BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND SUSTAINABLE RESOURCES USE Edited by Oscar Grillo and Gianfranco Venora Biological Diversity and Sustainable Resources Use Edited by Oscar Grillo and Gianfranco Venora Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. 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Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published November, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Biological Diversity and Sustainable Resources Use, Edited by Oscar Grillo and Gianfranco Venora p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-706-2 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface VII Chapter 1 Challenges of Linking Socio-Economic Significance and Conservation Value of Forests in Drylands of Kenya: Case Study of Kirisia Forest-Samburu Pastoralists Coexistence 1 Joseph Hitimana, James Legilisho Ole Kiyiapi, Pauline Wambui Kibugi, Hamphrey Kisioh, Rose Mayienda, Fiesta Warinwa, Philip Lenaiyasa and Daudi Sumba Chapter 2 People, Parks and Poverty: Integrated Conservation and Development Initiatives in the Free State Province of South Africa 35 André Pelser, Nola Redelinghuys and Nontombi Velelo Chapter 3 Biodiversity, Ecology and Toxic Principles in Plants – Case Study: Fungal Biocontrol 63 Cecilia Peluola Chapter 4 The Potential of Biodiversity in the Andean Region: Use, Conservation and Regulations 77 Ingrid Schuler G., Elizabeth Hodson de Jaramillo and Luis Antonio Orozco C. Chapter 5 European Naturalists and Medicinal Plants of Brazil 101 Maria G. L. Brandão, Cristiane F. F. Grael and Christopher W. Fagg Chapter 6 The Medicinal Value of Biodiversity: New Hits to Fight Cancer 121 Giselle Z. Justo, Ana C. S. Souza, Ângelo de Fátima, Matheus F. F. Pedrosa, Carmen V. Ferreira and Hugo A. O. Rocha Preface The maintenance of the stability between ecosystems and biological diversities plays a crucial role in the achievement of goals linked to environmental, economical and social improvement at a global level. This process, that could be defined as “sustainable development”, connects the environmental protection with the increasing value of the natural resources, in order to satisfy the needs of contemporary generations. In this sense, the developmental sustainability results to be inconsistent with the natural resources degradation. In the last years, driven by the increasing necessity to preserve the ecosystem productivity, several ecological and economical studies have been conducted, highlighting the current condition in which our planet is, and outlining the future perspectives. Biological Diversity and Sustainable Resources Use includes interesting overviews and original case studies, mainly focused on socio-economical effects of the right management of the ecosystems biodiversity, as well as on the useful integration between human activities and environmental response. Oscar Grillo Stazione Sperimentale di Granicoltura per la Sicilia, Caltagirone Biodiversity Conservation Centre, University of Cagliari Italy Gianfranco Venora Stazione Sperimentale di Granicoltura per la Sicilia, Caltagirone, Italy 1 Challenges of Linking Socio-Economic Significance and Conservation Value of Forests in Drylands of Kenya: Case Study of Kirisia Forest-Samburu Pastoralists Coexistence 1Joseph Hitimana1 et al.* 1Kabianga University College, Kabianga Kenya 1. Introduction According to IUCN, UNEP and WWF, sustainability encompasses improving the quality of human life within the carrying capacity of supporting eco-systems (Figure 1). Rural communities around the Kirisia forest are mainly pastoralists whose livelihoods highly depend on livestock dominated by cattle. The forest is an important source of browse, grazing land and water particularly during drought. Forests as natural resources are associated with economic value, aesthetic value, legal value and ethical value. People have the moral duty to protect and conserve the resources for future generations. On the productive front, a natural resource value rests in the amount and extractability of the material available and the demand for it. The Kirisia Forest Reserve is a critical habitat for a rich wildlife and supports the livelihoods of adjacent communities to an extent that is not exhaustively documented. Both the wildlife and people can inflict negative impacts on the ecosystem if they are not checked and controlled. At the moment, most of the human activities within the Kirisia forest, as in all the natural forests in Kenya, are not planned, controlled nor coordinated. There is lack of management plans, scanty research findings and poor documentation of indigenous knowledge which all together are fundamental prerequisite to the sustainable management and conservation of natural forests. No forest management option can be sustainable unless the interests and needs of people and other living components linked to or dependent on the ecosystem are integrated into a management plan (Odhiambo, 2005). According to Eckersley (1992), conservation should be based on three principles: (i) the development of natural *1James Legilisho Ole Kiyiapi2, Pauline Wambui Kibugi3, Hamphrey Kisioh4, Rose Mayienda5, Fiesta Warinwa5, Philip Lenaiyasa5 and Daudi Sumba5 2Ministry of Education, Nairobi, Kenya 3Chepkoilel University College, Eldoret, Kenya 4REAPS-Consult Ltd, Nairobi, Kenya 5African Wildlife Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya 2 Biological Diversity and Sustainable Resources Use Social Bearable Equitable Sustainable Environment Viable Economic Fig. 1. Scheme of sustainable development of resources (economically viable and equitable; environmentally viable and bearable; and socially bearable and equitable). resources under scientific management, (ii) reduction of waste and (iii) equity in access to resources based on the ideals of human welfare ecology which also emphasizes environmental quality and social issues such as recreation, spiritual and psychological needs (ecosystem management concept). The level of disturbance to the Kirisia forest ecosystem through human activities and other uses was (before this study) not known and there had been no measure of the actual socio-economic value of the Kirisia forest to its immediate users, which are local adjacent communities. Local communities must be empowered in knowledge, structures and technologies to ensure sustainable utilization of community- based natural resources for improved livelihoods, environmental protection and sustainable development. Realizing that the capacity of the Government alone to conserve the Kirisia forest is limited, African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) initiated the process of information- gathering about the ecosystem by commissioning scientific studies in order to use findings to enlighten members of adjacent Group Ranches and motivate them to support participatory forest management initiatives and avoid over-reliance on the forest resources. AWF is known to support pastoral communities in wildlife-rich landscapes to adopt integrated land use models that are developmental and conservation-friendly. The AWF mission is to work with the people of Africa and AWF supporters to conserve the wildlife and wildlands of Africa. Improving livelihood of people in regions where AWF operates and to support wildlife conservation initiatives both within and outside protected areas are some of AWF’s key objectives under its landscape conservation program branded: “the African Heartlands Program”. Many studies commissioned by AWF about Kirisia forest ecosystem include forest assessment which emphasised different forest uses in blocks bordering two Group Ranches, Baawa and Lpartuk (Watai and Gachathi, 2003). In these blocks, the following tasks were undertaken: a general inventory of common plant species, identifying commonly used non- timber forest products and main threats to key species, and exploring opportunities for low- Challenges of Linking Socio-Economic Significance and Conservation Value of Forests in Drylands of Kenya: Case Study of Kirisia Forest-Samburu Pastoralists Coexistence 3 impact eco-tourism and other sustainable economic activities. The survey was conducted using various