№ 111 Spring 2019

THE OLDEST AND LARGEST SOCIETY DEVOTED TO THE HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE ANCIENT COUNTY OF

Wrotham East Farleigh A straight-tusked elephant From medieval palace The Royal Dockyard: MAAG update Found at in 1911 garden to bowling green Where are we now? 05 18 24 28

ROCHESTER CATHEDRAL’S FRAGMENTS OF HISTORY President Hon. Editor Dr Gerald Cramp Terry G. Lawson [email protected] Vice Presidents Mr L.M. Clinch Hon. Curator Mr R.F. Legear Dr Elizabeth Blanning [email protected] Hon. General Secretary Clive Drew Hon. Librarian [email protected] Ruiha Smalley [email protected] Hon. Treasurer Barrie Beeching Press [email protected] Vacant

Hon. Membership Secretary Newsletter Mrs Shiela Broomfield Richard Taylor [email protected] [email protected]

WELCOME FROM THE EDITOR Welcome to the Spring 2019 Newsletter. skills in the process, to survey approximately 250,000 square metres of agricultural land, the results of Following a relatively quiet winter, we have an issue which are a feature on pages 15–17 of this issue. packed with a variety of fieldwork, historical research projects and discussion. The Letters to the Editor For me, the best way to increase the Society’s section has taken off in this issue with members membership is continued engagement and learning commenting on previously featured articles; this – get people involved, try new activities, learn new extended discussion is a long-term aim of the skills and make contributions to our County’s fantastic Newsletter and one, I hope, the Membership continues. archaeological and historical heritage. Members wishing What also struck me when editing this issue is the to make use of the survey equipment need only contact number of articles – and their associated projects the survey team at [email protected] – that have utilised and benefited from the survey equipment purchased by the Society in 2018. This The Newsletter remains an outlet for this fantastic investment in new technologies will continue to have heritage and the tremendous work going on out a positive impact on much of the survey and fieldwork there. I continue to encourage as many members as carried out by the Society and affiliate groups. possible to think about writing articles and help inform the broader historical and archaeological community Nowhere has this aim been more evident than at the of what is taking place in our heritage-rich and recent survey of Badlesmere Bottom Field at Lees diverse County. Please continue to forward articles Court Estate, a probable candidate for one of the or notices to [email protected]. most extensive volunteer magnetometry surveys undertaken. Students from the University of Kent and Enjoy this issue. KAS members from affiliate groups worked tirelessly, Richard Taylor using the KAS survey equipment and learning new

The editor wishes to draw attention to the fact that neither he nor the KAS Council are answerable for opinions which contributors may express in their signed articles; each author is alone responsible for the contents and substance of their work. Front cover image courtesy of Jacob Scott.

02 | Kent Archaeological Society № 111 Spring 2019 CONTENTS

FEATURES From Medieval Wrotham Palace Garden to Bowling Green 05 Adisham Mill: Romano-British Temple and Ritual Landscape 08 Badlesmere Bottom Geophysical Survey 15 Sheerness Royal Dockyard 18 Fragments of History 21 MAAG 2019 at East Farleigh 24 Darent Valley Landscape Partnership Scheme 26 The Context of the Palaeolithic Straight-Tusked Elephant 28 Conserving ‘Powerful Symbol’ of Nazi Invasion Threat 33 The Dutch Gables of Kent 36 Spoons, Flags and Heroes 38 Revising the Definition of Treasure in the 1996 Treasure Act 41

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REGULAR President’s Column 04 Letters to the Editor 10 Books 11 An Interview With... Nigel Macpherson-Grant 12 Cobham Landscape Detectives 27 Membership Matters 35 Notices 43

Winter 2018 | 03 PRESIDENT’S COLUMN FROM MEDIEVAL

After the process started by my predecessor, Ian Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) and the increase Coulson, the KAS became a Charitable Incorporated in interest in metal detecting has seen treasure WROTHAM PALACE Organisation (CIO) on 1st January 2019. As mentioned cases rose from 79 in 1997 to 1,267 in 2017. in my previous column, members were informed that the Society’s old bank account would close Most of the document seeks views on the technical and from 2019 the subscription should be paid operation of the Treasure Act 1996 including reporting GARDEN into the new bank account. While many members a find, the definition, the valuation of treasure did send their subscription to the correct new and the acquisition by museums of treasure. account, the Society’s membership secretary, Shiela TO BOWLING GREEN By Gerald Cramp Broomfield, has been working hard to correct the The last part of the consultation (paragraphs many errors that have occurred when subscriptions 136 to 143) concerns the long term future of the This historic site between have been credited to the wrong account. treasure process and its sustainability. I have Wrotham Church and the medieval included paragraphs 141 and 142 as they may Archbishop’s Palace at Wrotham is On the same date, the Society’s revamped be viewed as having long term implications for now used as a bowling green by the website was launched successfully. the KAS and all archaeological societies. Wrotham Bowls Club. The ruined palace building is shown in print on 141. Our aim, therefore, is to have a treasure Wrotham as published by Edward Donation to the Society process that supports the intention of the Act Hasted in 1782 (1st edition of his and encourages positive behaviour. In order , volume 2, page 235) During last year the Society was given a significant to continue its success, however, the process (Fig 1). Recently, one member of volume compiled during the first decade of the Society’s must have a sound financial underpinning. the Wrotham Bowling Club became existence. Originally the volume belonged to E M very interested in the history of its Gibbs of Clarendon Cottage, Gravesend who pasted 142. To this end, we are putting forward several initial home site after a search on the newspaper reports of the Society’s annual meetings suggestions as to the basis of discussion on the net using “Wrotham” and “bowling from 1858 until 1868. Somehow the volume found its future form of the treasure process. These are: green” as search arguments. He way to the West Country and has been donated to was surprised to be referred to an the Society by Caroline Marsham of Herefordshire. • the introduction of a process similar to that in article from Hasted’s History. Further The Society must also thank David Everett of Scotland, whereby all archaeological objects enquiries by members of the club, Worcester for arranging the gift and undertaking become the property of the Crown; much of it undertaken in the Kent some family history research on Edwin Gibbs. History and Library Centre (KHLC) • strengthening educational outreach to the full in have uncovered a spectrum of the metal detecting community in order fascinating history of the site. Consultation on Proposed Changes to encourage the proactive reporting of finds and to the Treasure Act (critical) adherence to the Code of Practice for Responsible Hugh Hornby, the author of Bowled superfluous. In the middle of the Metal Detecting and the treasure process; and Over: the Bowling Greens of 14th century, Wrotham Palace published by Historic England (2015) Her Majesty’s Government is consulting on was pulled down and Harris, in his believes that the Wrotham Green is proposed changes to the Treasure Act 1996, its • the introduction of a regulation as in Northern History of Kent published in 1719, the tenth oldest green in England. associated Code of Practice and the process for Ireland where archaeological digging of any records that “about 350 years ago, Moreover, research undertaken by finds that may be treasure. The Council of the Kent sort (both by professional archaeologists Archbishop Islip pulled it down and the garden historian, Sally Jeffery, Archaeological Society discussed this consultation and others) is only allowed by permit. carried the materials to Maidstone has shown that the walled enclosure at its meeting on the 23rd of February and decided to complete the palace there.” The surrounding the green and the that the membership of this Society should be These proposals have the potential to have a ruins and the site to the east of enclosed area was the middle part consulted directly. I have been asked to submit the significant impact on archaeology in England the parish church continued to be of a three-part garden scheme set Society’s comment using online submission. and Wales, especially that carried out by owned by the church until they were archaeological societies such as the KAS. out during the seventeenth century. surrendered to Henry VIII in 1537. The full document can be viewed by Googling “treasure The Manor of Wrotham was owned act consultation” and following the link where it says Further details of the proposals are given in an The remaining buildings and gardens by the Archbishop of “documents”. It is 41 pages long with 144 paragraphs article in this issue of the newsletter (page 41). were acquired as part of a dowry by from the 10th century until it was and thus not easily condensed into a few notes. James Byng in about 1557 who later surrendered to Henry VIII. Wrotham sold the property to William James Palace was one of several linking The stated aim is to improve the treasure process of Ightham shortly after 1649. This Lambeth Palace, the home so that it is more efficient, that it is focussed on estate remained in possession of of the Archbishops of Canterbury, the aim of preserving significant finds for public Gerald Cramp, President the James family of Ightham Court with the palace at Canterbury. To collections and that it is more rational and easier until at least 1847. This estate is the west was Otford Palace and to understand. Since 1997 the success of the the subject of a survey of 1568 and to the east was Maidstone Palace. plans of 1620 (Fig 2) and 1759 (Figs The distance between Otford and 3 & 4). The 1568 survey describes Above Maidstone was about a day’s ride, the land briefly around the manor Fig 1: Ruins of the Archbishop’s making the palace at Wrotham house, and more information is Palace at Wrotham, E. Hasted 1782

04 | Kent Archaeological Society Spring 2019 | 05 given on the map of 1620 by John However, it has been difficult to The present club, the “Wrotham She concludes that the walled Hine. This survey identifies “the find later references to a bowling Bowls Club”, has leased the site garden which now houses the Stone Garden” (now the bowling green until 1971 when the following from the Bull Hotel since 1988 bowling green is the middle part of green), “the Kitchen Garden” and statement appears in the souvenir and have had many seasons of a three-tiered garden which was “the Lady Pembroke Walke”. To the programme for the Wrotham Festival. successful bowling. Unfortunately, probably created during the Byng south of the Stone Garden in the “Until recently it (the Bull Hotel) had the club has been given notice to occupation of the site during the 1620 map is a representation of the a bowling green behind it with a leave the site by the owners (the 16th century and labelled the “Stone remaining palace buildings. These magnificent garden encircled by a Bull) when the current lease runs Garden” in the 1620 map. Sally features can be seen in the extract rag (stone) wall.” Aerial photographs Top out in September of this year. Jeffery suggests that the “Stone from “A Plot of parte of the Manor of 1929 and 1964 show the area Fig 2: Detail from J Hine map 1620 Garden” may be identified as the of Wrotham in Kent” preserved in of the bowling green, but it is not Middle The bowling green is surrounded view shown in the background of the KHLC (U681 P31). The bowling clear whether bowling is being Fig 3: Wrotham 1759 Edward Hodges. on all four sides (some of which are an anonymous portrait of circa 1615 CKS-U681_P8 detail ce green is first identified in another carried out. A photograph of about grade II listed) with walls constructed Bottom which is traditionally said to have survey produced by Edward 1930 shows a group playing a ball Fig 4: 1759 plan CKS-U681_P8 mainly of Kentish ragstone. The belonged to the Byng family. The Hughes in 1759. This survey is also game in that area. The original detail of annotation(2) upper parts of each wall have been view shows a walled garden with preserved in the KHLC (U681 P8). planning application of 1986 to extensively repaired, but the lower an internal arcade. In the centre make the site suitable for bowls courses may contain remnants of are two parterres separated by Hasted in 1782 tells us that “the was headed “Re-use of former medieval or 16th-century craft. In a fountain on a circular base. palace stood adjacent to the east bowling green and formation of car the centre of the wall on the south side of the church-yard, there parking area within rear garden”. side of the green are the remains In March, the Kent Archaeological are hardly any remains left of the The first task of the Bowling Club of an early archway which may Society undertook separate house itself, though there is a large was to bring the existing surface be that shown to the left of the magnetometry and resistivity surveys substantial stone building once within the walled area up to tower in Hasted’s print. These walls of the bowling green in an attempt part of the offices belonging to the modern standards. Fortunately, no have been the subject of several to discover the central circular base. palace and in which I imagine the excavation was undertaken, and detailed articles by Sally Jeffery The results and interpretations can Top Byngs dwelt whilst in possession thus any remaining archaeology and Andrew Skelton in the last few be seen in Figs 5, 6 and 7, both Fig 5: Interpretation of magnetometry data. of this manor and estate. In the was preserved. The surface was years. Two articles can be found on surveys indicating the presence Yellow denotes archaeological anomalies field behind the ruins are the marks levelled with about a foot of suitable the Wrotham Bowls Club website. of significant archaeological and red denotes modern services of a garden, a bowling green and Middle foundation sand and soils. anomalies that are the likely remains Fig 6: Magnetometry data terras round it, still plainly visible.” of the “Stone Garden”. A full Bottom The remains of the palace can be The Bowling Club would like to hear geophysics report will be published Fig 7: Resistivity data – red seen in Hasted’s illustration of 1782. from anyone who has information shortly on the KAS website. is high resistance, green mid Hasted shows a tower similar to on the use of this site before 1986. resistance and blue resistance that shown in the map of 1759, and Contact can be made via the Acknowledgements: to the left, an arch can be made Wrotham Bowls Club website. Thank you to John Townsend for out which could be that which conducting the resistivity survey and survives today in the south wall of the Wrotham Bowls Club for their the bowling green. The statement hospitality during both survey days. about the bowling green is repeated in publications of 1790, 1798 and Ireland in his History of Kent, 1829.

