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Introduction the Waldegrave Initiative Is the Name Given to a Policy Introduced in 1992 by Lord Waldegrave, an English Conservat
Introduction The Waldegrave Initiative is the name given to a policy introduced in 1992 by Lord Waldegrave, an English Conservative politician who served in the British Cabinet from 1990 – 1997. Under this policy, all government departments were encouraged to re-examine what had been previously regarded as particularly sensitive records, with the objective of declassifying a greater quantity of information. This initiative is widely regarded as the precursor to the UK’s Freedom of Information Act 2000, and it set a precedent of declassification across Western democracies. The Special Operations Executive (SOE) was a secret British organisation formed 22 July 1940 by Winston Churchill to conduct espionage, sabotage, and reconnaissance in occupied Europe against the Axis powers as well as to aid local resistance movements. As Mark Seaman put it, the SOE was formed to “foster occupied Europe’s resistance groups” and ensure that “Nazi occupation wasn’t an easy thing”.1 It operated in all countries or former countries occupied by or attacked by the Axis forces, except where demarcation lines were agreed with Britain's principal allies – namely the Soviet Union and the United States of America. Initially it was also involved in the formation of the Auxiliary Units, a top secret "stay-behind" resistance organisation, which would have been activated in the event of a German invasion of mainland Britain.2 To those who were part of the SOE or liaised with it, it was sometimes referred to as "the Baker Street Irregulars" (after the location of its London headquarters). It was also known as "Churchill's Secret Army" or the "Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare". -
EINSTEIN and NAZI PHYSICS When Science Meets Ideology and Prejudice
MONOGRAPH Mètode Science Studies Journal, 10 (2020): 147-155. University of Valencia. DOI: 10.7203/metode.10.13472 ISSN: 2174-3487. eISSN: 2174-9221. Submitted: 29/11/2018. Approved: 23/05/2019. EINSTEIN AND NAZI PHYSICS When science meets ideology and prejudice PHILIP BALL In the 1920s and 30s, in a Germany with widespread and growing anti-Semitism, and later with the rise of Nazism, Albert Einstein’s physics faced hostility and was attacked on racial grounds. That assault was orchestrated by two Nobel laureates in physics, who asserted that stereotypical racial features are exhibited in scientific thinking. Their actions show how ideology can infect and inflect science. Reviewing this episode in the current context remains an instructive and cautionary tale. Keywords: Albert Einstein, Nazism, anti-Semitism, science and ideology. It was German society, Einstein said, that revealed from epidemiology and research into disease (the to him his Jewishness. «This discovery was brought connection of smoking to cancer, and of HIV to home to me by non-Jews rather than Jews», he wrote AIDS) to climate change, this idea perhaps should in 1929 (cited in Folsing, 1998, p. 488). come as no surprise. But it is for that very reason that Shortly after the boycott of Jewish businesses at the the hostility Einstein’s physics sometimes encountered start of April 1933, the German Students Association, in Germany in the 1920s and 30s remains an emboldened by Hitler’s rise to total power, declared instructive and cautionary tale. that literature should be cleansed of the «un-German spirit». The result, on 10 May, was a ritualistic ■ AGAINST RELATIVITY burning of tens of thousands of books «marred» by Jewish intellectualism. -
Prof. Leif Tronstad, O.B.E
