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Investigating Second Seminole War Sites in Florida: Identification Through Limited Testing Christine Bell University of South Florida

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Investigating Second Seminole War Sites in Florida: Identification Through Limited Testing Christine Bell University of South Florida University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 11-19-2004 Investigating Second Seminole War Sites in Florida: Identification Through Limited Testing Christine Bell University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Bell, Christine, "Investigating Second Seminole War Sites in Florida: Identification Through Limited Testing" (2004). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/952 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Investigating Second Seminole War Sites in Florida: Identification Through Limited Testing by Christine Bell A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Brent R. Weisman, Ph.D. Robert H. Tykot, Ph.D. E. Christian Wells, Ph.D. Date of Approval: November 19, 2004 Keywords: Historical archaeology, artifact dating, military forts, correspondence analysis, homesteads © Copyright 2004, Christine Bell i Acknowledgements None of this work would be possible without the support of family, friends, and the wonderful volunteers who helped at our sites. Thank you to Debbie Roberson, Lori Collins, and my committee members Dr. Weisman, Dr. Wells, and Dr. Tykot. I couldn’t have made it through grad school without Toni, and Belle, and even Mel. A special thanks to Walter for inspiring me from the start. ii Table of Contents List of Tables ...................................................................................... iii List of Figures......................................................................................iv Abstract .............................................................................................. vi Chapter 1. Introduction ........................................................................ 1 Chapter 2. Historical Review .............................................................. .8 The Seminoles.......................................................................... 8 The Military Presence ............................................................. 11 Fort Dade..................................................................... 16 The Armed Occupation Act..................................................... 22 Chapter 3. Previous Archaeology ...................................................... 24 Historic Seminole Archaeology ............................................... 24 Artifact Summary for Seminole sites............................. 25 Second Seminole War Forts................................................... 26 Artifact Summary for Fort and Battlefield sites.............. 31 Second Seminole Era Homesteads ........................................ 31 Discussion .............................................................................. 32 Chapter 4. Research Designs and Methods...................................... 34 Fort Dade................................................................................ 34 Methods.................................................................................. 35 The Hope Homestead Site...................................................... 41 Chapter 5. Fort Dade Results and Discussion................................... 46 Ceramic Analysis .................................................................... 46 Tobacco Pipe Analysis............................................................ 48 Glass Analysis ........................................................................ 50 Nail Analysis ........................................................................... 53 Nail Distribution............................................................ 57 Miscellaneous Metal Artifacts ................................................. 59 i Gunflints.................................................................................. 60 Personal Items........................................................................ 61 Discussion .............................................................................. 64 Chapter 6. Hope Homestead Results and Discussion....................... 65 Ceramic Analysis .................................................................... 65 Glass Analysis ........................................................................ 65 Flat glass ..................................................................... 68 Nail and Metal Analysis........................................................... 69 Other Items............................................................................. 71 Discussion .............................................................................. 71 Chapter 7. Quantitative Analysis ...................................................... .72 Sample Selection.................................................................... 72 South’s Artifact Patterns ......................................................... 73 Discussion .............................................................................. 74 Correspondence Analysis ....................................................... 75 Discussion .............................................................................. 79 Cluster Analysis ..................................................................... .82 Discussion .............................................................................. 83 Summary ................................................................................ 83 Chapter 8. Conclusions and Recommendations ............................... 86 Hope Homestead.................................................................... 86 Fort Dade................................................................................ 88 References ........................................................................................ 92 Appendices.........................................................................................vii Appendix A: Fort Dade Artifacts..............................................viii Appendix B: Hope Homestead Artifacts..................................xvi ii List of Tables Table 1. Pennyweight nail classification ............................................ 56 Table 2. Moir formula for dating flat glass.......................................... 68 Table 3. Comparison with South’s Artifact Patterns........................... 74 Table 4. Percentage of artifacts by site ............................................. 75 Table 5. Brainerd-Robinson coefficients............................................ 80 iii List of Figures Figure 1. Study area........................................................................... .2 Figure 2. Second Seminole War military sites ................................... 12 Figure 3. Prince map of Fort Foster................................................... 18 Figure 4. Dragoons at the Withlacoochee ......................................... 19 Figure 5. Second Seminole War sites ............................................... 27 Figure 6. Fort Dade site map............................................................. 38 Figure 7. Burned wood and charcoal, Unit 2, Fort Dade.................... 40 Figure 8. Hope Homestead, mid-1800s............................................. 42 Figure 9. Hand-drawn profile map .................................................... .43 Figure 10. Photoprofile ...................................................................... 44 Figure 11. Simple photoprofile........................................................... 45 Figure 12. Ceramics from Fort Dade ................................................. 47 Figure 13. Pipe bowl pieces from Fort Dade...................................... 49 Figure 14. Pipe distribution by section, Fort Dade............................. 49 Figure 15. Pipe stem sections from Fort Dade .................................. 50 Figure 16. Bottle finished from Fort Dade.......................................... 52 Figure 17. The four categories of nail types ...................................... 54 Figure 18. Four inch spike from T4, Fort Dade.................................. 57 iv Figure 19. Assortment of nails and spikes from Fort Dade................ 58 Figure 20. Nail distribution by unit, Fort Dade ................................... 59 Figure 21. Metal artifacts from Fort Dade .......................................... 60 Figure 22. Musket gunflints from Fort Dade ...................................... 61 Figure 23. Pencil leads ...................................................................... 62 Figure 24. Carved bone fork handle, Unit 4, Fort Dade..................... 63 Figure 25. Two-tined fork dated 1760-1800....................................... 63 Figure 26. Hope Homestead ceramics .............................................. 66 Figure 27. Ink bottle from Hope Homestead...................................... 67 Figure 28. Skeleton key, fish hook, lamp wick wheel......................... 70 Figure 29. Doorknob, Trench A, Hope Homestead............................ 70 Figure 30. Correspondence Analysis................................................. 77 Figure 31. Cluster Analysis using Ward’s method
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