06 | Kent Archaeological Society Spring 2019 | 07 On the opposing south side of Acknowledgements: the hill 597m from the temple, Firstly our gratitude to the are an additional cluster of landowner Robert D.E. Spencer, ADISHAM MILL three ring-ditches with two Garrington Farm nr Canterbury further south. Varying in size, for his kind permission to access they measure between 11m his property to survey the site. ROMANO-BRITISH TEMPLE to 27m. Close by, measuring Keith Parfitt for help with 18m in diameter, a monument Rev B Faussett research resembling a Neolithic Causeway and the geophysical survey AND RITUAL LANDSCAPE enclosure with three entrances team: Elissia Burrows (Osteo- is visible. At the centre, a curious forensic Archaeologist), Emily 2.85m2 rectangular feature could Brown (Archaeologist), David By Vince Burrows represent a ritual platform (Fig 5). Earnshaw, Marilyn White and Darcey Burrows (aged 7). During early 2017, the author, whilst During 1773, six barrows were searching the newly released recorded at two locations adjacent Bibliography Google Earth Satellite coverage of to the road close to the former ARCHI UK 2018. www.archiuk. East Kent, noted what revealed to Adisham Mill site, (Faussett com accessed 9th Nov 2018. suggest a previously unknown and 1856). Although none of these are British Geological Survey, Canterbury. rare in Kent, Romano-British Temple currently visible in Google historical Sheet 289, Solid and Drift Edition. 1982. (Templum) site, within a ploughed imagery, recent Faussett map field on a broad Upper natural research by the author and Keith Faussett.B 1856, Inventorium Sepulchrale, chalk ridge (British Geological Parfitt has enabled the location of (ed C. Roach Smith), London. p144. Survey) adjacent north to the all six former barrows to be securely Margary I.D., “Roman Roads in former 19th century site of Adisham located. Dover Archaeological Britain “. 3rd Edition Nov 1997 Mill (Fig 1), and close up (Fig 2). Group holds this analysis. On the opposing south side of the hill 597m The site is situated at TR 20568- from the temple, are an additional 54712 (centred), at an elevation cluster of three ring-ditches with of 60m AOD. The site occupies two further south. Varying in size, the northern gentle sloping ring-ditches were noted in 2013. 8m x 8m and the colonnades they measure between 11m to 27m. side just below the hill summit However, closer observation within spaced at 2.56m. There is no that rises to 68m AOD. This the new 2017 image reveals three visual evidence for steps alluring An unknown feature 98m north of location affords an uninterrupted ring-ditches, with a further ring- to the position of the portico. the temple consists of two curious panoramic view to the north, ditch that appears to represent rows of presumably post-pits east and west of the monument a Neolithic causeway monument Directly south 1m from the templum, forming an arrow-shaped feature and would have been seen for (Fig 3), all discussed below. two ring-ditches measuring 8m and orientated north and measures several miles in most directions. 9m in diameter both indicate central 67m in its entire length (Fig 6). In September 2018, the author inhumations oriented east-west. The site lies within an arable clay- organised a geophysical survey of Situated 259m to the north, a single Bramling road is worthy of some with-flints field enclosed on its the temple site that, despite dry soil ring-ditch measures 12m in diameter note; connecting the hamlet northern axis by Adisham Road, conditions, produced a reasonable and just south a further ring-ditch of Bramling near the village of Shepherds Close Road to the west ground-truthing image supporting indicates a central inhumation Wingham (known for Romano- and the Bramling Road that bisects the Google Earth view that indicates and measures 7m in diameter. At British occupation including a villa), the hill 55m south of the temple. some extensive plough erosion. least seven scattered inhumations potentially alludes to a former The former Romano-British town The results suggest the site has are situated near the temple. Roman route. Leaving Bramling of the modern City of Canterbury been systemically robbed of the road traverses Adisham Mill (Durovernum Cantiacorum), lies building material with no indications Up to ten further randomly hill before descending the gentle 6.7km to the NW and the site of a of remaining in situ structural scattered burials, more or less southern slope and continuing Romano-British settlement (ARCHI materials either from the central facing east-west, can be observed in straight sections, doglegging Opposite page UK), now the village of Adisham, tower, Cella or the surrounding north of the temple site. Viewed at three intervals passing Fig 1: Aerial view of Roman-British Temple 2.2 km SE of Adisham Mill. ambulatory or veranda (Figs 3 & 4). as a broad dark band, boundary Cold Harbour Farm (a name site Top right ditches enclose or cut through the synonymous with Roman roads), Fig 2: Close-up of aerial view The main Richborough to site (Fig 1). A large enclosure is Conspicuous in its absence, field- before connecting to the Dover to Second right Canterbury Roman road (Margary walking by the team failed to present 195m north of the temple Canterbury Roman road alignment. Fig 3: Geophysical survey results of the route 10) is situated some 3.28km produce any contemporary building and probably dates to the Iron site north of the site and the Dover to material or associated pottery. The Age. Due west is many enclosures, Adisham Downs holds an important Third right Canterbury Roman road (Margary temples measurements taken from likely to date from the Iron Age ritualistic landscape spanning Fig 4: Interpretation of geophysical survey route 1a) 2km to the west. the satellite image are approximate: to the Romano-British periods. the Bronze Age to the Anglo- results Fourth right The outer ambulatory measures Saxon period. Several fields Fig 5: Aerial of possible Prehistoric The local hinterland has been 15m x 15m, the central tower (Cella) surrounding the features mentioned monument carefully observed using Google above currently remain obscure Bottom right Earth by the author since its from Google Earth historical Fig 6: Aerial view showing unknown release in 2002. Some 600m imagery due to crop type. feature to the north of site south of the temple, at least two

08 | Kent Archaeological Society Spring 2019 | 09 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Dear Editor, I worked on a site for a day with a nationally renowned archaeologist. He knew dowsing worked, but you I am responding to the article by Victor Smith in the would never see him with a pair of dowsing rods; Dear Editor, Winter 2018 Newsletter 110 concerning dowsing. peer pressure was holding him back. Similarly, I have been written up in the New Scientist journal, I was interested in reading Kerry Brown’s article Archaeology Group uses any and every non-invasive When I first discovered I could dowse, some 40 but the article explains that dowsing is all about a on literary links in Kent featured in the Winter 2018 technique available. Dowsing is the quickest technique years ago, I needed proof that what I thought was nervous reaction and nothing more. The scientist Newsletter 110, but I expect I am not the only one and is the most accurate (down to 1–2 cm) but is not under the ground was, indeed, there. Luckily, the in question told me off the record that he believed to have spotted one or two misapprehensions. self-recording. We, therefore, flag up features we Dartford District Archaeological Group let me loose dowsing worked, but the article in question would find and then laboriously survey with tape and box on a Saxon burial site they were excavating. not have been published if he had said as much. The author seems to have given E Nesbit an extra first sextant – very old fashioned. If, however, our neighbour name, referring to her as “E H Nesbit”; she had only Paula Jardine Rose comes to our aid with her GPS I soon found I could find adult inhumations and this Nevertheless, these days, I am a professional water one first name – Edith. It is also puzzling that Kerry and Resistivity Equipment then we can record much led on to visiting other groups for further dowsing diviner, and last year alone I carried out more than Brown mentions only E Nesbit’s link with Yalding, where quicker. Gerald witnessed our efforts this summer experience. Over the years, I have honed my skills sixty assignments for clients. Interestingly, these the family went for holidays. Her Kent connections when we had started to confirm by excavating. and can detect most below-ground anomalies. clients, all of whom are successful in their fields, extended much wider that, and much of her life as all know about the potential efficacy of dowsing. spent in the county. The happiest part of her somewhat As to magnetometry we have been assisted by I no longer work for archaeologists, instead working for peripatetic childhood was the three years when they Canterbury C.Ch but have run into trouble with the high construction companies as I can cover a site looking for If any members of the KAS would like to be lived at Halstead Hall (not as grand as it sounds), near metal concentration (mostly Roman nails) and need anomalies far quicker than any electronic equipment. introduced to this fascinating subject, please Sevenoaks, a house which is still there. The tunnel at to rerun the results over about a hectare. We have get in touch at [email protected], nearby Knockholt station inspired one of the incidents also used GPR but ran into software problems. So In Victor’s article, I liked the reference to Bill Penn as and I will happily arrange a workshop. in her best-known book, The Railway Children. After please reassure Victor that dowsing may be laborious, a trained specific. He should have taken things her first marriage she lived in Blackheath, Lewisham but it works very well. Any old wire even barbed wire further as he could have discerned brick, flint, timber Yours sincerely, and Lee, and then for 22 years at Well Hall, Eltham works and I have used it for many years. My father foundations and the approximate date of construction. John Baker (all then in Kent), before she and her second husband used hazel when on campaign in India when his built a house at St Mary’s Bay, where she died in troops needed water. Together we competed to find 1924; she is buried at St Mary in the Marsh church. drains and so on at a time when I went off excavating under the late E.J.W.Hildyard of the Cumberland and There has been some confusion over the education Westmoreland Antiquarian Soc. in the early 1950s. of Siegfried Sassoon, who did not attend Sevenoaks BOOKS School. He was a pupil at The New Beacon, a So my message to Victor is that dowsing works well preparatory school (still flourishing) in Sevenoaks, and will not let you down. However, if you need to from where he went on to Marlborough College. publish any results and have not yet excavated then try Discordant Comicals: However, his family home, Weirleigh (where he to use one of the three electronically based systems. The Hooden Horse of East Kent was born in 1886), can still be seen just north of Matfield, a typically fanciful Victorian pile prominently Yours sincerely, situated next to the road from Paddock Wood. He Tim Bain Smith Hoodening is an ancient calendar custom unique retained a great fondness for the house and the to East Kent, involving a wooden horse’s head surrounding countryside, which inspired Memoirs of Dear Editor, on a pole, carried by a man concealed by a sack. a Fox Hunting Man and many of his other works. The earliest reliable record is from 1735, but other Thanks for another feature packed Newsletter. than Canterbury solicitor Percy Maylam’s seminal The article might also have included Frances work The Hooden Horse, published in 1909, little Hodgson Burnett, who was inspired to write The Referring to Victor Smith’s piece in the Winter serious research has gone into the tradition. Secret Garden after visiting the walled garden 2018 Newsletter 110 concerning dowsing. I am at Great Maytham Hall, near Rolvenden. not a dowser and was very sceptical until the George Frampton has rectified this, by taking Maylam Isle of Thanet Archaeological Society trip to the as a starting point then cross-referencing dozens Yours sincerely, Avebury area some years ago. A member took of newspaper reports, census records and other and places visited, songs performed, events on Karin Proudfoot his copper rods and dowsed around the interior accounts – including several from Archæologia Hoodening’s timeline, and the horses themselves. of the Avebury circle without any result. Cantiana – to build a comprehensive picture of who Dear Editor, the Hoodeners were, why (and where) they did it, Full indices make it easy for modern Men and Maids Upon climbing up to the West Kennett long barrow, he how it related to other folk traditions, and why the of Kent to check whether their ancestors might have Your correspondent Victor Smith on p24 of the Winter got a reaction in front of the entrance. Unconvinced custom appeared to die out from time to time. been involved, and detailed references make this 2018 Newsletter 110 asked for “dowsing readers to I asked to have a go and was surprised at the an invaluable resource for social historians too. share their experiences”. In response, I can happily strength of the rods reaction as I walked past the He then goes beyond Maylam to look at the ‘demise’ tell him that dowsing is alive and very well in East entrance, the rods swinging around to the maximum of Hoodening in around 1921, its widely heralded The book features over 70 full-colour illustrations. Kent, particularly in , where dowsing has been possible. I did a return with the same result. ‘revival’ in 1966 and discovers that this narrative is used to plot many Roman features. This summer quite misleading, as several Hooden Horses were Format: Royal Octavo hardback President Gerald Cramp visited one of our sites in I am now a believer even if I cannot explain it. still active throughout that period. He includes Published: 1 December 2018 the centre of some 50ha. of archaeology. Because descriptions of the current teams and supplies ISBN: 978-0-9931587-7-3 of the large area involved our modest sized Charing Best wishes, plentiful appendices detailing past participants, Length: 250 pages Gordon Taylor Available: All good booksellers (offline and online), or direct from the publisher (see www.ozaru.net)