74 NATURE July 21, 1945 Vol. 156 OBITUARIES elements on the corrosion of aluminium and· iron. His published scientific papers number about sixty. Prof. Leif Tronstad, O.B.E. Tronstad was greatly attached to Great Britain, where he had many friends. His modesty, sincerity THE death of L. H. L. Tronstad on active and cheerful good-humour were appreciated by all service in Norway, while leading a daring operation who met him. He had numerous interests outside in March 1945, has deprived his country of one of its science ; for example, he was a fine athlete, being in most outstanding men of science, and his collaborators his student days a member of the relay team which in all parts of the world of a valued friend. set up a Norwegian record for the 4 x 400 metres Leif Hans Larsen Tronstad was born in 1903 at distance ; he was also a lover of natural beauty, and Baerum, near Oslo; his father, a farmer, died the took pride in Norwegian country folk and customs. same year. He studied chemistry in the Oslo Tech During the War, Tronstad was engaged in daring nical School and the Norwegian Technical University and dangerous work for his country, which led, on the at Trondheim, obtaining brilliant successes despite the eve of victory, to his death in action. Details of his fact that he was at the same time working as a teacher many-sided war activities must not be given ; but and in support of his widowed mother and siEter. it may perhaps be stated that the results achieved, His first important research was carried out at which demanded the highest courage, organizing Berlin, during 1928-29, in Prof. -
The Race for Norwegian Heavy Ater, 1940-1945 Table of Contents
IFS Info 4/1995 Olav Njolstad Ole Kristian Grimnes Joachim RBnneberg Bertrand Goldschmidt The Race for Norwegian Heavy ater, 1940-1945 Table of Contents Olav Nj0lstad : Introduction .............................................................................................. :........ 5 Ole Kristian Grimnes : The Allied heavy water operations at Rjukan .................................................. 7 Joachim R0nneberg : Operation "Gunnerside": Reminiscences of a heavy water saboteur ............ 13 Bertrand Goldschmidt : The supplies of Norwegian heavy water to France and the early development of atomic energy ......................................................... 17 Introduction By Olav Njl!llstad The sabotage action against Norsk Hydro's heavy that the Norwegian-Allied heavy water operations water factory at Vemork, Rjukan, in February 1943 "may be considered the first attempt to secure the was undoubtedly one of the most astonishing and non-proliferation of nuclear weapons by military heroic Norwegian-Allied operations in Norway action", and he discusses what kind oflegacy they during the Second World War. Its blend of high represent in that respect. politics, scientific adventure, military drama and In the second paper, Joachim RIilnneberg, who individual courage has intrigued people for more at the age of22 led the sabotage action in February than fifty years. Numerous accounts of the event 1943, shares with us his memories of that dramatic have been made, including two commercial films, event. In addition to the many fascinating details and in Norsk Industriarbeidermuseum (the Norwe about how the sabotage was planned and executed, gian Industrial Workers Museum) at Rjukan there the reader will find some very valuable reflections is now a permanent exhibition of related sabotage on why that particular operation became such a memorabilia. On each anniversary hundreds of huge success. -
Vol. 44 No. 2 [2018]
Editorial Board Advisor BG Chua Boon Keat Chairman COL Simon Lee Wee Chek Deputy Chairman COL(NS) Irvin Lim Members COL(NS) Tan Swee Bock COL(NS) Benedict Ang Kheng Leong COL Victor Huang COL Kevin Goh COL Goh Tiong Cheng MAJ(NS) Charles Phua Chao Rong MS Melissa Ong MS Ho Ying Ting MR Kuldip Singh MR Daryl Lee Chin Siong MS Sonya Chan CWO Ng Siak Ping Professor Pascal Vennesson Assistant Professor Daniel Chua MR Eddie Lim Editorial Team Editor MS Helen Cheng Assistant Editor MR Bille Tan Research Specialists PTE David Omar Ting PTE Koo Yi Xian PTE Jasmond Oh ß The opinions and views expressed in this journal do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Ministry of Defence. Pointer Editorial Board reserves the right to edit and publish selected articles according to its editorial requirements. All rights reserved. The articles in this journal are not to be reproduced in part or in whole without the consent of the Ministry of Defence. Copyright ©2018 Ministry of Defence. POINTER JOURNAL OF THE SINGAPORE ARMED FORCES ISSN 2017-3956 Vol. 44 No. 2 [2018] contents iii EDITORIAL FEATURES 01 At the Leading Edge: The RSAF and the Fourth Industrial Revolution by LTC Clement Wee Yong Nien, MAJ Tay Cheng Chuan & MAJ Ho Jin Peng 12 Autonomy: The Next Frontier by ME6 Tan Kwang Liang, CPT Lim Guang He & ME4 Gerald Goh Qi Wen 24 The Internet of Things: Applications and Challenges for the RSAF by ME6(DR) Reuben Lim Chi Keong, MAJ Pek Wee Kian & ME5 David Bey 35 The Emergence of Small Unmanned Aerial Systems: Opportunities and Challenges by LTC -
Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project, 1939-1945: a Study in German Culture
Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft838nb56t&chunk.id=0&doc.v... Preferred Citation: Rose, Paul Lawrence. Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project, 1939-1945: A Study in German Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1998 1998. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft838nb56t/ Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project A Study in German Culture Paul Lawrence Rose UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley · Los Angeles · Oxford © 1998 The Regents of the University of California In affectionate memory of Brian Dalton (1924–1996), Scholar, gentleman, leader, friend And in honor of my father's 80th birthday Preferred Citation: Rose, Paul Lawrence. Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project, 1939-1945: A Study in German Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1998 1998. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft838nb56t/ In affectionate memory of Brian Dalton (1924–1996), Scholar, gentleman, leader, friend And in honor of my father's 80th birthday ― ix ― ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For hospitality during various phases of work on this book I am grateful to Aryeh Dvoretzky, Director of the Institute of Advanced Studies of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, whose invitation there allowed me to begin work on the book while on sabbatical leave from James Cook University of North Queensland, Australia, in 1983; and to those colleagues whose good offices made it possible for me to resume research on the subject while a visiting professor at York University and the University of Toronto, Canada, in 1990–92. Grants from the College of the Liberal Arts and the Institute for the Arts and Humanistic Studies of The Pennsylvania State University enabled me to complete the research and writing of the book. -
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: the PRINCIPAL UNCERTAINTY: U.S
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: THE PRINCIPAL UNCERTAINTY: U.S. ATOMIC INTELLIGENCE, 1942-1949 Vincent Jonathan Houghton, Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Dissertation directed by: Professor Jon T. Sumida Department of History The subject of this dissertation is the U. S. atomic intelligence effort against both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in the period 1942-1949. Both of these intelligence efforts operated within the framework of an entirely new field of intelligence: scientific intelligence. Because of the atomic bomb, for the first time in history a nation’s scientific resources – the abilities of its scientists, the state of its research institutions and laboratories, its scientific educational system – became a key consideration in assessing a potential national security threat. Considering how successfully the United States conducted the atomic intelligence effort against the Germans in the Second World War, why was the United States Government unable to create an effective atomic intelligence apparatus to monitor Soviet scientific and nuclear capabilities? Put another way, why did the effort against the Soviet Union fail so badly, so completely, in all potential metrics – collection, analysis, and dissemination? In addition, did the general assessment of German and Soviet science lead to particular assumptions about their abilities to produce nuclear weapons? How did this assessment affect American presuppositions regarding the German and Soviet strategic threats? Despite extensive historical work on atomic intelligence, the current historiography has not adequately addressed these questions. THE PRINCIPAL UNCERTAINTY: U.S. ATOMIC INTELLIGENCE, 1942-1949 By Vincent Jonathan Houghton Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2013 Advisory Committee: Professor Jon T. -
Atomer for Krig Euer Fred?
