsch Umweltbundesamt, Abt. Biologische Vielfalt & Naturschutz Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Wien E-Mail: [email protected] Dr. Stefan Nehring Bundesamt für Naturschutz Konstantinstraße 110, 53179 Bonn E-Mail: [email protected] Gefördert durch das Bundesamt für Naturschutz mit Mitteln des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Natur- schutz und nukleare Sicherheit (BMU) (FKZ: 3514 86 0200). Diese Veröffentlichung wird aufgenommen in die Literaturdatenbank „DNL-online“ (www.dnl-online.de). BfN-Skripten sind nicht im Buchhandel erhältlich. Eine pdf-Version dieser Ausgabe kann unter http://www.bfn.de heruntergeladen werden. Institutioneller Herausgeber: Bundesamt für Naturschutz Konstantinstr. 110 53179 Bonn URL: www.bfn.de Der institutionelle Herausgeber übernimmt keine Gewähr für die Richtigkeit, die Genauigkeit und Vollstän- digkeit der Angaben sowie für die Beachtung privater Rechte Dritter. Die in den Beiträgen geäußerten An- sichten und Meinungen müssen nicht mit denen des institutionellen Herausgebers übereinstimmen. Diese Schriftenreihe wird unter den Bedingungen der Creative Commons Lizenz Namens- nennung – keine Bearbeitung 4.0 International (CC BY - ND 4.0) zur Verfügung gestellt (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.de). Druck: Druckerei des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit (BMU) Gedruckt auf 100% Altpapier ISBN 978-3-89624-364-5 DOI 10.19217/skr603 Bonn - Bad Godesberg 2021 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Naturschutzfachliche Invasivitätsbewertungen für in Deutschland wild lebende gebietsfremde terrestrische Moose, Flechten und Pilze I. Moose und Flechten Maike Isermann, Wolfgang Rabitsch & Stefan Nehring 1 EINLEITUNG ........................................................................................................... 5 2 INVASIVITÄTSBEWERTUNGEN .......................................................................... 17 Campylopus introflexus (Kaktusmoos) ................................................................................... 18 Lophocolea semiteres (Stumpfblättriges Kammkelchmoos) .................................................. 20 Lunularia cruciata (Kreuz-Mondbechermoos) ........................................................................ 22 Orthodontium lineare (Linealblättriges Geradzahnmoos)....................................................... 24 3 GESAMTARTENLISTE GEBIETSFREMDER UND KRYPTOGENER TERRESTRISCHER MOOSE UND FLECHTEN .................................................... 26 3.1 Moose ........................................................................................................................... 27 3.2 Flechten ........................................................................................................................ 32 4 LITERATUR ........................................................................................................... 35 II. Pilze Peter Karasch, Hans Halbwachs, Julia Kruse, Wolfgang Rabitsch & Stefan Nehring 1 EINLEITUNG ......................................................................................................... 42 2 INVASIVITÄTSBEWERTUNGEN .......................................................................... 46 Cryphonectria parasitica (Edelkastanienrindenkrebs) ............................................................ 48 Cryptostroma corticale (Rußrindenkrankheit) ......................................................................... 50 Cylindrocladium buxicola (Buchsbrand) ................................................................................. 52 Dothistroma pini (Dothistroma-Nadelbräune) ......................................................................... 54 Dothistroma septosporum (Dothistroma-Nadelbräune).......................................................... 56 Erysiphe alphitoides (Eichenmehltau) .................................................................................... 58 Eutypella parasitica (Ahorn-Stammkrebs) .............................................................................. 60 Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (Eschentriebsterben) ................................................................... 62 Lecanosticta acicola (Lecanostica-Nadelbräune) ................................................................... 64 Ophiostoma novo-ulmi (Neues Ulmensterben) ...................................................................... 66 Ophiostoma ulmi (Holländisches Ulmensterben) ................................................................... 68 Phytophthora x alni (Erlensterben) ......................................................................................... 70 Phytophthora cambivora ......................................................................................................... 72 Phytophthora cinnamoni (Phytophthora-Wurzelfäule)............................................................ 74 Phytophthora citricola ............................................................................................................. 76 Phytophthora plurivora ........................................................................................................... 78 Phytophthora ramorum ........................................................................................................... 80 3 GESAMTARTENLISTE GEBIETSFREMDER UND KRYPTOGENER TERRESTRISCHER PILZE ................................................................................... 82 3.1 Pilze .............................................................................................................................. 83 4 LITERATUR ......................................................................................................... 113 3 4 Naturschutzfachliche Invasivitätsbewertungen für in Deutschland wild lebende gebietsfremde terrestrische Moose, Flechten und Pilze I. Moose und Flechten Maike Isermann 1, Wolfgang Rabitsch 2 & Stefan Nehring 3 1 Universität Bremen, FB2, Bremen 2 Umweltbundesamt, Wien 3 Bundesamt für Naturschutz, Bonn 1 EINLEITUNG Die Gruppe der Moose (Bryophyta) setzt sich aus Hornmoosen (Anthoceratopsida), Lebermoosen (Hepa- ticopsida) und Laubmoosen (Bryopsida) zusammen (Frahm & Frey 2004). Flechten stellen eine Symbiose aus einer Alge und einem oder mehreren Pilzen dar (Spribille et al. 2016). Die Gruppe der Flechten kann in die morphologischen Gruppen Krusten-, Blatt- und Strauchflechten unterteilt werden (Wirth et al. 2013). Beide Organismengruppen breiten sich über Sporen und zumindest teilweise vegetativ aus. Von weltweit 15.344 Moosarten werden 139 Moosarten (0,9%) in einem oder mehreren Ländern als ge- bietsfremd angesehen (Essl et al. 2013, Mateo et al. 2015). In Europa sind 32 Arten zumindest in einem Land gebietsfremd, davon sind 11 Lebermoose und 21 Blattmoose (Essl & Lambdon 2009). Weitere 13 Moosarten gelten in Europa als kryptogen, da deren Status „heimisch“ oder „gebietsfremd“ bislang nicht eindeutig geklärt werden konnte (Essl & Lambdon 2009). Insgesamt kommen in Europa rund 1.800 Moosarten vor (Söderström et al. 2002, Hill et al. 2006, Hodgetts et al. 2020). Für Deutschland sind 1.507 Moosarten inklusive untergeordneter Taxa bekannt (Meinunger & Schröder 2007a, b, c), von denen nach der aktuellen Roten Liste Deutschlands 1.195 Arten als etabliert gelten (Caspari et al. 2018). Gebiets- fremde Moosarten machen in Europa 1,8% am Gesamtartenbestand der Moose aus, ein zu den Gefäß- pflanzen mit ca. 10% gebietsfremden Arten vergleichsweise sehr geringer Anteil (Essl & Lambdon 2009). Ein wichtiger Grund für diesen Unterschied ist, dass infolge des deutlich größeren Mangels an histori- schen Verbreitungsdaten für Moose (Magill 2010, Mutke & Geffert 2010) eine ursprünglich gebietsfremde Herkunft einzelner Moosarten gar nicht erst erkannt wird bzw. nicht in ausreichendem Maße belegt wer- den kann (Essl et al. 2013, Hodgetts et al. 2020). Weltweit sind rund 20.000 Flechtenarten beschrieben (Feuerer & Hawksworth 2007). Auf Grund von Er- fassungsmängeln ist jedoch mit einer deutlich höheren Anzahl von Arten zu rechnen. Auch in Mitteleuropa und speziell in Deutschland werden erst seit einigen Jahrzehnten umfassendere Erhebungen zur Flech- tenflora durchgeführt.
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