Florida Historical Quarterly
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COVER Watermelon harvest time (ca. 1920s) on a farm in the area reclaimed from the Everglades by the South Florida drainage projects. Photo courtesy of the Fort Lauderdale Historical Society. The uarterly THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Volume LX, Number 4 April 1981 COPYRIGHT 1981 by the Florida Historical Society, Tampa, Florida. Second class postage paid at Tampa and DeLeon Springs, Florida. Printed by E. O. Painter Printing Co., DeLeon Springs, Florida. (ISSN 0015-4113) THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY Samuel Proctor, Editor David L. Lawrence, Editorial Assistant EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Herbert J. Doherty, Jr. University of Florida Michael V. Gannon University of Florida John K. Mahon University of Florida Jerrell H. Shofner University of Central Florida Charlton W. Tebeau University of Miami (Emeritus) J. Leitch Wright, Jr. Florida State University Correspondence concerning contributions, books for review, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor, Florida Historical Quarterly, Box 14045, University Station, Gainesville, Florida 32604. The Quarterly is interested in articles and documents pertaining to the history of Florida. Sources, style, footnote form, original- ity of material and interpretation, clarity of thought, and interest of readers are considered. All copy, including footnotes, should be double-spaced. Footnotes are to be numbered consecutively in the text and assembled at the end of the article. Particular attention should be given to following the footnote style of the Quarterly. The author should submit an original and retain a carbon for security. The Florida Historical Society and the Editor of the Florida Historical Quarterly accept no responsibility for statements made or opinions held by authors. Table of Contents A MARRIAGE OF EXPEDIENCE: THE CALUSA INDIANS AND THEIR RELATIONS WITH PEDRO MENÉNDEZ DE AVILÉS IN SOUTHWEST FLORIDA, 1566-1569 Stephen Edward Reilly 395 WEST FLORIDA’S FORGOTTEN PEOPLE: THE CREEK INDIANS FROM 1830 UNTIL 1970 Lucius F. Ellsworth and Jane E. Dysart 422 PASSAGE TO THE NEW EDEN: TOURISM IN MIAMI FROM FLAGLER THROUGH EVEREST G. SEWELL Paul S. George 440 THE “COGGINS AFFAIR”: DESEGREGATION AND MORES IN MADISON COUNTY, FLORIDA Charlotte Downey-Anderson 464 NOTES AND DOCUMENTS: FLORIDA MANUSCRIPT ACQUISITIONS AND ACCESSIONS ..... 473 BOOK REVIEWS ........................................................ 477 BOOK NOTES .................................................. 511 HISTORY NEWS .......................................................................... 519 DIRECTORS’ MEETING, DECEMBER 6, 1980 ..................... 526 iii BOOK REVIEWS LAND INTO WATER--WATER INTO LAND: A HISTORY OF WATER MANAGEMENT IN FLORIDA, by Nelson M. Blake reviewed by George E. Buker A REVOLUTIONARY PEOPLE AT WAR: THE CONTINENTAL ARMY AND AMERICAN CHARACTER, 1775-1783, by Charles Royster reviewed by Gerard W. Gawalt THE BEGINNINGS OF NATIONAL POLITICS: AN INTERPRETIVE HISTORY OF THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, by Jack N. Rakove reviewed by Robert A. Rutland THE MADISONS: A BIOGRAPHY, by Virginia Moore reviewed by John Hebron Moore THE MAKING OF TOCQUEVILLE’S DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA, by James T. Schleifer reviewed by Herbert Aptheker CHATTEL SLAVERY AND WAGE SLAVERY: THE ANGLO-AMERICAN CONTEXT, 1830- 1860, by Marcus Cunliffe reviewed by Kenneth F. Kiple WITNESSING SLAVERY: THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTE-BELLUM SLAVE NARRATIVES, by Frances Smith Foster reviewed by Charles B. Dew THE SOUTH AND THREE SECTIONAL CRISES, by Don E. Fehrenbacher reviewed by Clement Eaton THE UNION CAVALRY IN THE CIVIL WAR. VOLUME ONE: FROM FORT SUMTER TO GETTYSBURG, 1861-1863, by Stephen Z. Starr reviewed by James Lee McDonough THE PAPERS OF ANDREW JOHNSON, VOLUME 5, 1861-1862, edited by Leroy P. Graf, Ralph W. Haskins, and Patricia P. Clark reviewed by Richard N. Current THE PRESIDENCY OF ANDREW JOHNSON, by Albert Castel reviewed by James E. Sefton THE DAY OF THE CARPETBAGGER: REPUBLICAN RULE IN MISSISSIPPI, by William C. Harris reviewed by William I. Hair LOUISIANA’S BLACK HERITAGE, by Robert R. MacDonald, John R. Kemp, and Edward F. Hass reviewed by Bess Beatty UPROOTED AMERICANS: ESSAYS TO HONOR OSCAR HANDLIN, edited by Richard L. Bushman, Neil Harris, David Rothman, Barbara Miller Solomon, and Stephan Thernstrom reviewed by George E. Pozzetta THE ONE AND THE MANY: REFLECTIONS ON THE AMERICAN IDENTITY, by Arthur Mann reviewed by David Chalmers THE PEOPLE’S VOICE: THE ORATOR IN AMERICAN SOCIETY, by Barnett Baskerville reviewed by Joseph D. Cushman, Jr. CLIO WAS A WOMAN: STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN WOMEN, edited by Mabel E. Deutrich and Virginia C. Purdy reviewed by Linda Vance CIVILITIES AND CIVIL RIGHTS: GREENSBORO, NORTH CAROLINA, AND THE