10 | Kent Archaeological Society Spring 2019 | 11 determine the degrees of human of funding for such work since interaction, trade or exchange over most of it is currently outside time and as a result, sometimes the remit of mainline contract or AN INTERVIEW WITH… their relative wealth – social or research archaeology. It is even financial. Also, where pots are finding the time to adequately involved, determining what are train up people who can do such Nigel Macpherson-Grant ‘placed deposits’ is always high on work or act as follow-on analysts excavation agendas, particularly or draughstmen in a specific Ceramicist with Prehistoric pottery, merely area – most experienced analysts because they signpost something these days, whether in-County or special, symbolic, subtly numinous extra-mural, all have virtually full- RT: How would you describe – and therefore of relevance in time work-loads. In a way though, the role of a ‘ceramicist’? determining belief systems. this is a built-in blessing – it takes time to become experienced, NMG: To date what you are RT: What has been your most and it’s only over time that that looking at! Sorry – that may sound memorable ceramic artefact? knowledge or ability can be taught. a bit blunt, but although these days, a series of radiocarbon or NMG: Mm! Oddly enough, on a RT: Are you fearful or optimistic other scientific dates can provide sunny late winter’s afternoon in regarding the transition of reliable chronological signposts, 1970 – a small humble little brown this highly specialised role excavations do not always produce Medieval Canterbury sandy ware to future generations? suitable material. Also, though handled drinking-jug, lying on its undeniably essential, they can be side with traces of its content NMG: Both – in a way! ‘Fearful’ expensive. So, if one cannot date ‘trickling’, frozen in time, out of its because we live in a pressured, pottery adequately oneself – a mouth, up against a burnt wattle- rather divided and needy world. ceramicist is one’s first port-of-call. and-daub wall and maybe fallen It is also highly IT orientated. The However, it is more than that. It’s from a shelf onto a clay kitchen floor latter can definitely be a blessing knowing how to examine pottery - – and all under a spread of burnt – but it can also grab, over-focus what to look for in terms of fabric, daub and roof-tile because the and disassociate from the natural form and decoration, and condition. Canterbury Archaeological Trust or settlement site? With Prehistoric house had been destroyed by fire in and still beautiful home-world we If a cluster of flint-tempered sherds in 1977, the then Director, Tim and Saxon handmade pottery 1385 AD when the French raided the have all around. As a result, there you’ve just picked up from a field are Tatton-Brown, gave me the job of particularly – a pot’s relative quality port town of Stonar, near Sandwich. is a danger of loss of respect for unworn and fresh-looking – you’ve cataloguing and dating the pottery of production can say a great deal the environment – and for the got a Prehistoric site under your from their excavations. Ultimately, or raise interesting questions - for RT: What are the biggest challenges past. Dr Alice Roberts, in her The feet! It’s also about knowing how with the help of Marion Green instance, Early Neolithic pottery is currently facing the role? Incredible Human Journey, did us to assess a new group of pottery and the sadly late Andrew Savage often well-made, but sometimes all a favour at the end of her TV accurately – its relative academic we built up Fabric Reference you find examples that are thick- NMG: The fortuitous, head-in- series by stressing the underlying, value, how to draw and photograph and vessel-form collections – the walled and clumsy. Does this imply hands photograph of me taken at permeating unity that we all share. any rims, decorated bits properly former now known as the Kent a quick ad hoc production made a recent workshop [over the page] If it hadn’t been for their tenacity, – either as part of a reference Fabric Reference Collection. under difficult circumstances by expresses it all! Primarily – there courage against many difficulties archive for future researchers And I became an independent newly arrived people from the is a lack of experienced in-County we would not be here - literally. and standard publication should analyst in the early 2000s. continent – or was it a clumsy ceramic analysts with a specific Archaeology is not just about bits; it warrant such. Also to determine attempt to copy by a contemporary interest in Kentish material. Also, it’s about respect for our ancestors whether it needs conservation and RT: What is it that ‘pots’ can indigenous Mesolithic person? there are too few properly-trained and their abilities. It is, almost, a restoration and then how to store tell us about a site, and about illustrators. At present, there are way of saying ‘Thank you’. While it properly and when necessary, material culture in general? Studying pots helps to understand only four experienced analysts – the majority of us did not ask to be display it or teach others about it. changes in pottery production one specialising in Early Prehistoric born, I feel it is our responsibility to NMG: Its likely date. The longevity technology over time, changes in and Mid Bronze Age ceramic, one in respect that legacy, their ‘heirloom’. RT: And tell us briefly about of occupation or activity at that fabric ‘recipes’, vessel forms and Later Prehistoric, one in Roman and your archaeological journey location – was it single-period decoration and usage. Also, they one in all periods but specifically ‘Optimistic’ because there are still to becoming a ceramicist. and occupied over only a few raise interesting questions like why Prehistoric and Saxon-Medieval. many people who are interested generations, or multi-period and are particular cultures associated Three of the latter can draw their in the past to some degree – often NMG: When young, I worked on a used over many? Whether field- with specific sets of these. For material. There are also several found in the most unexpected farm for a while and couldn’t help walking or excavating – is there only instance, why do some cultures good but very part-time illustrators. places, shop floors, hospitals. but pick up pottery or flints turned a modest area-spread of sherds have lots of decorated ceramic Apart from myself – none of these People love finding things, want to up in the plough furrow, on the damp or features suggesting an isolated and others not? Early Bronze Age are actively engaged in illustrating know. Why? Personally, I think, there freshly harrowed field – so wanted farmstead or is there a wider spread Beaker pottery and eastern Kentish pottery on a reasonably regular is often an unconscious need to re- to know more. The process began with concentrations of material Early-Mid Iron Age polychrome- basis. This means that there is connect with something deeper – a when I was employed in 1970 by the suggesting a village? Are there painted ceramic are major when an in-County shortage of people need that should not be suppressed Powell-Cotton Museum, Birchington loads of pottery, some of it warped it comes to this aspect. More who can adequately examine the by the rigours or pressures of the – to help catalogue and draw the and twisted – indicating a kiln, a mundanely, recognising travelled considerable quantities of un- world we now live in. I was amazed finds that had been collected pottery workshop? Does this cluster or imported wares because of published assemblages, determine once by a lady, in her 30’s, 40s, from Minnis Bay and elsewhere. of Late Neolithic Grooved Ware or differences in fabric and shape their relative value and, if necessary, coming to the Canterbury Trust and But as a ceramicist for real – by Early Bronze Age Beaker sherds compared with what was obviously draw any new academically useful her looking at all the pots we had accident really – when I joined the mean we have another ceremonial in regular use locally, helps material. There is also a shortage on display in the Pot Room – she

12 | Kent Archaeological Society Spring 2019 | 13 was in a state of genuine awe. The same awe embraced another lady more recently when she was handling whole Early Bronze BADLESMERE BOTTOM Age Beakers. So – while I agree that not every sherd or heap of same is an automatic ticket to a magical journey ceramics are, if GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY one lets them be, a signpost to that ‘something deeper’. Anyway, as long as we do Archaeology, or By Richard Taylor and Fred Birkbeck feel the need to do so, ceramics – merely because they are the most prevalent surviving artefact During February 2019, type – will always be crucial in the KAS Survey Team determining the date of a site. were tasked to carry RT: Do you think the KAS can play out a magnetometry a role in this possible transition? survey of Badlesmere NMG: Yes – absolutely. But maybe Bottom Field, adjacent ‘how’ – and with more specific work further. Helping so-called of decay maybe, but in transition reference to ‘what’, could be the amateur groups to become less so – and thus part of the great flow to St Leonard’s Church, subject of a future review? – to know what they have and what of Universal energy. People are Badlesmere, a part of they could do with it, is something too, so nothing is separate. Sorry, RT: What is the coverage I’m keen to see furthered. As part a bit philosophical but I think it is Lees Court Estate (Fig 1). of the county’s ceramic of a recently initiated concept – essential – unless people realise As mentioned in Clive Drew’s article, reference knowledge like, in Ceramic Thanet – I have given the implications of that primary ‘Badlesmere Church – clues to a your view – are there any gaps several hands-on orientated unity there is no real respect. Also forgotten landscape?’ (see 107; geographically or periodically? workshops, mostly as a chronology- I think there is an art aspect here pp.34-7), we know there has been a based introduction to regional that acts as a stimulant, mentally church at Badlesmere since Norman NMG: Inadequate. We do have pottery but also how to illustrate or artistically – the intriguing times and Hasted visited the area, the usefulness of the Kent Fabric it. These were appreciated – and decorated Jomon pottery of Japan mentioning changes in crop colours Reference Collection in Canterbury I’m similarly keen, over time, to see (c.12,000 BC), exquisitely painted that may indicate the remains of – but it needs upgrading (I believe these furthered. I’d like to provide plates from Arpachiyeh, northern buried structures nearby. The there is an intention to do so). New short illustrated articles for future Iraq (c.6000 BC), the marvellous survey aims to enhance knowledge material needs to be added from issues of the Newsletter about painted pots and figurines of the of this potential archaeology and recent work in other parts of the unusual ceramic aspects or topics. Ukrainian Tripolye giant-settlement add to the ongoing KAS research County. Like the answer above – culture (c.5000-plus BC), our of the Lees Court Estate Project. could this be reviewed separately? RT: Lastly, given that pots own Late Neolithic Grooved Ware are so crucial to so many (c.2800 BC-plus), European and With this aim in mind, undeterred be RT: How are you currently excavation reports, how would British beaker pottery, Cretan variable weather and an abundant intending to help encourage a you inspire readers to take a Minoan snake-goddess pottery bean crop, a regular turnout of greater knowledge of ceramics? greater interest in ceramics? and contemporary Aegean murals, volunteers from the Faversham, Classical Greek black and red Maidstone and Shorne Woods NMG: At the moment I am training NMG: Difficult, that one! It depends Attic ware, Chinese ceramic of all Archaeological Groups, students up a chap in Thanet to replace on one’s perspective. Maybe for ages but particularly the vigour and from the University of Kent, North me – so that there will be at least some, it’s just sufficient to know vibrancy of its painted porcelains Downs YACs and numerous KAS one locally-based person who what period and the associated – and much more. All these are members worked together to knows what’s what – and where dating. Okay, no worries, but if you a rich heritage, a gift to feed the survey approximately 250,000 to go when he doesn’t. I’m helping want to go deeper and know more senses – not to be thrown away. square metres of agricultural another in the Canterbury-Dover – the journey begins there. I think it All those grubby little sherds we land over three weeks (Fig 2). district who is already proving to helps a great deal to realise that a often see or handle are, directly, be a keen ceramicist. My numerous pot, sherds, are not ‘dead’ objects. indirectly, part of that great flow – The results demonstrate a range spot-dating visits to the KCC’s All matter is energy vibrating at they have their place in their too. of anomalies with the potential Community Archaeology group at different rates – just because a rock for multi-period activity (Fig 3). Shorne have helped its members in the countryside or sherds on a Images courtesy of Paul Hart. Once the data was geo-rectified become more familiar with what table are still, apparently inanimate, and processed, an analysis of they find. I visited the Sittingbourne does not mean they are not ‘alive’. the apparent anomalies was Archaeological Group recently to At a molecular level, they are energy discussed amongst members of discuss how they could take their made into substance, now in a state the Fieldwork Committee, resulting Top in the following interpretation Fig 1: Location of Badlesmere Bottom Field of potential targets for further Bottom investigation (Fig 4, over the page): Fig 2: Badlesmere Bottom looking east

14 | Kent Archaeological Society Spring 2019 | 15 NORTH

• Nos 2,3 & 4 are magnetically • Nos 4 & 5, and 6 & 7 are linear All excavation opportunities and positive (i.e. trenches or ditches pairs that may suggest any number dates for this next phase will be with soil infill) linear anomalies of archaeological features, from advertised on the KAS website suggesting boundaries or Prehistoric to Post-Medieval. https://www.kentarchaeology. enclosures of an unknown date. It Nevertheless, both pairs are org.uk/ and posted on the is interesting that they are close significantly wide, measuring 15 to KAS Facebook Page @ to No 24, which we know, from 20 metres apart, and given their theKentArchaeologicalSociety1857 the indentations on the ground probable length of approximately shortly. surface, is a probable disused 50 metres; it is thought they may chalk quarry. An evaluation have a Prehistoric origin, perhaps Acknowledgements: trench linking all four anomalies even the remnants of long barrows. We are indebted to Lady Sondes should confirm their purpose/ and Phil Stutt for their patience function and demonstrate any • Finally, Nos 10, 11 & 15 are again and permissions to access stratigraphic relationship (Fig 5). magnetically positive anomalies. Baddlesmere Bottom Field. Thank These are interesting because you to Lis Dyson of Kent County • No 14 appears as a circular No 10, a single linear anomaly Council for the loan of an additional feature measuring approximately appears to lead directly toward No magnetometer during the period 30 metres diameter that 15, a circular feature measuring of the survey, and thank you to all looks as if cut by Nos 2,3 & 4, approximately 20 metres diameter volunteers who worked tirelessly suggesting the latter are later and again, similar to the Prehistoric without whom the survey would not in date. Given the Prehistoric circular features discovered in have been completed on schedule. circular features discovered in nearby Stringmans Field. Both Nos nearby Stringmans Field, it is 10 and 15 are bisected by No 11, possible No 14 may be similar. a further single linear anomaly.

