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Issue 6 Issue 6 Sutton Grammar School History Society Presents Retrospect People Who Have Changed the World

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Issue 6 Issue 6 Sutton Grammar School History Society Presents Retrospect People Who Have Changed the World Issue 6 Issue 6 Sutton Grammar School History Society presents Retrospect People who have changed the world Joan of Arc Julius Caesar Mohandas Gandhi Bernard Montgomery Genghis Khan Cesare Beccaria PLUS: People who changed the world… that you probably have not heard of Retrospect Editorial Welcome to the newest edition of Retrospect ! All good things must come to an end and on a sad note, Louis Garnhams’s tenure as chief editor has in- deed come to an end. Do not fear though, your favourite termly publication shall continue under a new team of editors who aim to maintain or even ex- ceed the high standards set by last years History Society. This bumper issue focuses on those who have in some shape or form trans- formed the world, and therefore history. As can be expected, a great many famous names make an appearance, with Mandela, Gandhi, Churchill and Caesar to name a few, being explored in great depth in their articles. Howev- er, many lesser known individuals are also included, and we have hoped to inform you of many people who you may not have heard about, but have undoubtedly altered the course of history. Enjoy! Page 12 Contents Your Editors 3 Nelson Mandela: The man who shaped society from behind bars 5 People who changed the world…. that you probably Page 33 have not heard of 7 Samuel Morse 8 Alumni Corner: Genghis Khan 11 Mohandas Gandhi 12 Women who changed the world 15 Winston Churchill 17 Erwin Rommel: The Desert Fox 19 Bernard Montgomery: The man who saved the Allies 22 Joan of Arc: A teenager who saved a nation 24 Jesse Owens: The man who outran Hitler (and the world) 24 Margaret Thatcher Page 15 28 Karl Marx 29 Cesare Beccaria 30 Tim Berners-Lee: The Unknown Pioneer 32 Gaius Julius Caesar 33 Julius Robert Oppenheimer: The father of the atomic Page 24 bomb 34 Guy Fawkes 36 John Lennon 38 Alexander the Great 40 Jobs vs Gates: Competition breeds innovation 42 Johannes Gutenberg Page 11 2 Issue 6 Nelson Mandela The man who shaped society from behind bars By Hamish Macrae, Year 9 any people have changed the world, for the cans through boycotts, stri3es, civil disobedience and better and for the worse, however few can other non0violent methods. Mandela helped lead the N0 say that they have done it in the way that C6s 1952 Campaign for the De:iance of 2n7ust 1aws, trav0 M Nelson Mandela did. He always looked for elling across the country to organize protests against the best in people, showed everyone that peaceful nego- discriminatory policies. lso in 1952, Mandela opened tiation is the most effective protest and he was revolu- South frica6s :irst blac3 law :irm, which offered free or tionary in his anti-racism ideals. He never lost his focus, low0cost legal counsel to those affected by apartheid leg0 even when he was jailed for 27 years, and instead, when islation. ,n December 5 th 195E, Nelson Mandela and 155 he came out of prison, he formed a peaceful resolution other activists were put on trial for treason, however with those who prosecuted him to determine the future they were all acFuitted in 19E1. Meanwhile the NC had of South an issue of Africa. Man- Mandela was the first in his family to ever receive a formal rising ten0 dela did not sion which hold a education , and as common practice he received an English resulted in grudge a militant against his name: Nelson group persecutors brea3ing or show any hate towards them. off, 3nown as the Pan fricanist Congress .P C/. fter this, Mandela decided that something more radical was Nelson Mandela was the :irst ever blac3 president of reFuired, something that wasn't so passive. South frica, but prior to this he was 7ailed for 27 years for trying to overthrow the pro0apartheid government. In 19E1 Nelson co0founded the MK, a military branch of -e was born on July 18 th 1918, into the royal family of the NC and this was the reason that several years later the Xhosa0spea3ing Thembu tribe in the South frican he was put behind bars for almost three decades. During village of Mvezo, where his father, Gadla -enry the trial he e)plained that he decided to be more radical Mpha3anyiswa served as chief. -is mother, Nose3eni because all else had failed and the government at the Fanny, was the third of Mpha3anyiswa6s four wives, who time had only met the peaceful demands with force and together bore him nine daughters and four sons. When violence. 