BLACK STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM, by William H. Chafe reviewed by David Colburn A MARRIAGE OF EXPEDIENCE: THE CALUSA INDIANS AND THEIR RELATIONS WITH PEDRO MENÉNDEZ DE AVILÉS IN SOUTHWEST FLORIDA, 1566-1569 by STEPHEN EDWARD REILLY* ARRIAGES have always offered architects of empire a means of creating political alliances between peoples. The wedding of Ferdinand and Isabella in 1469 brought together the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, unifying Spain and making it a great power in Europe. In American colonial history, the marriage in 1614 of John Rolfe and the Indian princess Pocahontas bridged cultural differences to help create a brief era of peace between the English settlers in Virginia and the Powhatan Indians. Another example of intercultural union from American colonial history was the marriage in 1566 of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, the adelantado of Florida, and an Indian princess known to the Spaniards as Doña Antonia, the sister of the Calusa Indian chief, Carlos. The wedding took place on what is now known as Mound Key on the southwest coast of Florida and was quite an inter- cultural event, including both Calusa and Spanish foods, choruses of Calusa maidens, and a performance by a dancing dwarf. It did not, however, produce political results of global importance as did that of Ferdinand and Isabella, nor even a child as did that of Pocahontas and John Rolfe. The significance of this union, which Carlos forced upon an unwilling Menéndez, lies in what it reveals about the Calusa and their world. When the Spanish arrived in Florida in the early sixteenth century, the Calusa inhabited the southwest coast of the penin- sula from what is now Boca Grande Pass south. 1 Archeological * Mr. Reilly is a Ph.D. candidate in American history at Duke University and teaches history at Chatham Hall, Chatham, Virginia. The author wishes to express his thanks to Laird Ellis, Duke University, for translat- ing the letters of Father Juan Rogel, and to Drs. Peter H. Wood, Bill Pencak, and Josephine Tiryakian for their help. 1. John M. Goggin and William C. Sturtevant, “The Calusa: A Stratified Nonagricultural Society (with Notes on Sibling Marriage),” Explorations in Cultural Anthropology, ed. Ward H. Goodenough (New York, 1964), 182. 396 FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY research indicates men lived in this area as early as 3,000 to 4,000 years ago. 2 Anthropologists have estimated the population of the Calusa at the time of European contact at between 4,000 and 7,000. 3 Lacking agriculture, they subsisted primarily on fish and lived mainly along the coast. 4 Hernando d’Escalente Fontaneda, a Spanish castaway among the Calusa from 1549 to 1566, described all the Indians of southern Florida as “great anglers [who] at no time lack fresh fish.” Archeologists have re- covered fragments of Calusa nets complete with shell weights and floats made of wood and gourds. 5 The “wedding feast” the Calusa served to Menéndez “consisted of many kinds of very good fish, roasted and boiled; and oysters, raw, boiled and roasted, without anything else.“ 6 According to Fontaneda, deer, birds, rodents, alligators, snakes, tortoises, “and many more disgusting reptiles” provided the little meat in their diet. He mentioned only two plant foods, a root used to make bread and the mud potato. 7 While the Calusa lacked agriculture, anthropological and archeological research indicates that they were not culturally primitive. The Calusa chief took a sister for a wife by custom, a practice that anthropologists John M. Goggin and William C. Sturtevant interpret as suggesting a society comparable to the Incas and Aztecs in social stratification and political integration. 8 2. Carl E. Guthe, “Introduction,” The Florida Indian and his Neighbors, ed. John W. Griffin (Winter Park, 1949), 11; Clifford M. Lewis, ”The Calusa,” Tacachale: Essays on the Indians of Florida and Southeastern Georgia during the Historic Period, eds. Jerald T. Milanich and Samuel Proctor (Gainesville, 1978), 42. 3. Goggin and Sturtevant, “The Calusa,” 187, 209. 4. Ibid., 183; Alex Hrdlicka, The Anthropology of Florida (Deland, 1922), 19; John R. Swanton, The Early History of the Creek Indians and their Neighbors (Washington, D.C., 1922), 387. 5. Hernando d’Escalente Fontaneda, Memoir of Do. d’Escalente Fontaneda respecting Florida, written in Spain, about the Year 1575, trans. Buck- ingham Smith (Washington, 1854; reprinted, Miami, 1944), 17, 21, 25; Marion Spjut Gilliland, The Material Culture of Key Marco, Florida (Gainesville, 1975), 186, 237-46, 257. 6. Gonzalo Solís de Merás, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Memorial, trans. Jeannette Thurber Connor (Deland, 1923; facsimile ed., Gainesville, 1964), 148. 7. Fontaneda, Memoir, 14. See Gilliland, Key Marco, 245-46, for possible uses of gourds as food by the Calusa. 8. Father Juan Rogel to Father Geronimo Ruiz del Portillo,