• Nos 8, 12 and 13 are tantalising as At this stage, confirmation they are closest to St Leonard’s of the age or function of any Church and may account for anomalies discussed above the changes in crop colours and is not possible. However, as a the remains of buried structures general working hypothesis, nearby, mentioned by Hasted. Nos Badlesmere Bottom Field exhibits 8 & 12 are magnetically positive the characteristics of a Prehistoric linear anomalies similar to Nos 2,3 landscape with probable Medieval & 4 and have the characteristics and Post-Medieval features of boundaries or enclosures, imposed upon it over time. perhaps surrounding an early building. However, 13 is a circular The next phase of the investigation feature measuring approximately will involve excavating evaluation 20 metres diameter that appears trenches over the targets attached to No 8. Whether or mentioned above to further not No 13 is a further Prehistoric enhance our understanding of circular feature or something later these anomalies, their potential Top, left This page associated with Nos 8 & 12 will only further study, and the broader Fig 3: Raw magnetometry data Fig 4: Magnetometry be solved by an evaluation trench. contribution to the ongoing KAS Top, right results with annotated features research of the Lees Court Estate. Fig 5: Evaluation Trench

16 | Kent Archaeological Society the cost of £1.85m. The buyout was described as “one of the greatest heritage rescues of recent years”. SHEERNESS ROYAL All but one of the ten buildings had been empty and unoccupied for the best part of a decade. Since then all the properties have been DOCKYARD... restored to a high specification. I was fortunate recently to visit one WHERE ARE WE NOW? of these, the Boatswain’s House. Another developer acquired the Dockyard Church, a Grade II* listed By Richard Holme building built initially built 1826/8, although gutted by fire in 1881 and rebuilt. This developer proposed The Royal Navy closed the dockyard in 1960, leaving building twenty-two flats within the behind a superb complex of historic buildings mainly Church and an enabling development close by of five terraced houses. from the Georgian era. The engineer John Rennie Senior Planning permission was given for (1761-1821) planned new designs for most of the Dockyard this in 2008, but the developer did not proceed. In 2001 the Church had which was rebuilt between 1813 and 1830. From 1960 to been burnt out in a severe fire, and the present day the former dockyard has been operated as a although today it is still in a mostly derelict state, great news in 2013 commercial port, and in June 2000 I made my first visit. was its acquisition by the Spitalfields Trust. It was then transferred to an The situation was not good at that Outside the secure area and and similar properties at Chatham associated charity the Sheerness time. Over fifty listed buildings had accessible therefore is the superb Dockyard had previously been Dockyard Preservation Trust – been demolished in the 1960s and Naval Terrace, restored to a high refurbished and successfully brought www.sdpt.org.uk – which has 1970s. Casualties included the standard and in full use. Pevsner back into use. Six at Sheerness were secured £4.7m of Lottery funding Great Quadrangular Store, once the notes it as being like “being in listed Grade II* and four Grade II. to convert this interesting building largest industrial building in Europe Woburn Square.” The other The developer proposed inter alia into a community centre. Matched and scandalously demolished in extant terrace Dockyard Terrace, building modern residential blocks funding is still needed. It is also 1978 (although its timber clock comprising five elegant houses alongside the Georgian buildings and planned to display parts of Rennie’s tower survives). Another loss was within the secure area of the port providing access by driving a road Dockyard Model there, a substantial the wooden wall ship Cornwallis, was sadly in poor condition at through the dockyard wall. Feelings structure covering 1600 square built of teak in Bombay and going the time of my 2000 visit, with its ran high locally, and Councillors feet and currently stored at Fort into service in 1813. Somehow, she gardens having been converted to refused planning permission despite Brockhurst near Portsmouth. The survived until 1960 as a hulk and a lorry park. In 2003 the Terrace a recommendation by planning Church is a vital element of the was then dismantled, albeit with along with other notable adjacent officials to accept. One Councillor Officer’s Quarter, and this entire some difficulty due to her massive properties (including the palatial commented that the dockyard wall area will be sensitively conserved. construction. Most of the former Commissioner’s House) in the 4-acre had survived Hitler’s efforts attempts dockyard is owned by Peel Ports former officer’s residential quarter to demolish it by bombing, so why The Grade II* listed Working Mast who acquired it in 2006, and being was sold by the port to a London should this speculative project do and Boat House (built 1823/6) in a commercial port is a secure area based property developer. The so? In 2011 the Spitalfields Trust the secure area of the dockyard without, sadly, any public access. properties were well constructed, acquired the Georgian quarter at was threatened with demolition in 2012 when Vestas were looking to develop a wind turbine construction facility, creating 2,000 jobs. However, for business reasons the project was cancelled. Opposite, left Fig 1: Aerial view c.1971 with Officers Currently, within the secure area Quarter at to (author) of the port, there is much concern Opposite, right Fig 2: The Boathouse in 2003 at the condition of the Boathouse, (D. Hughes Collection) Grade I listed and completed in Top 1860. It is quite possibly the most Fig 3: Naval Terrace and Dockyard Church important dockyard building in the (D. Hughes Collection) UK. Looking, subject to its poor Middle condition, as though it was built Fig 4: Hulk of the Cornwallis, 1956 much more recently, the Boathouse (D Hughes Collection) Bottom has a structural frame of iron rather Fig 5: Commissioners House and clock than traditional bricks and mortar. tower of Quadrangular Store (author)

18 | Kent Archaeological Society Spring 2019 | 19 FRAGMENTS OF HISTORY ROCHESTER CATHEDRAL’S STORY IN STONE, GLASS AND THREAD

By Jacob Scott

Throughout 2019 the crypt of Rochester Cathedral is hosting an exhibition of some of the finest sculptural fragments gathered from around the building over the last 200 years.

In 1820, work was underway to renovate the Great West Window under the architect Lewis Nockall Cottingham. Many sculptural decorations were removed from the spandrels; the areas either side of the arch of the window. Leaving the partially-weathered stones in place would have resulted in their continued decay and jeopardise the structural integrity of the sixteenth-century window below. This represented a leap forward Hopefully, a purpose can be found Cottingham decided to sketch and in industrial architecture, and its for the many historic buildings record them as they were removed. frame made it in many ways the and docks still currently, lying precursors of modern skyscrapers. empty and in a state of decay. Other fragments were discovered Its unique character was explained throughout Cottingham’s renovations in a BBC ‘Inside Out’ programme The writer is newsletter editor of to the cathedral in the 1820s. In last year, though sirens from port the Naval Dockyards Society – 1825 the tomb of Bishop John de security disrupted filming. Another www.navaldockyards.org – and Sheppey was discovered, blocked worry is the former Military Hospital if you would like a free copy up with rubble including several built in the 1850s and threatened of our newsletter covering the late-medieval stone fragments recently with demolition until it Sheerness Boathouse, email on that are thought to originate from was the subject of emergency [email protected] Sheppey’s chantry chapel. Further listing. The case underlines the architectural fragments were need for historic buildings to removed, unearthed or discovered be listed, where appropriate. throughout the nineteenth century.

The situation at Sheerness can be contrasted with continuing success at the larger dockyard at nearby Chatham which closed in 1984. The Victorian extension there is used successfully as a marina and commercial port whereas the precious Georgian area was given Top over to the Fig 1: Romanesque relief removed during Historic Trust. At Sheerness the restoration work on the Great West window in 1820 various Georgian buildings have Left Bottom Fig 6: Dockyard Church 2014 (author) enjoyed less success although for Fig 2: Over 50 stone fragments and Top, right many the future now looks secure other medieval items are on exhibition Fig 7: Boatswain’s House 2014 (author) and exciting. in the cathedral crypt throughout 2019 Bottom, right Fig 8: Dockyard Terrace 2014 (author)

20 | Kent Archaeological Society Spring 2019 | 21 Top Fig 4: This Romanesque has a confused history - photographed outside the west front in the nineteenth century but may have originally been part of a twelfth century shrine Bottom Fig 3: Enigmatic and extraordinarily fragile vesment comprising peacock and other bird feathers, its provenance and date are currently unknown though possibly medieval

These stones were gathered together in the Slype of the crypt at the turn of the last century, although would later be dispersed as the area was given over to vestries. In the 1980s a long-term friend of the cathedral Anneliese Arnold was responsible for gathering the stones together into a room with purpose-built shelving. The exhibition also features many This extensive sequence has The Lapidarium collection has other medieval treasures from its been used to understand the grown over the last century to collections and a presentation on construction history of the include fragments unearthed recent researches at the cathedral. building in the twelfth century. by the gardeners, discovered Regular readers will be aware of during various archaeological or the discovery of the east range This will be the first time that Top construction works, or even found of the Early Norman cloisters in a these stone fragments have been Fig 5: Two fragments of an early reused as garden features. Today radar survey at the beginning of made accessible to the public. thirteenth-century lavabo bowl, only the collection comprises over 400 2018. The form of the east end of Entry to the exhibition is free recently discovered reused as a garden stones ranging in date from the the late eleventh-century building and will run until the end of the feature at a local property eighth to the nineteenth centuries. It was confirmed in excavations in year. We request that groups Bottom, left includes two of only four sculptural 2014. A virtual 3D model of the of 10 or more book in advance Fig 6: 3D model of 4,000 visible masons’ marks in the nave, crypt and east end. fragments to be recovered from locations of over 4,000 twelfth and through the cathedral website. This model features in upcoming KAS Anglo-Saxon Rochester and a tufa thirteenth-century masons’ marks publications fragment with a surviving portion was completed at the beginning of For more information visit: Bottom, right of a twelfth-century mural. this year. www.rochestercathedral. Fig 7: Scale photograph of a mason’s org/fragments mark at Rochester cathedral

22 | Kent Archaeological Society Spring 2019 | 23 MAAG 2018 AT EAST FARLEIGH

By Stephen Clifton

In 2018 MAAG returned to an area containing cremated bones in a This second visit yielded another of land at East Farleigh that became grey-brown clay soil matrix. This pot two features. Both of which a focus of attention in 2013 due to was found upright in a shallow gully, appeared to be ditches beneath a reference on the 1961 ordnance [411], running roughly east/west. The the oven-like feature. Subsequent survey map to a Roman building, pot was later dated to 60BC/50AD pottery analysis has shown these (remains of), on this 3-acre piece and is described as courseware in a features to be late Iron Age or of land. Twenty-six test pits were glauconitic fabric thought to originate possibly early Roman, (50 BC to dug in 2013 with a mechanical on production sites in the vicinity 60 AD). The first of these ditches, digger across the area that was of the Loose oppidum only a short [845], runs roughly east/west and free of trees. These trenches distance south of East Farleigh. No is cut into the gault clay and chert did not reveal the presence of other finds were recovered from this natural layer, and was traced for a Roman building but did reveal trench. The other trench (number a distance of 5m, and was quite some archaeological features in 17), contained a burnt feature, in a shallow at an average of 320mm. two of the trial trenches. These roughly oblong shape, 1.23m x .78m, It was filled with an orangey brown features were further explored, with the flue extending beyond the clay very similar to the surrounding but no more extensive excavations extent of the trench. This feature natural layer. This feature appears were undertaken at the time. consisted of reddened and blackened to run parallel to the gully feature scorched clay, and a single piece observed in 2013 in trench 16. The first trench (number 16), was of pottery, tentatively dated to the found to hold a single almost fifth century AD. In 2018 the trench complete pot in a dark grey fabric was re-exposed and extended The second ditch runs approximately methods produced extremely northern edge of the survey area to the north, south and east. NW/SE at a depth of 320mm and noisy results. This is probably due on the edge of the first 30m grid, has a distinct slot cut into the base to the previous use of the ground is a right-angled anomaly of high about 320mm wide. The fill is a for growing hops, which involves signal that looks as if it is worthy similar orangey brown clay and metal retaining devices screwed of further examination. Also, there chert mix. The base is flattened into the ground to support the hop is also an area of a low signal at and dug to the natural ragstone. It poles and wires. These iron fixtures the far edge of the second square has been suggested that this ditch have turned up all over the site and that looks like a squarish feature, profile could be associated with a generate spikes in the readings. coincidentally occupying a similar beam-laid wall, or the foundation position to the large feature in cut for a timber palisade fence. The Magnetometry meter produced the Magnetometry survey. several anomalies that can clearly These new features were a be seen, most notably a squarish The survey results have certainly revelation because we had not feature, of approximately 20m x given us some targets to aim for in seen any sign of similar features in 20m, almost in the centre of the the forthcoming season. If anyone the other test pits and wondered site to the east of our excavated would like to come and join us whether we could have missed any. trench. Besides this feature, two this year, they would be warmly Partly in anticipation of the 2019 other curving anomalies could welcomed. We usually dig on a season, and partly for insurance, be ditches, one to the South Sunday from 10 am til 4 pm, and we decided to undertake some West and the other running off we will be starting the season survey work on this area of the the square feature to the east. around Easter, the exact date will site. Over three unseasonably be confirmed on the MAAG blog warm days in February, a resistivity The resistivity survey was if anything at www.maag.btck.co.uk. survey and a magnetometry even more confused. We were not Alternatively, contact at survey were carried out on the site, expecting much from this, because [email protected] avoiding the heavily wooded areas the trial trenches had not thrown or 07709 237355. and those not accessible due to up anything to suggest buildings on undergrowth or modern builders the land. However, there are many rubble. Almost 430 square meters swirls of high and low readings that Left were surveyed using both methods. must be geological, but two areas Left East Farleigh whole site The results are tantalising. Both of interest were revealed. On the Resistivity survey Right Right Magnetometry survey Trench diagram

