Vol. 14, No. 1, Winter 2013 CONTENTS 3 EDITOR’S CORNER 6 LETTER TO THE EDITOR FUTURE OPERATIONS 7 WHAT IS AN ARMED NON-STATE Actor (ANSA)? by James W. Moore Cover AFGHANISTAN RETROSPECTIVE The First of the Ten Thousand John Rutherford and the Bomber 19 “WAS IT worth IT?” CANADIAN INTERVENTION IN AFGHANISTAN Command Museum of Canada AND Perceptions OF SUccess AND FAILURE by Sean Maloney CANADA-UNITED STATES RELATIONS 32 SECURITY THREAts AT THE CANADa-UNITED STATES BORDER: A QUEST FOR IMPOSSIBLE PERFECTION by François Gaudreault LESSONS FROM THE PAST 41 PRESIDENT DWIGHT D. Eisenhower’S FArewell ADDRESS to THE NATION, 17 JANUARY 1961 ~ AN ANALYSIS OF COMpetinG TRUTH CLAIMS AND its RELEVANCE TODAY by Garrett Lawless and A.G. Dizboni 47 BREAKING THE STALEMATE: AMphibioUS WARFARE DURING THE FUTURE OPERATIONS WAR OF 1812 by Jean-Francois Lebeau VIEWS AND OPINIONS 55 NothinG New UNDER THE SUN TZU: TIMELESS PRINCIPLES OF THE OperATIONAL Art OF WAR by Jacques P. Olivier 60 A CANADIAN REMEMBRANCE TRAIL FOR THE CENTENNIAL OF THE GREAT WAR? by Pascal Marcotte COMMENTARY 64 DEFENCE ProcUREMENT by Martin Shadwick 68 BOOK REVIEWS AFGHANISTAN RETROSPECTIVE Canadian Military Journal / Revue militaire canadienne is the official professional journal of the Canadian Armed Forces and the Department of National Defence. It is published quarterly under authority of the Minister of National Defence. Opinions expressed or implied in this publication are those of the author, and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of National Defence, the Canadian Forces, Canadian Military Journal, or any agency of the Government of Canada. Crown copyright is retained. Articles may be reproduced with permission of the Editor, on condition that appropriate credit is given to Canadian Military Journal. Each issue of the Journal is published simultaneously in print and electronic versions; it is available on the Internet at www.journal.forces.gc.ca. ISSN 1492-465X Vol. 14, No. 1, Winter 2013 • Canadian Military Journal 1 How to Contact Us CANADIAN Canadian Military Journal / MILITARY Revue militaire canadienne Canadian Defence Academy JOURNAL PO Box 17000, Station Forces www.journal.forces.gc.ca Kingston, Ontario CANADA, K7K 7B4 Editor-in-Chief Translation Fax: (613) 541-6866 David L. Bashow Translation Bureau, Public Works and E-mail: [email protected] (613) 541-5010 ext. 6148 Government Services Canada [email protected] Publication Manager Commentary Claire Chartrand Martin Shadwick (613) 541-5010 ext. 6837 [email protected] Editorial Advisor Michael Boire Oversight Committee Chairman CANADA-UNITED Major-General J.G.E. Tremblay, Commander, Canadian Defence Academy (CDA) STATES RELATIONS Members Mr. David L. Bashow, Editor-in-Chief, Brigadier-General A.D. Meinzinger, Commandant Canadian Military Journal (CMJ) Royal Military College of Canada (RMCC) Colonel Marty Cournoyer, representing Major Andrew Godefroy, representing Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) Chief of Staff Land Strategy Dr. H.J. Kowal, Principal, Lieutenant-Colonel Mark Gendron, Royal Military College of Canada (RMCC) Director Canadian Forces Military Law Centre (CFMLC), Canadian Defence Academy (CDA) Commander Hugues Canuel, representing Chief of the Maritime Staff (CMS) Ms. Hanya Soliman, representing Chief of the Defence Intelligence (CDI) Colonel Dalton Cote, representing Canadian Defence Academy (CDA) LESSONS FROM THE PAST Editorial Board Dr. Douglas Bland Lieutenant-Colonel (ret’d) David Last Major (ret’d) Michael Boire Dr. Chris Madsen Major Sylvain Chalifour Dr. Sean Maloney Lieutenant-Colonel (ret’d) Douglas Delaney Professor Brian McKercher Dr. Rocky J. Dwyer Dr. Paul Mitchell Lieutenant-Colonel (ret’d) Michael Goodspeed Dr. Nezih Mrad Major John Grodzinski Dr. Scot Robertson Dr. David Hall Professor Stéphane Roussel Professor Michael Hennessy Professor Elinor Sloan Colonel Bernd Horn Chief Warrant Officer C.J. Thibault Professor Hamish Ion Colonel (ret’d) Randall Wakelam Philippe Lagassé VIEWS AND OPINIONS NOTE TO READERS As a bilingual journal, readers should take note that where citations are translated from their original language, the abbreviation [TOQ] at the end of the note, which stands for “translation of original quote”, indicates to the readers that the original citation can be found in the published version of the Journal in the other official language. 