2nder Mandela's leadership, the group em0 Mandela's .he was 3nown at the time as Rolihlahla, which was his birth name/ father died in 1927, the nine0 year0old was raised by Jongintaba Dalindyebo, a high0 ran3ing Thembu regent who started to prepare Mandela for a role within the tribal leadership. Nelson Mandela was the :irst in his family to ever receive a formal education, and as common practice he received an English name: Nelson. -e moved on to high school where he e)celled in bo)ing, trac3 and academics. Man0 dela was sent to the only higher educational institute for blac3 people in South frica at the time but was sent home for boycotting against university policies. When he arrived home, his guardian had arranged a marriage which he apparently did not approve of as he :led to Jo0 hannesburg, where he studied law and actively support0 ed anti0racism groups and wor3ed together with white and blac3 activists. Nelson Mandela then committed himself to politics and the frican National Congress . NC/. The NC grew stronger after the 19A8 election victory of the fri3aner0 dominated National Party, which introduced a formal system of racial classi:ication and segregationB apartheidBthat restricted non0whites6 basic rights and barred them from government while maintaining white minority rule. The following year, the NC adopted the NCC16s plan to achieve full citizenship for all South fri0 Mandela, photographed in 1993 3 Retrospect Mandela upon his release form prison, 1990 bar3ed on a sabotage campaign against the government, be taught to love, for love comes more naturally to the which had 7ust pulled out of the British Commonwealth human heart than its opposite.” and declared itself a republic. Mandela left the country .a punishable offence at the time/ to visit the e)iled ,liver fter gaining his freedom, Nelson Mandela led the NC in Tambo in 1ondon and to have Guerrilla training in lge0 its negotiations with the governing National Party and ria, however on his return he was 7ailed for 5 years for various other South frican political organizations for an leaving the country. In the same year, police raided an end to apartheid and the establishment of a multiracial NC base and arrested a group of racially diverse MK government. Though fraught with tension and conducted leaders, :inding evidence to put Nelson Mandela and oth0 against a bac3drop of political instability, the tal3s er activists on trial for sabotage, treason and violent con0 earned Mandela and Frederi3 Willem de Kler3 the Nobel spiracy alongside their associates. Peace Prize in December 1993. ,n pril 2E th 199A, more than 22 Mandela million and seven No one is born hating another person because of the colour South fri0 other asso0 of his skin, or his background , or his religion . People must cans, for the ciates es0 :irst time in caped e)e0 learn to hate , and if they can learn to hate, they can be history, cution and voted in a were in0 taught to love , for love comes more naturally to the human multicultur0 stead 7ailed heart than its opposite. al election. for life. In massively 1980 ,liver Tambo introduced a IFree Nelson MandelaJ overwhelming vote for the NC resulted in Nelson Man0 campaign that made the 7ailed leader a household name dela being made frica's :irst blac3 president on May and fuelled the growing international hate against the 10 th , with de Kler3 serving as his :irst deputy. South frican racist apartheid regime. s pressure mounted, the government offered Mandela his freedom s president, Mandela established the Truth and Recon0 in e)change for various political compromises, including ciliation Commission to investigate human rights and the renouncement of violence and recognition of the political violations committed by both supporters and Kindependent6 Trans3ei Bantustan, but he decided to turn opponents of apartheid between 19E0 and 199A. -e also down these deals. introduced numerous social and economic programs designed to improve the living standards of South fri0 Mandela6s release from prison was a historic day not ca6s blac3 population. -e wor3ed tirelessly at continu0 only for South frica, but also for the world. Thousands ously improving racial relations, stopping blac3s from of media of:icials gathered to capture the event and the stri3ing bac3 against the white minority and building a KFuote of the day6 epitomised Mandela6s attitude: global image of peace. To achieve this he created a multi0 cultural 'Government of National 2nity' and identi:ied “No one is born hating another person because of the col- the country as a KRainbow nation at peace with itself and our of his skin, or his background, or his religion. People the world.6 This is how Nelson Mandela changed the must learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate, they can world 4 Issue 6 People who changed the world that you probably have not heard of … By Mr Shergold n -istory we li3e to focus on the famous, the infa0 portantM ,r is it that they do not see3 the limelight but mous, the notorious, the celebrity, the monarch and prefer to do what they do in the bac3ground, avoiding the the military hero.
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