f'orsvarsstlUJdoer 2/1988 Atomer for krig eUer fred? Etableringa av Institutt f 010' Atomenergi 1945-48 Astrid Forland Institutt for forsvarsstudier (lFS) Tollbugt 10, 0152 Oslo I, Norge INSTITUTf FOR FORSVARSSTUDlER - IFS - (tidligere Forsvarshistorisk forsk ningssenter) cr cn faglig uavhengig institusjon Som driver forskning med et samtidshis torisk perspektiv innenfor områdene norsk forsvars- og sikkerhetspolitikk, Sovjetstud ier og strategiske studier. IFS er administrativt tilknyttet Forsvarets høgskole, og virk ~olllhclCIl står under tilsyn av Rådet for for:..varsstudier med representasjon fra Forsva rets overkommando, Forsvarsdepartementet, Forsvarets h~lgskole og Universitetet i Oslo. Forsknillgs.\je{ professor Olav Riste. FORSVARSSTUDIER tar sikte pa å være ct forum for forskningsarbeider innenfor institusjonens arbeidsområder. De synspunkter som kommer til uttrykk i Forsvarsstu dier står for forfatterens egen regning. Hel eller delvis gjengivelse av innholdet kan bare skje med forfalterens samtykke. Redaktør: Rolf Tamnes. INSTITUrr FOR FORSVARSSTUDlER - IFS - NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR DEFENCE STUDIES (fonnerly Forsvarshistorisk forskningssenter - Research Centre for Defence History) conducts independent research from a contemporary history pers pective on defence and security issucs, Sovjet studies, and strutegic studies. IFS is administratively attached to the National Defence College, and its activities are super vised by the Council for Defence Studies, composed of represenlatives from the Defence Command, the Ministry of Defence, the National Defence College, and the University of Oslo. Director: Professor Olm' Riste, D. Phil. (Oxor/). FORSVARSSTUDIER - Defence SLUdies - aims to provide a forum for research papers within the fields of activity of the Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies. The view points expressed are those of the authors. The author's pennission is required for any rcproduction, wholly or in part, of the contents. -
Hitler's Uranium Club, the Secret Recordings at Farm Hall
HITLER’S URANIUM CLUB DER FARMHALLER NOBELPREIS-SONG (Melodie: Studio of seiner Reis) Detained since more than half a year Ein jeder weiss, das Unglueck kam Sind Hahn und wir in Farm Hall hier. Infolge splitting von Uran, Und fragt man wer is Schuld daran Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. The real reason nebenbei Die energy macht alles waermer. Ist weil we worked on nuclei. Only die Schweden werden aermer. Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. Die nuclei waren fuer den Krieg Auf akademisches Geheiss Und fuer den allgemeinen Sieg. Kriegt Deutschland einen Nobel-Preis. Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. Wie ist das moeglich, fragt man sich, In Oxford Street, da lebt ein Wesen, The story seems wunderlich. Die wird das heut’ mit Thraenen lesen. Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. Die Feldherrn, Staatschefs, Zeitungsknaben, Es fehlte damals nur ein atom, Ihn everyday im Munde haben. Haett er gesagt: I marry you madam. Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. Even the sweethearts in the world(s) Dies ist nur unsre-erste Feier, Sie nennen sich jetzt: “Atom-girls.” Ich glaub die Sache wird noch teuer, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. -
Knut Bjørlykke: Mitt Geologiske Liv. Inntrykk Fra 65 År Med Norsk Geologi
Foredrag 10/5 kl. 1300. Inst for Geologi. Knut Bjørlykke: Mitt geologiske liv. Inntrykk fra 65 år med norsk geologi som feltassistent, geologstudent, forsker og professor ved UiO, UiB, Uganda og California Jeg ble vel på en måte født inn i norsk geologi. Min far og bestefar var geologer og det var også min fetter Steinar Skjeseth og min bror Arne. Her er en personlig og subjektiv fremstilling av mye av det jeg har vært med på. “Mitt geologiske liv” er inspirert av Knut Heier Pensjonerte professorer behøver ikke ta så mange hensyn! Knut Bjørlykke Oversikt over 80 år. Født 7/6 1938 I Trondheim (Strinda) 1942-1945 Evakuert til Ringsaker 1945 -1946 Trondheim Berg Skole. 1946-1957 Bodde på Ås frem til Artium på Ski Gymnas 1958 Mililærtjenste Ingeniørvåpnet, Hvalsmoen. 1964 Cand Real Eksamen med geologi hovedfag 1965 Amanuensis ved Institutt for Geologi . 