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ENGLAND 8018932 T aylo r , M a x in e Pow ell PROLOGUE TO IMPERIALISM: SCIENTIHC EXPEDITIONS DURING iHE JULY MONARCHY The University o fOklahoma PhJD. 1980 University Microfilms Intern Stic nsi 300N.Zeâ}Road.AimAibor.MI48106 18 Bedford Row, LondcmWClR4EI, England Copyright 1980 by Taylor, Maxine Powell All Rights Reserved THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE PROLOGUE TO IMPERIALISM: SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITIONS DURING THE JULY MONARCHY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY MAXINE POWELL TAYLOR Norman, Oklahoma 1980 PROLOGUE TO IMPERIALISM: SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITIONS DURING THE JULY MONARCHY APPROVED BY -^-LJ ijLLiOrrr-^^ \_'V y V ,,. y DISSERTATION COMMITTEE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I gratefully acknowledge the stimulus and help afforded by Dr. Robert Nye, the director of my dissertation, and the editorial assistance and advice provided by Dr. Thomas Smith and Dr. Gordon Drummond. The task of research was greatly facilitated by the professional capacity and willing helpfulness of archivists and librarians in France at the following places: the Archives Nationales, the Archives des Affaires Etrangères, the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, the Service Historique de la Marine, and the Bibliothèque Nationale. In this country, I wish to express my thanks to the librarians at Northwestern State University, Natchitoches, Louisiana; at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana; and at Bancroft Research Library at the Berkeley campus of the University of California. In conclusion, I also wish to thank the History Department of the University of Oklahoma for providing me with a research grant which enabled me to travel to France. TABLF OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION.................................... 1 II. THE RESTORATION (1815-1830); SEEDBED OF EXPANSIONISM . 14 III. THE JULY MONARCHY............................. 33 IV. THE GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF PARIS: EXPANSIONIST ALLY........................................................... 56 V. AFRICAN NETWORK: EXPEDITIONS TO ABYSSINIA, ALGERIA AND EASTERN AND EQUATORIAL AFRICA...................................................... 74 VI. THE PACIFIC: "A WHALER'S DREAM," "A VOYAGE OF PURE CURIOSITY," AND OTHER EXPEDITIONS..............................................112 VII. CONCLUSIONS.................................... 144 NOTES.......................................................................... 158 SOURCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................. 197 111 PROLOGUE TO IMPERIALISM: SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITIONS DURING THE JULY MONARCHY CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Overseas expansionism was one of the constant features in nineteenth-century French history as contemporary literature on the topic attests. Furthermore, the intensity and abruptness of expansionism during the Third Republic was not a glorious accident, but one whose taproots were set before 1870 as Christian Schefer's research demonstrates.^ For example, hesitant f ir s t steps were taken during the Restoration (1814-1830), and these were followed by intensified strides undertaken during the July Monarchy (1830-1848), evidenced by the occupation of parts of Algeria in the 1830's , the acquisition of the Marquesas Isles in 1842, the establishing of a protectorate over Tahiti in 1843, and the collection of points d'appui in Africa, the Indian Ocean, and the Pacific. The most significant era of resurgent expansionism roughly 1 approximated the July Monarchy, and thus has furnished the periodization boundaries for this dissertation. Although many scholars such as Henri Brunschwig, Hubert Deschamps, Georges Hardy, Charles Julien, Raymond Betts, Herbert Priestly and others have conducted studies in nineteenth-century French expansionism, scarcely anyone has concentrated on the July Monarchy. No doubt these decades are almost deceivingly dormant compared to the last decades of the century, but the first tentative grids of the "new imperialism" were being drawn nonetheless. For that reason, the period deserves more investigation. The men of July were heirs of a long tradition of colonialism which had never really died out. They were also heirs of the Napoleonic legacy which propagated a nostalgia for past glories. Inspired by this and other motives, both complex and manifold, expansionists looked beyond the borders of continental Europe during the reign of Louis-Philippe. At the end, they left a geographical framework upon which im perialists of the Third Republic established France's greatest colonial empire. Created by pragmatic men working in fits and starts, the construction of this framework involved sc ie n tists, businessmen, adventurers, private citizens and, more particularly, many naval officers and a few army officers engaged in scientific expeditions and other missions. Sometimes sponsored by private groups, but more often by ministries within the 3 government, dozens of these expeditions were completed which often increased French geographical and scientific sophisti cation about the non-European world. More importantly, footholds and even sovereign control were established in several of these new areas. The highly publicized exploits of the English such as the voyages of Captain James Cook (1768-1771; 1772- 1775; 1779-1789), and even Charles Darwin's voyage aboard the Beagle (.1831-1836), have tended to outshine the saga of French voyagers. Nonetheless, there is much documentary literature which provides a rich account of the expeditions leaving the shores of France for all corners of the globe-- extendi ng from Iceland to Antarctica, from Africa and the Middle East to exotic atolls in Oceania. Considering the number of voyages and the sheer breadth of territory surveyed, this was an amazing feat accomplished in a very short period of time, 1830-1848. Much of the primary focus of this dissertation will consist of a synthesization of the motives, actions, and accomplishments of French explorers and expansionists who acted with, and without, the approval of the French Foreign Office. To this date, no comprehensive analysis of the French global experience from 1830 to 1848 has been published. Works by Jean-Paul Faivre and Georges Malecot present detailed studies of the French vo.yaqeur record in the Pacific and Abyssinie respectively, but these publications do not attempt to integrate distinct parts with the whole of the colonial experience of the July Monarchy. And while Christian Schefer's La Politique coloniale de la Monarchie Juillet is a brilliant exposition, he is not much concerned with the explorations and expeditions themselves. By its very nature, the July Monarchy's expansionist record does not present a well-defined tableau. Rather, it is a spotty, erratic representation, more akin to one of Seurat's pointillist compositions since one must not search for details but must concentrate on the whole experience. Out of methodological necessity, then, the canvas for this dissertation must be large in order to capture the total expansionist spectrum. World-wide scientific expeditions, therefore, capture yet another dimension of the French experience. Due to domestic political reverses and the reality of the naval power of mighty England, Louis-Philippe's government could scarcely engage in overt expansionism. Nevertheless, some expansionism was encouraged directly since the government allowed members of the armed forces to aggrandize French territorial possessions, e.g., Dupetit-Thouar' s seizure of the Marqueses, Bugeaud's extended occupation of Algeria, and the navy's appropria

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