24 | Kent Archaeological Society Spring 2019 | 25 Working with our partners Blue of the car park, a site which was In the coming months these and Sky International and the Interreg 2 partially excavated during the laying other projects will be in further Seas ICAReS project, the scheme of sewer pipe in 1986 and revealed stages of development. If you would DARENT VALLEY is currently in the final stages of a series of pits and ditches of Roman like to get involved, particularly generating valley-wide surveys date, as well as the ‘Lullingstone in either the ground-truthing or utilising laser technology and Man’ carved shale plaque. The fieldwork at Lullingstone, please subsequent imagery provided dig is intended to inspire the next register your interest with the LANDSCAPE by both LiDAR and digital generation of archaeologists and DVLPS community archaeologist, photogrammetry, visual tools which provide an opportunity for local Dr Anne Sassin (anne.sassin@ allow vegetation to be stripped people and visitors to get involved kentdowns.org.uk), who will let away and/or provide accurate 3D and contribute to finding out more you know when training dates and PARTNERSHIP SCHEME models of the landscape (see Fig about one of the most important opportunities are available. See 1). Such innovations are particularly Roman villas in the country. This www.darent-valley.org.uk for more By Anne Sassin appealing to new audiences, and a year will coincide with the 70th information or follow the project on group of ‘landscape investigators’ anniversary of the first excavations social media (Facebook @DVLPS As part of the recently launched are intended to be recruited who at the villa – and is the 75th and Twitter @Darent_Valley). Darent Valley Landscape will go into the field and use the anniversary of the Council for British Partnership Scheme (DVLPS), a online portal to explore the images Archaeology – thus will centre large-scale partnership scheme created and ground-truth features around the Festival of Archaeology focused on conserving the valley’s identified. An online interactive in July (approximate dates 15th- uniquely rich history and natural mapping portal, featuring the 28th). Volunteers are needed not character, a series of over 40 imagery, will be made available on only for digging but for finds and integrated projects which explore the DVLPS website and is expected environmental processing. The and celebrate the historical and to be launched by later 2019. summer will also involve events cultural heritage of the scheme and a temporary exhibition at the area, which stretches between Following initial geophysical survey villa on the original excavations, as Dartford and Westerham, are in in February and March, a community well as other work at Roman period their early stages of implementation. dig is planned in the pasture meadow sites along the valley, for which In particular, the project aims to at Lullingstone immediately north contributions will be welcome. connect people to the unique Darent landscape through its historical connection with the Victorian artist Samuel Palmer, who lived in Shoreham and called the valley his ‘earthly paradise’. Amongst the project’s broad aims is the goal for COBHAM LANDSCAPE local communities, professionals • The Darent Valley’s Hidden Roman • Royalty and Silk – Lullingstone and delivery partners to participate Legacy (2B): communicating Castle’s Buried Secrets (2E): in heritage conservation activities the importance of the villas undertaking geophysics and apply new skills and knowledge and landscape during the (magnetometry) and community DETECTIVES By Andrew Mayfield to care for the local landscape. Roman era to a broader excavation of features within Led by the Area audience, including undertaking Lullingstone Castle, including a Despite the blustery nature of March’s weather, Outdoors, the landscape detectives have been using of Outstanding Natural Beauty fieldwork and community possible sunken Tudor kitchen the Cobham Landscape Detectives have been some of the oral history testimonies collected by the (AONB), with Kent County Council excavation at Lullingstone garden and inner moated hard at work, both indoors and outdoors! Indoors project team to investigate the wartime and post- acting as the hosting authority, the Roman Villa and other sites gatehouse, as well as condition we have been working with pottery specialist Nigel war use of the RAF camps in Ashenbank Woods. project has been awarded a grant survey, restoration work, improved Macpherson-Grant to date the extensive pottery The oral testimonies can be read on our website. from the Heritage Lottery Fund • The Surviving Castle – Eynsford’s access and interpretation assemblages collected by the project. Highlights have We have chosen two of the huts to investigate of £2.1 million, which along with Hidden Treasure (2C): opening of the flint bath-house and included Saxon pottery from our excavations on the further, with the work informing the interpretation additional funds, including from the Eynsford’s Norman ‘enclosure adjacent ice house on site hollow way in and evidence to date of the site by the Woodland Trust. At Cobham Golf European Regional Development castle’ to a wider audience medieval occupation both in Cobham village and to Course we have been hunting for a possible Tudor Funds Interreg 2 Seas Programme, by improving signage and • Gunpowder and Paper – the west at Jeskyns Court. We have also identified building on Peggy Taylor’s Hill. Although extensive totals a £4 million scheme which interpretation, as well as Remembering a Working River activity at Owletts that dates from the late Iron Age demolition deposits suggest the building is long will run until at least summer 2022. providing opportunities for further (2F): working with Dartford to the end of the Roman period. An almost complete gone, some enigmatic buried tree trunks could point archaeological investigation Museum and other local absence of medieval pottery from the Owletts site may to the later Repton era landscaping of the site? Six projects centre specifically in the surrounding fields organisations to research, help confirm the presence of Medieval woodland to around the scheme’s Historic Darent record, restore, conserve and the north and west of Cobham village, referred to in Our exciting lottery-funded project draws to a close Valley theme and incorporate • The Hidden Palace – Otford’s Own interpret the remaining features medieval documents as Battles Wood? One sherd of this coming June, with some exhibitions and open archaeological elements: Hampton Court (2D): stabilising of the Dartford Powder Mills Roman pottery from the southern edge of the village days planned. To keep in touch with this and the many the north-west tower of the suggests that there is also Roman activity in the fields other community archaeology projects being delivered • Peeling Back the Layers (2A): former Archbishop’s Palace and For 2019 the projects which will to the south, confirmed through fieldwalking as well. by the volunteers and Kent County Council’s community commissioning a high-resolution undertaking further restoration be at the forefront are 2A (LiDAR) archaeology team, do contact Andrew at LiDAR (Light Detection and and interpretation at the site, in and 2B (Roman Legacy). [email protected] on 07920 548906, Ranging) survey of the valley addition to further geophysical @ArchaeologyKent on Twitter, Archaeologyinkent to interrogate and explore survey and possible excavation. Above on Facebook or www.shornewoodsarchaeology.co.uk. the local landscape Fig 1: LiDAR image of Lullingstone

26 | Kent Archaeological Society Spring 2019 | 27 of Tower Hill. This trench was about 2 ft. 6ins wide and 3-4 ft. deep, caves partly caving down with grass THE CONTEXT OF THE growing at places. Whilst taking observations in my shelter, I saw where some massive bones had been cut through, also part of what PALAEOLITHIC STRAIGHT- appeared to be a large tusk having been cut through ….… I managed to disinter one bone and carried it home to Luton.” Turner subsequently TUSKED ELEPHANT sent the bone to the Natural History Museum where it was identified as a carpal bone of a giant elephant (Fig FOUND AT UPNOR, KENT IN 1911 2) In response, the museum asked whether there were more bones and could he receive a small deputation By Frank Beresford to view them (Turner, 1952).

Fossil elephant bones and teeth some were uncovered during A few Saturdays later, Turner were frequently found in the the construction of new docks at escorted Dr Charles Andrews, Andrews wrote a short report and The museum published a report Thames Valley and elsewhere Chatham Dockyard around 1860, Professor MacKenny Hughes and published in Nature in December in their Natural History Magazine in Britain and Europe during the mostly on land largely reclaimed Sir Hercules Read to the site for 1918 (Andrews 1918). This describes (Bather 1927) followed by a eighteenth and nineteenth centuries from the River , including a careful examination. It became the context in which the bones were monograph the following year and subsequently but complete an upper molar identified as from clear that a considerable portion of found as stratified beds consisting (Andrews & Cooper 1928). However, skeletons were and are rare. These Palaeoloxodon antiquus (Davis a huge elephant remained buried in of a series of sandy clays and Andrews died in 1924, before the discoveries provoked decades of 1874, 60). During work to underpin the clay, but wet weather hindered tough clay with numerous flints, completion of the reconstruction and debate and disagreement among one of the towers of the work which was not resumed much race and ironstone. These the publication of the monograph. palaeontologists about the number around 1900, the remains of a until 1915 when a full excavation were deposited against the side of The monograph repeats the of fossil elephant species. In considerable elephant were found carefully removed all the remaining a slope composed of chalk below description of the context of the 1857, Hugh Falconer, a Scottish which, because of its size, William parts of the skeleton which were and Thanet sands above. A photo of find given in the 1918 report and geologist, botanist, palaeontologist, Coles Finch suggested could also in an extremely fragile condition the chalk face was included which describes each of the eight stratified and paleoanthropologist (Fig be a straight-tusked elephant (Figs 3 & 4). It was identified as indicates that the site was at the far layers in the series. The bones 1), used their enormous teeth (Finch 1930, 27.) The tusk, when a straight-tusked elephant by its end of an overgrown quarry section. occurred at a depth of about 14 feet and jaws to identify different unearthed, was perfectly preserved molar teeth of which one lower at the bottom of the basal deposit species and concluded that the and measured nine feet in length. and two upper molars were It took the next 12 years to clean the which was described as Clay with straight-tusked elephant (then Workmen digging the large chalk recovered in excellent condition. bones, which had been covered in much race, numerous flints (rounded called Elphus antiquus but now pit at also reported This was important as it was the plaster of Paris, to harden them in a and angular), sand, ironstone called Palaeoloxodon antiquus) finding large elephant bones near first instance in which the teeth had solution of shellac in alcohol and to passing down to clay with large is distinct from the mammoth the northern entrance to the Pit been found in apparent association mount them as a complete skeleton, flints. Unlike the Ebbsfleet elephant (Elphus primigenius) (Falconer around 1905 (Beresford 2018). with the skeleton, and so was the replacing any missing parts. In 1927, (see below), the Upnor elephant 1857, 1858; O’Connor 2007, 16). final confirmation of Falconer’s the Upnor Elephant was finally skeleton was not associated The remains of the skeleton of 1857 proposals (Pycraft, 1916). placed on public view in the Natural with any flint artefacts or waste The straight-tusked elephant was a straight-tusked elephant were History Museum. It was mostly (Bather, 1927, 106). The monograph adapted to a temperate climate and discovered in 1911, during the During this work, Turner visited the complete but mounted without (Andrews 1928, 2) describes “sharp parkland or woodland environments construction of practice trenches site several times, at the invitation the skull which was too fragile to gravel with angular and rounded and so moved north to Britain by a party of ’ in of Andrews who had Turner’s conserve. The skeleton represents flints (flakes)” in the immediately during interglacial periods, retiring the grounds of the Royal School picture taken sitting by one of the a massive male elephant with an overlying bed. Eight flint flakes southward during the glacial of Military Engineering on Upnor tusks (Fig 5). A near neighbour and estimated height at the shoulder from Upnor, seven with secondary periods. It was immense being one Hard, on the banks of the Medway. acquaintance of Turner in Luton, of about four metres and originally working, were noted by Roe in of the largest of the pachyderms In the course of their work, the William Coles Finch, who was the weighing in at around ten tonnes. Maidstone Museum (Roe 1968, 186) (huge thick-skinned mammals) of Engineers came across many Manager of the Luton Waterworks but there is no evidence that they the Pleistocene epoch and much large bones, some of which were Company and the author of several were found in the overlying bed. larger than any living elephant. destroyed including a tusk of large books on Kent was also invited by Its long tusks, its most distinctive size. Two years later, the remains Andrews to view the excavations and trait, while not twisted like those were rediscovered by Sydney witnessed the removal of the cervical of the mammoths, were not really Turner, who described how in vertebrae (Fig 2) (Finch, 1930, 29). straight but gently curved (Fig 2, August 1913, he was searching drawn by K. Schauer/C. Beauval). for stone tools and implements at Upnor, having obtained permission The Lower Medway region was one from the Military Authorities. He area in which such fragmentary wrote “Whilst rambling round that Above Top fossil elephant remains, including Sunday morning it came on to rain Fig 1: Hugh Falconer (photo Fig 2: Schematic drawing of a examples of the straight-tusked very heavily and I took shelter in a from his 1868 memoirs) Palaeoloxodon antiquus skeleton elephants were found. For example, disused trench in the undergrowth showing the anatomical parts mentioned