2 Canadian Military Journal • Vol. 14, No. 1, Winter 2013 EDITOR’S CORNER elcome to a frosty 53rd edition Canadian Once again, there is no dedicated ‘Valour’ column in this issue, Military Journal as we enter our 14th since there were no announcements of military valour awards or year of publication. We have put together formal presentations of them during the reporting period. However, a rather eclectic issue this time out, so here at the CMJ, we remain committed to acknowledging the combat hopefully, there will be at least something valour of our soldiers, sailors, and airmen and airwomen, and we Wcontained between these covers to pique the interest of each shall continue to do so if ever and when ever such announcements and every one of you. are made public. Since these words are being penned during our annual period ‘Leading the charge’ this time out, defence scientist Dr. James of national remembrance, I would like to draw our reader’s atten- Moore examines the host of non-conventional actors that are found tion to this issue’s cover image. It is entitled, The First of the Ten in today’s battlespace. In his own words, “There are any number Thousand, by British Columbia artist John Rutherford. It was of irregular adversaries that populate the complex battlespace in commissioned by the Canadian Bomber Command Museum in which members of the Canadian Armed Forces may find them- Nanton, Alberta, and it graces our cover, courtesy of both the selves operating in future campaigns.” Moore believes that, given artist and the museum. this ‘grab bag’ of applicable labels pertaining to these adversaries, be they warlords, narco-traffickers, insurgents or terrorists, what On 4 September 1939, one day after Britain’s declaration is needed is “…a shared, comprehensive term that facilitates the of war on Germany, Sergeant Pilot Albert Stanley Prince, born generation and communication of knowledge related to the inten- in Montreal but a Canadian expatriate and member of the Royal tions, capabilities, and behaviours of the host of actual or potential Air Force since 1935, was piloting one of 15 Bristol Blenheim irregular adversaries likely to be encountered in post-Afghanistan bombers tasked to bomb German warships moored in the North operations.” He then goes on to propose such a candidate, the Sea port of Wilhelmshaven. These warships turned out to be the Armed Non-state Actor, or ANSA. pocket battleship Admiral Scheer and the cruiser Emden. Bombing individually at masthead height, while the initial attacks caught the Moving right along, the historical advisor to the Canadian defenders by surprise, Sergeant Prince, by virtue of his assigned Army for the war in Afghanistan, Dr. Sean Maloney asks the position in the attack formation, was one of the latter pilots to rhetorical question, “Was it worth it?” with respect to Canada’s attack the Admiral Scheer: participation in the Afghanistan war. After presenting a lot of compelling points and analysis, he believes it was, and that with There was no element of surprise when Sergeant Prince the help of Canada, much has been done to help the Afghans suc- arrived over the target. The German flak was heavy and ceed. However, according to Maloney, “What the Afghans choose well directed. Three of the four bombers that attacked to do (and they are more than capable of making such decisions) were shot down during their low level bombing runs. with all this is another matter. Whether they have the capacity as A German witness reported the fate of a fourth: “The a society to continue along this trajectory or relapse is in their crew of one Blenheim attacked at such a low level that hands, not ours.” the blast of their own bomb on the warship destroyed the RAF aircraft.” Apparently the delay fuse malfunc- Maloney is followed by François Gaudreault’s assessment of tioned… The aircraft flown by Sergeant Prince was one the security threat as it exists at the national border between Canada of the three that appear to have been shot down by flak. and the United States. Gaudreault, a serving naval officer who is In an interview with a German journalist, Sergeant G.F. currently the Intelligence Collection Manager for the Canadian Booth, the observer [navigator], whose position was in Joint Operations Command, concludes that while great strides have the nose of the Blenheim was asked. “…if he noticed been made in the improvement of border security in the wake of how the aircraft was shot down.” He answered, “…we hit the 9/11 terrorist attacks, what is fundamentally needed is a much something…I was looking forward. I just saw the water better appreciation of just what actually constitutes the threat, and and heard the crash.” It appears the aircraft went down what constitutes an acceptable level of risk. quickly, but Sergeant Prince must have had some control as the bomber was ditched in the harbour. All three crew Then, in an article that bridges current political science and members were successful in getting out of the aircraft economic issues with lessons from the past, Major Garrett Lawless and were picked up by a pilot boat. But Sergeant Prince and Professor A.G. Dizboni take a closer look at President Dwight had been mortally injured during the landing and died David Eisenhower’s farewell address to the American people on later in hospital.1 the eve of his retirement in 1961. In it, Eisenhower called for many things in balance, but most of all, for “…an alert and knowledge- Thus, to Albert Stanley Prince fell the dubious distinction of able citizenry.” In the authors’ words, “Indeed, the fruitfulness of becoming the first Canadian Second World War casualty from any this address for today’s audience lies in the high task of developing of the fighting services, a full five days before Canada’s formal our own understanding of what divergent truths led to this call for declaration of war.