1966 Reading University, UK. 1969-1971 Makerere University Kampala, Uganda 1976 Professor i Petroleum Geologi ved UiB 1980 University ofCalfornia Santa barbara 1984. Professor i Sedimentologi ved UiO 2008 Professor Emeritus UiO Geologer var sjeldne og skulle være litt rare og originale! Professor tanke ! Tegneserie bassert på en distre Geologiprofessor med JHL Vogt ved NTH som model. Hovedpersonen Professor Tanke er en meget distré professor, etter sigende basert på Johan Hermann Lie Vogt (1858-1932), som ble kalt «professor Tanke» ved Norges tekniske høgskole i Trondheim, og ofte ble karikert i studentavisen Under Dusken og i studentrevyer. Tidlig start : 1943 I sving med geologhammereren på Ringsaker hvor vi var evakuert under krigen (1942- 1945 under krigen- ikke langt i fra der min fetter Steinar Skjeseth bodde. -
Skandisk, Inc. Christmas Books for All Ages
The Tomten Catalog 2017 – 2018 skandisk, inc. CHRISTMAS BOOKS FOR ALL AGES A holiday novella by the author of A Man Called Ove The Night Before Christmas Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Everything I Need to Know About The Deal of a Lifetime by Clement Clark Moore Evening by Robert Frost Christmas I Learned From A by Fredrik Backman Award-winning illustrator Charles Santore Award-winning illustrator Susan Jeffers brings Little Golden Book by Diane Muldrow Written with humor and compassion, this perfectly captures the delight of Santa’s the wintry woods in this classic poem to life Are you ready for Christmas? This heartwarm- book reminds us that life is a fleeting gift, and wondrous visit with images that are sure to with richly detailed, subtly colored artwork. A ing book will see you through the hassles, and our only legacy is how we share that gift with enchant believers of all ages. 9.75" x 10.25" beautiful book to share this holiday season. remind you of the true meaning of Christmas! those we love. Further details on page 14. Padded Board Book. $12.95 CHR 747B Hardcover. $16.99 CHR 101 Hardcover. $9.99 CHR 765 Hardcover. $18.00 CHR 105 WISH BOOKS by Lori Evert with photographs by Per Breiehagen The newest Nordic adventure in the Wish series! The Christmas Wish The Brave Little Puppy The Puppy’s Wish The Reindeer Wish Anja wants to be one of Santa’s elves, so she When Anja’s puppy gets lost in the woods, Anja’s adorable husky puppy, Birki, wishes he Anja discovers an abandoned reindeer straps on her skis and heads out into the snowy his many kind forest friends—a polar bear, was good at something...anything! But what baby and cares for it. -
Chat with the War Hero Joachim Holmboe Rønneberg: Interview with Norway Last Surviving War Hero Joachim Holmboe Rønneberg 9Th December 2014
Chat with the war hero Joachim Holmboe Rønneberg: Interview with Norway last surviving war hero Joachim Holmboe Rønneberg 9th December 2014 Background information: Chevalier Rønneberg was on the 9th December 2014 kl.17: 00 appointed as Honorary Knight. The appointments happened at Rica Park Hotel in Ålesund in the Polarbjørn meeting room, on the ninth floor overlooking Ålesund. Chevalier Rønneberg was born in Borgund, in Ålesund as the second son of Alf Rønneberg from Ålesund and Anna Krag Sandberg. He was the brother of Erling Rønneberg, who was a well-known resistance member too, having received British commando training. On the maternal side he was a nephew of Ole Rømer Aagaard Sandberg, and thus a grandnephew of Ole Rømer Aagaard Sandberg, Sr. On the paternal side he was a distant descendant of Carl Rønneberg, and a grandnephew of politician Anton Johan Rønneberg, whose mother was a part of the Holmboe family—hence Joachim's middle name. Therefor it’s important that everyone understand that peace and freedom is not obvious, and this is important that today's youth understand this. Too many take todays freedom for granted. Peace and freedom must be fought for everyday Joachim H. Rønneberg 9th December 2014 Vemork, Rjukan Joachim Holmboe Rønneberg in 1943 The attack had not been cleared with the Norwegian government in exile in London and led to a diplo- matic crisis between the Norwe- gian and other Allied governments. Of particular concern for the Nor- wegian government was the tar- geting of the Rjukan nitrogen plant, as it supposedly only produced products for Norwegian agricul- ture.