ENTANGLED MEMORIES IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH Mnemonic Solidarity Global Interventions Edited by Jie-Hyun Lim · Eve Rosenhaft Entangled Memories in the Global South Series Editors Jie-Hyun Lim Department of History and the Critical Global Studies Institute Sogang University Seoul, Korea (Republic of) Eve Rosenhaft School of Histories, Languages & Cultures University of Liverpool Liverpool, UK This book series offers new perspectives on the past and present of global memory formation. Recognizing the impact of globalization on collective memory, the titles in the series explore how memories have become entangled, reconciled, contested, conficted and negotiated across borders, connecting historical actors and events across time and space in new ways. In particular, the books in this series examine the de-territorialization of mnemonic discourse on colonialism, war and genocide since World War II. The focus of the series is the Global South, defned not simply by geography but by the interactions within regions and polities between majority and minority, dominant and subaltern, native and immigrant actors and bearers of distinct historical experiences. The series builds on recent developments in memory studies scholarship, drawing on and going beyond such con- cepts as multidirectional, travelling, cosmopolitan, entangled and prosthetic. It takes a broadly historical approach to the understanding of how national collective memories have become interconnected through such processes as cross-referencing, imitation and competition and encourages critical refec- tion on their consequences. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/16450 Jie-Hyun Lim • Eve Rosenhaft Editors Mnemonic Solidarity Global Interventions Editors Jie-Hyun Lim Eve Rosenhaft Department of History and the School of Histories, Languages & Critical Global Studies Institute Cultures Sogang University University of Liverpool Seoul, Korea (Republic of) Liverpool, UK ISSN 2662-5687 ISSN 2662-5695 (electronic) Entangled Memories in the Global South ISBN 978-3-030-57668-4 ISBN 978-3-030-57669-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57669-1 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2021. This book is an open access publication. 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The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The editors are grateful to the Palgrave editorial team for their support and encouragement, and to anonymous reviewers whose comments have helped us refect on, refne, and articulate our approach. This publication was supported by the Korean government through a National Research Foundation of Korea Grant to the Critical Global Studies Institute, Sogang University (Grant no. NRF-2017S1A6A3A01079727). Chapter 2 was originally published as Jie-­Hyun Lim, “Triple Victimhood: On the Mnemonic Confuence of the Holocaust, Stalinist Crime, and Colonial Genocide,” Journal of Genocide Research (April 2020), https:// doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2020.1750822. It is reprinted here by the permission of Taylor and Francis Ltd. The research for Chapter 5 was begun when the authors were New Generation Scholars at the Centre for Humanities Research, University of Western Cape, and they acknowledge the University’s support. v CONTENTS 1 Introduction: Mnemonic Solidarity—Global Interventions 1 Jie-Hyun Lim and Eve Rosenhaft 2 Postcolonial Reflections on the Mnemonic Confluence of the Holocaust, Stalinist Crimes, and Colonialism 15 Jie-Hyun Lim 3 Europe’s Melancholias: Diasporas in Contention and the Unravelings of the Postwar Settlement 45 Eve Rosenhaft 4 What the World Owes the Comfort Women 73 Carol Gluck 5 Eddies and Entanglements: Africa and the Global Mnemoscape 105 Lauren van Der Rede and Aidan Erasmus Index 131 vii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Aidan Erasmus is Lecturer in History at the University of the Western Cape, South Africa. He was formerly a Next Generation Scholar at the Centre for Humanities Research at the University of the Western Cape, and his doctoral research was concerned with sound, violence, and mem- ory in South African historiographies of war. His research interests include the intersection of studies of sound, technology, and the mediation of colonial pasts and presents. Carol Gluck is George Sansom Professor of History and Chair of the Committee on Global Thought at Columbia University, New York. She is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society, former president of the Association for Asian Studies, co-chair of the Trustees Emeriti of Asia Society, and member of the Board of Directors of Japan Society. Her recent books include Words in Motion: Toward a Global Lexicon (2009), Thinking with the Past: The Japanese and Modern History (2017), and Past Obsessions: World War Two in History and Memory (forthcoming). Jie-Hyun Lim is Professor of Transnational History and Director of the Critical Global Studies Institute at Sogang University, Seoul. He has pub- lished widely on nationalism and Marxism in comparison, Polish history, transnational history, and global memory. Among his recent works are the fve volumes of the Palgrave series on “mass dictatorship in the twentieth century” as the series editor, 2011–2016. He is Principal Investigator of the international research project Mnemonic Solidarity: Colonialism, War ix x NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS and Genocide in the Global Memory Space (2017–2024). His publications on global memory include “Second World War in the Global Memory Space” in Michael Geyer and Adam Tooze eds., Cambridge History of Second World War (2015); “Victimhood Nationalism in Contested Memories—National Mourning and Global Accountability” in Aleida Assmann and Sebastian Conrad eds., Memory in a Global Age: Discourses, Practices and Trajectories (2010); “Victimhood Nationalism and History Reconciliation in East Asia,” History Compass, vol. 8/1 (November 2009). Eve Rosenhaft is Professor of German Historical Studies at the University of Liverpool. She has taught and published widely on aspects of German social history since the eighteenth century. Recent publications include Black Germany: The Making and Unmaking of a Diaspora Community 1884–1960 (2013), Slavery Hinterland. Transatlantic Slavery and Continental Europe 1680–1850 (2016), Black German: An Afro-­ German Life in the Twentieth Century (2017—a critical English edition of the memoirs of Theodor Michael), and journal articles and book chapters on the Romani genocide. Her public engagement work includes collabo- rations with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the Imperial War Museum London, and the Wiener Holocaust Library, and developing exhibitions on the Nazi persecution of German Sinti and Roma in collabo- ration with German and South Korean memory practitioners. Lauren van Der Rede is Lecturer in English at Stellenbosch University, South Africa, and a former Next Generation Scholar at the Centre for Humanities Research at the University of the Western Cape, South Africa. Her doctoral project engaged with the question of genocide through the literary and focused on its expressions in three African contexts: Rwanda, Ethiopia, and the Darfur region of Sudan. Her research elaborates this and is concerned with the intersection of genocide, cultural studies, psychoanalysis, and literature; it also offers an alter- native reading of the problem of genocide centered on what it might mean to think genocide beyond the framework of the phenomenon. LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1.1 The tablet at the entrance to the Holocaust Education Center in Fukuyama, Hiroshima Prefecture, which is dedicated to Anne Frank’s legacy, August 2012 (Jie-­Hyun Lim) 1 Fig. 2.1 Descendants of the 1904–1908 genocide in Namibia at the Holocaust Memorial in Berlin 2011, on the occasion of the frst repatriation of deported human remains to