28 | Kent Archaeological Society Spring 2019 | 29 A better chrono-stratigraphic in fluvial sediments, and so could context for the Upnor Elephant has not be directly related to their subsequently been sought. John proposed MVPP Medway terrace Carreck, a geologist at Queen Mary’s framework. So they also considered College, London investigated this the find level. They correlated this question in the 1960s and left some with Terrace DE or D on the MVPP working notes (Fig 6) that indicate framework, which would tie in his thinking at the front of his copy with Marine Isotope Stage 7 circa of the 1928 monograph (Fig 7). 240,000 years BP, a warm period within the Wolstonian complex The notes indicate that, on April (Wenban-Smith et al. 2007). 18th 1965, he visited Lower Upnor and met a long term resident, Top Sidney Gurd, on the foreshore who Fig 3: Pelvis, femur and tibia of the Upnor remembered the excavation of the skeleton during the excavations in 1915 elephant. Gurd said that the elephant Middle Fig 4: Hessian textile and plaster of was found near Whitewall Cement Paris was used to support the bones works, about one-quarter of a mile during their extraction. Courtesy of from Whitewall and on a footpath the Museum leading from the river, half a mile Bottom from Upper Upnor, on the North East Fig 5: Sydney Turner sitting corner of Tower Hill. He said the site by one of the tusks during the The Upnor elephant cannot be Bones of several straight tusk Acknowledgements: was only about 10 feet above the excavations in 1915, courtesy of readily dated by reference to other elephants have been recovered The author would like to thank Illustrated London News, 1916 marsh near Couviet Creek. Using securely stratified finds of straight- from Marine Isotope Stage 7 Don Blackburn for his help in the Gurd’s information to give the base tusked elephants as Palaeoloxodon deposits at Sandy Lane Pit in the research for this paper at Medway level of the deposit and allowing 5 antiquus is present in the British Lower Thames Valley at Averley, Archives and Steve Nye of the feet OD for the height of the marsh, fossil record over a considerable Essex (Sutcliffe 1995). Another Guildhall Museum, Rochester for Carreck noted that the summit of the period. It first appears in the early was found at Deeping St James his help with the illustrations. All stratified deposit at the site would Middle Pleistocene deposits of near Peterborough, in deposits illustrations are used as authorised have been circa 28 feet OD and the the Cromer Forest-bed Formation, of the last Ipswichian interglacial by the copyright holders as far top of the basal deposit, which was including a couple of molars from (MIS 5e, ca. 120,000 years ago). as could be established. the horizon of the elephant, being the Pakefield deposits (Marine The species (Fig 9) soon after 20 feet OD. Noting that the elephant Isotope Stage 17 or 19 circa disappears from the British record, and some associated mammalian 750,000 years BP) that have also although it hung on in southern fauna were all woodland or forest provided evidence of early human Europe until close to the start of species he tentatively suggested occupation in Britain (Parfitt et the last glacial maximum (around a “late Ipswichian” age (now linked al. 2005). In Kent, Palaeoloxodon 25,000 years ago) (Lister 2009). to Marine Isotope Stage 5e) for antiquus remains occur throughout the deposit which is a warm period Below the sequence of deposits at Consequently, it is only possible to circa 125,000 years BP but noted Fig 6: John Carreck’s working notes Barnfield Pit Swanscombe being say that the skeleton of the Upnor that “we only have Gurd’s memory especially abundant in the lower elephant, still one of the most to indicate the base level.” Anthony gravels (Ovey 1964, 91). In 1935, complete skeletons of a straight tusk Stuart (1982, 44) also suggested a complete tusk was found in the elephant ever found, represents a that the Upnor elephant was Middle Gravel (Fig 8), the same huge male that most likely dates to probably of an Ipswichian date. level in which the three fragments the late Middle Pleistocene (Marine of the Swanscombe skull were also Isotope Stage 7). In lacking a clear In 2006, the Medway Valley found separately in 1935, 1936 and chrono-stratigraphic context, the Palaeolithic Project (MVPP) made a 1955. The sequence at Barnfield Pit Upnor Elephant site mirrors most further attempt to relocate the site of has been dated to Marine Isotope of the major Palaeolithic sites in the the Upnor elephant hoping to clarify Stage 11 circa 400,000 years BP, a Lower Medway area. Only its date and perhaps reinvestigate warm period known as the Hoxnian can currently be linked to such the associated sediments. However, Interglacial. In 2004 the remains of stratification (Wenban-Smith, 2006) since the elephant was initially a straight tusk elephant were found while comparative technology has found, large earth movement and nearby at Ebbsfleet surrounded by been used to propose dates for re-landscaping at the site had a scattering of flint tools and waste (White & Ashton 2003) continued for almost 100 years as flakes which were attributed to the and Twydall (Beresford 2018). part of the training programme of Clactonian tradition. About 5% of the the Royal Engineers. Consequently, skeleton was preserved, and it was Top, left although the original site location also dated to Marine Isotope Stage Fig 7: John Carreck’s copy of the 1928 was identified, it was not possible 11 (Wenban-Smith, editor, 2013). monograph showing the reconstructed to relocate the original context. Upnor elephant on the left Top, right They noted that the elephant did Fig 8: Preparing to move the tusk of not seem to have been contained a straight-tusked elephant found in Barnfield Pit, Swanscombe, Kent, courtesy of Getty Images

30 | Kent Archaeological Society Spring 2019 | 31 Below Fig 9: Life restoration of a straight- tusked elephant such as the Upnor elephant based on fossil skeletal remains of Palaeoloxodon antiquus by D. Foldi CONSERVING ‘POWERFUL SYMBOL’

OF NAZI INVASION THREAT By Paul Tritton

Conservation of the Second World gun firing apertures, but the walls War pillbox revealed during building are largely intact. Iron hooks that work at Tonbridge School (see KAS secured camouflage netting to Newsletter 108, Spring 2018) is the roof have also survived. I have progressing. Acting on guidelines advised making only minimal repairs proposed by Victor Smith, chairman to prevent decay. Retaining the of our Kent Historic Defences structure’s original appearance is Committee, the school’s estates essential. It is a powerful symbol department has carefully removed of the danger of invasion we faced the dense foliage and undergrowth in the Second World War.” that had concealed the structure for most of the years that have passed Built in 1940 or 1941, the pillbox is Top since the end of the war. Victor is 3.16m long, 2.21m wide and 1.5m Field Marshal Ironside’s memorial at preparing a survey and a set of 1:20 tall overall and barely large enough Tonbridge School scale architectural plans, elevations to protect three Home Guard Bottom Field Marshal William Edmund Ironside and cross-section drawings of the machine-gunners, firing through pillbox for the school’s archives, apertures aligned towards the High and publication in Archaeologia Street and the ‘Big Bridge’ over the Cantiana, the KAS Newsletter and Medway (the direction from which an other journals, along with an in-depth enemy advance through Tonbridge References Finch W.C., 1930. The Medway River Sutcliffe A.J. 1995. The Averly Andrews, C.W., 1915, Discovery of a and Valley, London C.W. Daniel. Elephant site, Sandy Lane Pit in The case study of Tonbridge’s anti- would most likely have occurred); skeleton of Elephus antiquus at Upnor Quaternary of the Lower Reaches of the invasion defences by Paul Tritton. Portman Park to the east, and the near Chatham. Nature 96, 398 – 399. Lister A.M., 2009. British Fossil Elephants Thames (eds. D.R. Bridgland, P. Allen High Street’s junction with London Deposits Magazine 13 (available online) and B.A. Hart), 189-199. Quaternary The pillbox, part of the town’s Road and Shipbourne Road. Andrews, C.W., Cooper C.W. 1928. Research Association, London. defences against a Nazi invasion, O’Connor A, 2007. Finding Time for the On a specimen of Elephus antiquus is now in a landscaped setting and It would have been essential to from Upnor. London, Clowes Old Stone Age. Oxford University Press. Turner S., 1952. The story of Upnor, Typed document – notes for a talk although it cannot be visited without defend this crossroads at all costs, Beresford, F.R. 2018. Palaeolithic Ovey D.O. 1964. The Swanscombe to the Chatham Historical Society, permission, it is on prominent view in order to prevent German Panzer material from Lower Twydall Chalk Skull, Royal Anthropological Institute Medway Archives and Local Studies to passers-by. An information panel columns from pressing on towards Pit in Kent: the Cook and Killick of Great Britain and Ireland. Centre GB 1204 DE314/32 and plaque will commemorate London and north Kent’s military Collection. Lithics: the Journal of the its importance to Tonbridge’s establishments and industrial Lithic Studies Society 39: 20–35 Parfitt, S.A., Barendregt, R.W., Breda, Wenban-Smith, F., 2006. Handaxe military history. The pillbox is in towns. The pillbox appears to be a M., Candy, I., Collins, M.J., Coope, typology and the Lower Palaeolithic remarkably good condition and rare design. Six basic types were Bather, F.A.. 1927. The Upnor G.R., Durbidge, P., Field, M.H., Lee, J.R. cultural development: ficrons, cleavers Elephant. Natural History Magazine Lister, A.M., Mutch, R., Penkman, K.E.H., and two giant handaxes from Cuxton. stands in the shadow of the new designed by the War Office, to be 1: 99-106.. p106. London, Preece, R.C., Rose, J., Stringer, C.B., Lithics: the Journal of the Lithic Barton Science Centre, opened constructed quickly and capable of Symmons, R., Whittaker, J.E., Wymer, Studies Society 25 (for 2004): 11-21. in March, where pupils will design withstanding bullet and fire, Davis W., 1874. Catalogue of the J.J. & Stuart, A.J. 2005. The earliest an experiment to be carried out but it appears that nothing similar Pleistocene Vertebrata from the record of human activity in northern Wenban-Smith F., Bates M.R., Marshall G. on the International Space Station to Tonbridge School’s pillbox has neighbourhood of Ilford, Essex. Europe, Nature 438, 1008-1012. 2007. The Palaeolithic Resources in the and where an international student been recorded in Kent. “The design London. Private circulation only. Medway Valley. Medway Valley Palaeolithic science conference and other major is clearly a non-standard one,” Pycraft, W.P., 1916. The Surprises of Project Final Report. (available online) Falconer H., 1857. On the Species Trench Digging, Science Jottings, The educational events will be held. said Victor Smith, “but there were of Mastodon and Elephant occurring Illustrated London News, Jan 8, 1916. 40 Wenban-Smith F., editor, 2013; various individual designs up and in the fossil state in Great Britain. The Ebbsfleet Elephant, Oxford During the centre’s two-year down the country.” “Perhaps this Part I. Mastodon. Quarterly Journal Roe, D.A., 1968, Gazetteer of British Archaeology Monograph No. 20 construction programme the brick one was tailored to suit its position of the Geological Society, 13, Lower and Middle Palaeolithic and reinforced concrete pillbox and complement other defences 307-360, 1 February 1857, Sites, CBA Research Report 8. White, M. J. and Ashton, N. M., 2003. remained stable despite adjacent deployed nearby,” added Paul. Lower Palaeolithic core technology Falconer H., 1858. On the species of Stuart A.J., 1982. Pleistocene Vertebrates and the origins of the Levallois method deep piling work and movements Tonbridge was strongly fortified Mastodon and Elephant occurring in the in the British Isles, Longmans. in North-Western Europe, Current of heavy construction plant. “It’s because it would have been a key fossil state in England.—Part II. Elephus Anthropology, 44 (4). pp. 598-609. bubble-level and vertical and shows inland objective after a successful Quarterly Journal of the Geological no sign of having been dislodged German landing on the south Kent Society, 14, 81-84, 1 February 1858 or tipped,” said Victor. “There’s or East Sussex coasts. Many of the some damage to the machine- hundreds of pillboxes built in Kent

32 | Kent Archaeological Society Spring 2019 | 33 Tonbridge was one of Kent’s six General Bernard Paget, General ‘Category A’ nodal points, under Officer Commanding-in-Chief of orders to ‘hold firm indefinitely’ South-Eastern Command, issued this and fight to the last man and the order to his garrisons at Tonbridge last round. During 1941 it was and other ‘nodal points’ and fortress upgraded to a ‘fortress town’, with towns: “There will be no withdrawal augmented defences within a in any circumstances, and all ranks three-mile outer perimeter of anti- must be determined that every tank ditches and tank-traps. The German who succeeds in setting strongest area in the fortress was foot in this country shall be killed.” the castle and its immediate vicinity, where new fortifications were built for the first time since the castle’s Right, top twin-towered gatehouse was Tonbridge School’s pillbox, awaiting completed nearly 700 years earlier. conservation in December 2018, for strategic defence, and to protect In 18 astonishing months, from showing its entrance. ©Tonbridge School military sites such as airfields and June 1940, an estimated 10,000 Right, bottom docks, were demolished after the to 18,000 pillboxes were built Victor Smith and Sara Normand war – they were regarded as blots along a meandering 500-mile (Tonbridge School’s PA Operations on the landscape – but in the 1970s stop-line, from Bristol in the south- Assistant) at the pillbox in January 2019 about 400 survivors were recorded west, across southern England to around the county for a national Maidstone, and from there to the survey. Since then many more will Thames. From Essex, it continued have been lost, but several can still to Cambridge, then on to The be found in Tonbridge’s countryside, Wash and North . It was some only 300 yards apart, but officially called the GHQ (General the one at Tonbridge School is Headquarters) Line, but history the last to survive in the town. remembers it as the Ironside Line, after the man who directed the MEMBERSHIP MATTERS Second World War pillboxes first phases of its construction. are of particular significance to In Kent, it followed the Eden and Tonbridge School because one of its Medway rivers which, widened and I am delighted to welcome the following who have Individual Members distinguished alumni, General William deepened where necessary, formed joined the KAS since the previous newsletter. Edmund Ironside, was responsible a ready-made anti-tank ditch. Simon Cox Leybourne for building the Ironside Line, a stop- Many apologies if I have omitted anyone! Amanda Glover Bearstead line of static defences (pillboxes, Ironside’s policy had many critics, Katie Grocott Murdoch North Finchley tank-traps, road-blocks and other notably a rising star in the military Ironside’s critics prevailed. After only A massive thank you to all of you who have persuaded Richard Holme Tunbridge Wells obstacles) hastily erected during the firmament by the name of Major- 54 days in office, he was ‘retired’ your banks to change to the new bank account! Carrie-Anne Johncock national emergency Britain faced General Bernard Montgomery, with the rank of Field-Marshall and Unfortunately, some of you have not contacted Lesley-Ann Jones after Dunkirk, when a Nazi invasion CO of Southern Command’s 3rd a peerage. Brooke succeeded him your banks or your banks have not obeyed specific James & Michael Lloyd Cranbrook seemed imminent and inevitable. Infantry Division, who persuaded as Commander-in-Chief, Home instructions. The old bank account will be closed during Stanley Matthews Swanley Winston Churchill to allow him to Forces. Nevertheless, construction 2019 so please check how your subscription is going Richard Morkill Green Street Green Formerly Chief of the Imperial move his now battle-ready troops of the GHQ Line continued, while to be paid from 2020 onwards. In a few cases, banks Rachel Redman Hunton General Staff (CIGS), Ironside was from their static positions and Brooke implemented his ideas, have paid the subscription to both accounts meaning Clive Stanford Staplehurst appointed Commander-in-Chief, operate as a mobile reserve. including creating heavily fortified that I have had to contact you regarding the duplication! David Warwick Tunbridge Wells Home Forces, in May 1940, shortly ‘nodal points’ (aka anti-tank islands) When you contact your banks, please include your Deborah Weir London SE12 before the last survivors of Dunkirk ‘Monty’ was backed by Lieutenant- at towns and villages on critical road membership number with your surname and initials Mark Williams Maidstone arrived home. More than 68,000 General Alan Brooke, Southern and rail junctions, which an invading in any reference. (The membership number is on the of the British Expeditionary Force’s Command’s General Officer army would be forced to capture newsletter address label). Of course, if you wish to Joint Members soldiers had been killed, wounded Commanding-in-Chief, who before advancing to London. continue to pay by sending a cheque, this is acceptable. or captured and most of its motor begrudged the time and effort Tina Becconsall-Wood & Stephen Wood Gillingham transport, along with more than expended on static defences and Top, left I have already been in touch with you regarding Carol Wadsworth-Jones & S Jones Charing 600 tanks and nearly 2,000 artillery demanded stronger investment Ironside inspecting Tonbridge outstanding subscriptions so please deal with this as pieces, abandoned in France. With in mobile forces. He was School’s Cadet Force in 1925. soon as possible if you have not already done so. a defeated army and shortages of particularly distrustful of road- ®Tonbridge School (2) Affiliated Society Top, right manpower and mobile weapons to blocks, considering them as likely The Lees Court project is going ahead One of the machine-gun firing contend with, Ironside argued that to impede his forces during a apertures revealed during Victor with many exciting ways of getting involved – Kent Downs AONB/Darent Valley LPS Shoreham until the Army could be brought up counter-attack as much as they Smith’s survey, with a field of fire for more details contact the secretary. to full, fighting-fit, efficiency, defence would hamper the enemy. extending down Tonbridge High against invasion would rely on Street towards the ‘Big Bridge’ Remember that without you as static defences mainly manned by a Middle members KAS could not exist! volunteer force, the Home Guard. The Big Bridge today Bottom Shiela Broomfield Three massive tank-traps on a road-block on Big Bridge over the Membership Secretary Medway at Tonbridge in WW2 [email protected]

34 | Kent Archaeological Society Spring 2019 | 35 THE DUTCH GABLES OF KENT UPDATE TO KAS NEWSLETTER ISSUES 93 & 94, 2012

By Gordon Taylor

As has been said before, a study is out of date as soon Stodmarsh Court, Stodmarsh. Grade II listed late as it appears in print. My research is no different, but sixteenth-century core (early seventeenth-century I have good news at least. It was a general report, – Pevsner) with south front rebuilt nineteenth- and individual properties did not generally get a century in ‘Jacobean style’ with three gables all with mention. Some were in a parlous state, and I feared round pediment, the two wings have concave and for their future, but fortunately, in some cases at convex curves under. East gable is original with least, a shining knight has come to their rescue. round pediment with two convex curves under, three reverse S wall anchors, and diagonal brickwork in a Eythorne, TR 299 491 Malmains Farm (Malmain is lozenge-shaped panel – unique. Derelict when I visited Norman – owner). Late fifteenth-century timber-framed it in 2008 but thankfully now fully restored when house with gables added in seventeenth-century on the internet in 2018 is for sale with Canterbury in red/brown brick in English bond, rest rendered estate agent Strutt & Parker (Figs 7 & 8). Nearby and c.1800 extension. The barn is a former tithe Higham Hall Farm circa 1700 has had a new porch barn. Side and rear pediments of the house were in added c.2015 which matches the original. disrepair on my 2011 visit. The owner wanted to repair the gables, and both gables were re-built 2016/7 during which work the roof timbers were found to need repair, so the roof was renewed as well as the gables, securing the house’s future (Figs 1 & 2).

Tilmanstone TR 302519 North Court (separated from South Court 1564). Sixteenth-century timber-framed house and early seventeenth-century in brick. South gable has a chimney in half segmental pediment, straight one side ogee another side (matched only by Adisham Court, Kent and the Dun Cow pub in Swainsthorpe, Norfolk). Orange brown brick in English bond. West gable: segmental pediment with concave and two convex curves in English bond. Front Opposite page, top Flemish bond. The porch has triangular pediment Fig 1: Malmains Farm rear gable prior with a convex curve. Five S-shaped wall anchors. to repairs Renovated 2017/8 including removing all twentieth- Opposite page, middle Fig 2: Malmains rear gable with new century accretions and installing anti-flooding measures roof and removal of modern addition at the rear (grounds slope towards the house). The Opposite page, bottom owner has also re-roofed the timber-framed barn Fig 3: North Court, south gable circa 2011 employing thatchers from the West Country for This page, top left the top half and wood shingles below to match the Fig 4: North Court south gable showing original. Another treasure saved (Figs 3 & 4). improvements This page, top right Fig 5: 60 The Street, Ash, near Sandwich 60, High Street, Ash, Near Sandwich. This building, This page, second right originally the Lion Hotel as listed by the late Arthur Fig 6: 60 The Street risen from the ashes Percival and later an Indian Restaurant “Jagaan”, was This page, third right virtually destroyed by fire early in 2009. Being Listed Fig 7: Stodmarsh Court Farm east Grade II, I was assured by Dover District Council that wing 2008 it would be reinstated, and thankfully it was in 2014. Of This page, bottom rendered brickwork, it has a ‘Thanet’ pediment with two Fig 8: Stodmarsh Court from side (close up) 2018 convex curves under at the east end only (Figs 5 & 6).

36 | Kent Archaeological Society Spring 2019 | 37 Elizabeth was born in 1723, in Selling, daughter of William Chambers and Susanna (née Gibbs). Her father SPOONS, FLAGS died the following year, leaving the family mansion and estate, Marshes, to his three surviving daughters. In 1746, Elizabeth married AND HEROES By Elizabeth Blanning Robert Hilton who purchased her sisters’ shares in the property. It remained in the family until 1828 A NEWLY DISCOVERED ITEM RELATING when it was sold to Lord Sondes. The name Marshes seems to have disappeared from the records TO THE HILTONS OF SELLING in later years, but it researches among the tithe records show it to In March of last year, the have been sited at the location of following communication was the present Selling Court Farm. received via the KAS website: Anyone familiar with Selling Church “We hailed the Victory to inquire The two Trafalgar flags were “I have a quality stlg silver spoon will know of the Hilton family through the health of Lord Nelson whom given to Selling Church by Hilton’s larger than a dessert spoon but the Hilton Chapel, situated in the we had heard was wounded at descendants in the 1930s. Being smaller than today’s tablespoon. South Chancel, where memorials the commencement of the action in a fragile state, they were moved Engraved around the edge on to the family are to be found when we received the melancholy in 1994, first to a conservator, the underside of the bowl is along with two (now replica) flags information from Captain Hardy then to Canterbury Cathedral the following inscription: from the Battle of Trafalgar. that this hero was no more. Treasury, before an appeal by the National Maritime Museum Eliz Hilton Ob, 29 Aug 1787, AE, 64… Elizabeth and Robert are His dying words of this warlike raised enough money for their commemorated on a marble slab on Admiral were ‘I have then lived long acquisition, conservation and the I am curious as to why it would the East wall of the chapel, above enough’. This unwelcome intelligence creation of replicas for the church. have been so inscribed. Was it the altar. Their eldest surviving son, of his death troubled most sensibly The Union Flag is now on display customary to inscribe spoons Thomas Gibbs Hilton (sadly, their those hearts that were but a moment in the Museum’s Navy, Nation thus? I feel very much that I am first-born son, William Chambers previous elated with success. and Nelson Gallery, providing a the custodian of this spoon and The earliest cited example Aside from the inscription, finely Hilton died shortly after birth) is backdrop to Nelson’s Trafalgar coat. would be so grateful if someone from the US is dated 1645, engraved in hatched capitals, the commemorated in a monument Our gallant seamen now paused could give me more information. and there the custom lasted spoon, which is 21cm in length on the South wall and Elizabeth’s to pay tribute due to the memory The flag captured from the into the early 19th century. and weighs 51g, is entirely plain. parents on the West wall. of so great a character.” Neptuno was long supposed to be I live in Australia. I have had this However precious a memorial it was, a Spanish ensign but is Austrian. spoon since the 1960s, it being Although I have found reference it has clearly been heavily used. It Thomas Gibbs Hilton, a gentleman It was Robert’s brother Stephen who The Spanish ship was presumably stored safely away and forgotten until to such spoons being distributed has some denting to the bowl and farmer and partner in the Faversham returned to Kent with the two flags. carrying it so that she could sail now. I feel it should be in a museum. in some places in England, I have seems to have been used to scrape Commercial Bank, in turn, had Stephen was Master’s Mate aboard under false colours if outnumbered been unable to ascertain where the contents of a container, as the seven sons. Notable among these the HMS Minotaur, which, with the and needing to flee (Austria, in Yours sincerely, exactly; they are uncommon end of the bowl is unevenly worn, were Stephen and Robert, both of HMS Spartiate, captured the Spanish alliance with Britain at the time, E.M. Colquhoun (Mrs) – age 91 years.” here. The only example I have slightly inverted and slightly sharp whom served at Trafalgar. Robert Neptuno. Stephen must presumably was a significant sea-power). identified is the Strickland Death’s to the touch. Indeed, the very top was Surgeon’s 2nd Mate aboard have distinguished himself, for he Mrs Colquhoun had already done Head Spoon (Victoria and Albert of the numeral nine has been worn the Swiftsure. National Archives’ was able to bring home not only some genealogical homework and Museum), hallmarked for 1670-71 away. It bears London hallmarks Trafalgar Ancestors database the financial reward given to crew identified the dedicatee as one and made for a Yorkshire family. which have almost been polished records that he later deserted on members of such victorious ships but Elizabeth Hilton (née Chambers) This is a much earlier, and it is a away. The date letter and maker’s 12 April 1806 at Gibraltar though Minotaur’s own Union Flag, flown at born in Kent in 1723 and married much more elaborate example, mark are indecipherable, but it this seems unlikely, as he returned the battle, as well as a further ensign to a Robert Hilton in 1746. bearing the family’s arms, a skull cannot have been assayed before to Kent, dying in Bridge, in 1837. captured from the Neptuno. The and the words, “Live to Die, Die to 1786 (the year before Elizabeth’s Union Flag is one of only two known It is fair to say that, as a Romanist, Live”. The Hilton spoon is unusual death) as it bears a duty mark in Just a couple of weeks after to survive from Trafalgar. The other, I had no knowledge whatsoever in having the inscription around the an oval cartouche. Duty marks Trafalgar, on 3 Nov 1805, Robert flown by the Spartiate was sold to a about 18th-century mourning bowl, rather than on the handle, were only introduced in 1785, and wrote a letter home, addressed private buyer in 2009. Victory’s own spoons. Research indicated that although enquiries with the Victoria for the first year, the cartouche to his brother William (see below) Union Flag was intended to have the custom of giving inscribed and Albert Museum did furnish was a chamfered rectangle. describing the battle. This was been deposited in Nelson’s grave memorial spoons to pallbearers or one Dutch example (albeit a only discovered, amongst family along with the ship’s other flags, but other participants in a funeral was slightly more ornate spoon) with a If the spoon itself is somewhat papers, in 2007. Having described the Naval Chronicle of 1805 records a custom originating in, or at least memorial inscription on the bowl; enigmatic, what do we know action, including the sinking of that the sailors participating in the prevalent in, the Netherlands in the this correspondence confirmed of Elizabeth Hilton? the Redoubtable, he tells how, ceremony tore off a considerable Top 17th and 18th centuries. The majority that the Hilton Spoon is highly after the battle, the Swiftsure’s part of it and divided it amongst The Hilton Chapel with the replica of the (few) examples I have found unusual as a piece of English silver. Top crew sought news of Nelson: themselves to keep as souvenirs. flags. Elizabeth’s parents are are from the United States, where Elizabeth Hilton’s memorial in Selling Pieces survive in various collections. commemorated on the monument Dutch settlers introduced Church. It is incorrectly dated 1788 behind the Austrian ensign the custom. (1787, the date on the spoon, coincides with that in parish records)

38 | Kent Archaeological Society Spring 2019 | 39 Stephen used his prize money to buy a local property, which he extended and renamed Trafalgar House, located on Vicarage Rd, REVISING THE DEFINITION between Selling church and Gushmere. He continued his naval career, retiring as a Commander. He died in 1872 and is buried in Selling OF TREASURE IN THE churchyard. According to O’Byrne’s A Naval Biographical Dictionary (1849) he had nine children; his youngest daughter rejoiced in TREASURE ACT 1996 the name Victoria Minotaur.

Stephen and Robert’s brother AND REVISING THE RELATED George also pursued a naval career and attained the rank of Commander. Their youngest CODES OF PRACTICE brother William, commemorated on the same monument as their The consultation deals with The Portable Antiquities Scheme parents, died in Bombay, serving as proposed changes to the Treasure (‘PAS’) is active in England and Lieutenant with the 14th Regiment Act 1996 (‘the Act’), its associated Wales. Local Finds Liaison of Madras Native Infantry. Notes on selected sources Code of Practice (‘the Code’) and Officers (‘FLOs’) record finds on the process for finds that may a database and advise finders We have digressed some way For mourning (funeral) Stephen’s and Robert’s Trafalgar be treasure following a review if a find is treasure. Under local from a silver spoon, and I fear that, spoons see Wees et al. (2013) service can be found in the National of the treasure process. The agreements the FLO reports for some at least, parts of this Early American Silver in the Archives’ Trafalgar Ancestors aim of the Act is to ensure that treasure finds to the coroner. narrative will be familiar. For me, Metropolitan Museum of Art. database and Stephen and important archaeological items are however, this has been a fascinating George’s careers in O’Byrne’s preserved in public collections. The DCMS retains responsibility journey into unknown territory, both Genealogical information was A Naval Biographical Dictionary for treasure policy but geographically and historically. garnered from many sources, (1849). Both of these sources The Department of Digital, administration of the treasure including FamilySearch.org. are available freely online. Culture, Media & Sport (DCMS) process was transferred to We may never know precisely propose to improve the treasure the Treasure Secretariat at the why the engraving of this spoon Information on Marshes and Events surrounding the acquisition process so that it is more efficient, British Museum in 2007. was commissioned, why this Elizabeth’s family history can be of the Hilton flags were covered that it is focused on the aim of adaptation of a continental custom found in Hasted’s The History in local and national newspapers; preserving significant finds for Under local agreements, finds are should make an appearance and Topographical Survey of the an interesting document relating public collections, and that it reported to FLOs in England and in rural Kent; nor, indeed, how County of Kent: Volume 7, which to the appeal by the National is more rational and easier to Wales, and National Museums it found its way to Australia. can be viewed via the British Maritime Museum can be found at understand. We are also keen to Northern Ireland (Ulster Museum) History Online website and Burke’s http://www.flaginstitute.org/wp/ ensure that there is a sustainable in Northern Ireland who pass the We are very grateful, though, to A Genealogical and Heraldic wp-content/uploads/2013/07/ future for the treasure process. report on to the local coroner. The Mrs Colquhoun for bringing it to History of the Commoners of RMG-Flags.pdf. The discovery and FLO or curator prepares a report our attention and repatriating it, Great Britain and Ireland, Enjoying contents of Robert Hilton’s letter The aim of the consultation is to for the coroner on how the find generously donating it to form Territorial Possessions Or High were reported in the Daily Mail. gather views on the proposed meets the definition of treasure a part of the KAS Collection. Official Rank: But Uninvested with changes, and obtain information in the Act, and offers the local Heritable Honours, Volume 2 (1835), that will help us to assess the museum the find for acquisition. If available on Google Books. impact of these changes on groups no museum declares an interest and individuals. Opinions are sought in acquiring the find, the find is which will support the development disclaimed and returned to the of future policies on the Act, the finder. Otherwise the coroner Code and the treasure process. holds an inquest and if the find is declared treasure it becomes the The Act gives the Secretary of property of the Crown. The finder State for Digital, Culture, Media and the landowner and/or occupier and Sport (‘the Secretary of State’) then become eligible for a reward. the power to revise the definition of treasure, to disclaim treasure finds and to take decisions on Top rewards paid under the Act. The The inscribed bowl of the spoon. Secretary of State is also required ELIZ HILTON OB, 29, AUG 1787, by section 11 of the Act to publish Æ, 64 (Elizabeth Hilton died and regularly review a Code of 29 Aug 1787, aged 64). Practice in connection with the Act.

40 | Kent Archaeological Society Spring 2019 | 41 The Secretary of State decides This consultation seeks opinions Conclusion on the amount and share of the on our proposals for addressing reward, acting on the advice of the issues outlined above The aim of the Act is to preserve the Treasure Valuation Committee regarding the proposals to: significant finds for public (‘the TVC’). This is a committee of collections. The proposals are experts who decide on the market • Introduce changes in the aimed at supporting and promoting value of the find, which is the basis administrative process to that aim. In addition to consultation of the amount of the reward. The speed up and rationalise responses, the DCMS will be TVC commissions a provisional the treasure process inviting individuals and groups to valuation from an approved speak to DCMS officials, and we valuer. The acquiring museum, • Update the Code to reflect are hoping for responses which will the finder and the landowner these and other changes give us an insight into the views of and/or occupier can submit in policy and practice everyone interested in the Act. evidence and private valuations. • Revise the definition of treasure For further information please go The TVC will assess the evidence in the Act to focus the process to https://assets.publishing.service. and make a recommendation on the on significant archaeological, gov.uk/government/uploads/ value and how the reward is shared cultural and historical finds system/uploads/attachment_data/ between the interested parties to file/775560/Revising_the_ the Secretary of State. The TVC • Exempt finds that fall under definition_of_treasure_in_the_ will also recommend if there should the Church of England’s Treasure_Act_1996_and_revising_ be any abatement (reduction) in systems of control the_related_codes_of_practice.pdf the reward for behaviour, such as only partial reporting of a hoard, • Commence section 30 of which breaches the Code. The the Coroners and Justice museum will pay the reward to Act 2009, to avoid delay and the Treasure Secretariat (or on prevent unnecessary work for occasion to DCMS) who will release the coroner and the Treasure the find to the museum and pay the Secretariat, and to extend to the reward to the interested parties. acquirer of an object the duty of reporting a possible treasure object or coin to the coroner.

42 | Kent Archaeological Society NOTICES

The Medieval Port of London Canterbury Historical and Saturday 18th May 2019 Archaeological Society – The Museum of London Research and Publication Grants Web site A conference organised by the www.canterbury-archaeology.org.uk Docklands History group. Many people with a long involvement The Society has limited funds in the history and archaeology of available to award a grant to the River Thames and the City of individuals researching any aspect London will present papers on a of the history or archaeology varied range of subjects relating of Canterbury and its region. It to the Medieval Port of London. is envisaged that a grant would not usually exceed £500. For further details and information on how to book a place, please Preference would be given to work visit the Group’s website at resulting in publication in any media. www.docklandshistorygroup.org.uk Please apply in writing to the Kent Archaeological Society’s Honorary Secretary of the Historic Buildings Committee Grants Committee as soon as Conference 2019 Summer 2019 History Classes possible and in any case not 12 October 2019, 10am–4pm with Dr David Wright later than 30th June 2019. Cobham Village Hall, The Meadow Room, The Street, Kent Houses and their Families You may be asked to name a Cobham, Gravesend DA12 3BZ Monday mornings 10:30– referee whom the Committee 12:30; six meetings from 29 making the grant could consult. The KAS Historic Buildings April at a cost of £48. Committee is currently planning If successful, you would be an October 2019 conference. Britain after the Great War, expected to account for the money The general theme is ‘Kent’s 1918—1928 spent and give a copy of an article, Ecclesiastical Heritage’, to Monday afternoons 1:30 - pamphlet, etc., to the Society. include its various aspects, 3:30; six meetings from 29 A recipient may be invited to give such as the medieval college, April at a cost of £48. a lecture to the Society at one of and the post-medieval its monthly meetings. A summary parsonage or rectory house. Britain 1870–1914 of your research may be published Monday mornings 10:30–12:30; on the Society’s website: It is intended to allow time after Two 10-week terms from 23 www.canterbury-archaeology.org.uk the conference presentations September 2019 and 13 January for a visit in the afternoon to 2020 respectively at £65 per term. For further details, please the church, and/or college at contact the Honorary Secretary Cobham to supplement the talks. The classes are held in the United of the Grants Committee: Reform Church in Week Street, Maidstone. For booking or further Mr Barrie Beeching, KAS Strategy Update details, contact should be made to Holly House, As part of the broader KAS strategic Sue Moore at: [email protected] Church Road, review, members are invited to Hoath, take part in a SWOT analysis, Canterbury, an examination of the Society’s Kent CT3 4JT strengths and weaknesses. Alternatively, by email Members are requested to submit [email protected] their views, via the following link, which will help formulate a For more information go to: realistic, workable and coherent www.canterbury-archaeology. strategy for the next 20 years: org.uk/grants https://www.kentarchaeology. org.uk/strategy

Spring 2019 | 43 KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY FIELDWORK COMMITTEE FORUM

Saturday 4th May at 10.30am Maidstone Communtiy Support Centre, 39–48 Marsham Street, Maidstone, ME14 1HH. Tel: 01622 690369 www.mcsc.org.uk

The Kent Archaeological Society’s Fieldwork Committee would like to invite you to meet at an informal gathering in Marsham Street, Maidstone. The purpose of this Forum is to exchange current thoughts and ideas that might be of interest or concern to archaeology in the County.

The Forum will have a very relaxed structure, as detailed below. Please use this opportunity to bring along any artefacts that you might wish to show fellow enthusiasts, or that you may need help with or confirmation of identification.

• Tea, coffee and biscuits at 10.30 • Keith Parfitt – Introduction to the Fieldwork Committee, its practices and current business. • Dr. Steve Willis – Kent History and Archaeology in Perspective: Trends and issues, circumstance and investigation. • Open floor discussion – open to all.

The second Fieldwork Committee Forum will be held later in the year in the East of the County.

If undelivered, please return to S. Broomfield, 8 Woodview Crescent, Hildenborough, Tonbridge, Kent TN11 9HD