Useful Brazilian Plants Under the View of the Writer-Naturalist João
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Cytotoxic Effect of Vernonanthura Polyanthes Leaves Aqueous Extracts
Brazilian Journal of Biology https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.225281 ISSN 1519-6984 (Print) Original Article ISSN 1678-4375 (Online) Cytotoxic effect ofVernonanthura polyanthes leaves aqueous extracts L. M. Almeidaa* , A. D. L. Pradoa , K. R. Xavier-Silvaa , M. T. Firminoa , M. I. M. Paulaa , P. N. Gomes a , J. A. M. Paulab and E. F. L. C. Bailãoa aUniversidade Estadual de Goiás – UEG, Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Anápolis, GO, Brasil bUniversidade Estadual de Goiás - UEG, Laboratório de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento & Inovação de Produtos da Biodiversidade, Anápolis, GO, Brasil *e-mail: [email protected] Received: June 16, 2019 – Accepted: March 1, 2020 – Distributed: August 31 2021 (With 3 figures) Abstract Vernonanthura polyanthes, popularly known as assa-peixe, is a medicinal plant that has been widely used by Brazilian Cerrado population for treatment of diseases without a detailed evaluation of their effectiveness, toxicity, and proper dosage. Thus, more studies investigating the safety of V. polyanthes aqueous extract before the use are needed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of V. polyanthes leaves aqueous extract using the Artemia salina and Allium cepa assays. For the A. salina assay, three groups of 10 larvae were exposed to V. polyanthes leaves aqueous extract at the concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/ml. For the A. cepa assay, 5 onion bulbs were exposed to V. polyanthes leaves aqueous extract at 10, 20, and 40 mg/ml, and then submitted to macroscopic and microscopic analysis. As result it was identified a toxicity and cytotoxicity ofV. polyanthes dependent on the extract concentration. -
Ficha Informativa De Los Humedales De Ramsar (FIR) Versión 2009-2012
Ficha Informativa de los Humedales de Ramsar (FIR) versión 2009-2012 1. Nombre y dirección del compilador de la Ficha: PARA USO INTERNO DE LA OFICINA DE RAMSAR . DD MM YY Sandro Menezes Silva Conservação Internacional (CI-Brasil) R. Paraná, 32 CEP-79020-290 Designation date Site Reference Number Campo Grande - MS – Brasil [email protected] Tel: +55(67) 3326-0002 Fax: +55(67) 3326-8737 2. Fecha en que la Ficha se llenó /actualizó : Julio 2008 3. País: Brasil 4. Nombre del sitio Ramsar: Reserva Particular del Patrimonio Natural (RPPN) “Fazenda Rio Negro” 5. Designación de nuevos sitios Ramsar o actualización de los ya existentes: Esta FIR es para (marque una sola casilla) : a) Designar un nuevo sitio Ramsar o b) Actualizar información sobre un sitio Ramsar existente 6. Sólo para las actualizaciones de FIR, cambios en el sitio desde su designación o anterior actualización: 7. Mapa del sitio: a) Se incluye un mapa del sitio, con límites claramente delineados, con el siguiente formato: i) versión impresa (necesaria para inscribir el sitio en la Lista de Ramsar): Anexo 1 ; ii ) formato electrónico (por ejemplo, imagen JPEG o ArcView) iii) un archivo SIG con tablas de atributos y vectores georreferenciados sobre los límites del sitio b) Describa sucintamente el tipo de delineación de límites aplicado: El límite del Sitio Ramsar es el mismo de la RPPN Fazenda Rio Negro, reconocida oficialmente como área protegida por el gobierno de la Provincia de Mato Grosso 8. Coordenadas geográficas (latitud / longitud, en grados y minutos): Lat 19°33'2.78"S / long 56°13'27.93"O (coordenadas de la sede de la hacienda) 9. -
422 Part 180—Tolerances and Ex- Emptions for Pesticide
Pt. 180 40 CFR Ch. I (7–1–16 Edition) at any time before the filing of the ini- 180.124 Methyl bromide; tolerances for resi- tial decision. dues. 180.127 Piperonyl butoxide; tolerances for [55 FR 50293, Dec. 5, 1990, as amended at 70 residues. FR 33360, June 8, 2005] 180.128 Pyrethrins; tolerances for residues. 180.129 o-Phenylphenol and its sodium salt; PART 180—TOLERANCES AND EX- tolerances for residues. 180.130 Hydrogen Cyanide; tolerances for EMPTIONS FOR PESTICIDE CHEM- residues. ICAL RESIDUES IN FOOD 180.132 Thiram; tolerances for residues. 180.142 2,4-D; tolerances for residues. Subpart A—Definitions and Interpretative 180.145 Fluorine compounds; tolerances for Regulations residues. 180.151 Ethylene oxide; tolerances for resi- Sec. dues. 180.1 Definitions and interpretations. 180.153 Diazinon; tolerances for residues. 180.3 Tolerances for related pesticide chemi- 180.154 Azinphos-methyl; tolerances for resi- cals. dues. 180.4 Exceptions. 180.155 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid; tolerances 180.5 Zero tolerances. for residues. 180.6 Pesticide tolerances regarding milk, 180.163 Dicofol; tolerances for residues. eggs, meat, and/or poultry; statement of 180.169 Carbaryl; tolerances for residues. policy. 180.172 Dodine; tolerances for residues. 180.175 Maleic hydrazide; tolerances for resi- Subpart B—Procedural Regulations dues. 180.176 Mancozeb; tolerances for residues. 180.7 Petitions proposing tolerances or ex- 180.178 Ethoxyquin; tolerances for residues. emptions for pesticide residues in or on 180.181 Chlorpropham; tolerances for resi- raw agricultural commodities or proc- dues. essed foods. 180.182 Endosulfan; tolerances for residues. 180.8 Withdrawal of petitions without preju- 180.183 Disulfoton; tolerances for residues. -
Bioactive Compounds and Functional Potential of Pequi (Caryocar Spp.), a Native Brazilian Fruit: a Review
GRASAS Y ACEITES 69 (2) April-June 2018, e257 ISSN-L: 0017-3495 https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.1222172 Bioactive compounds and functional potential of pequi (Caryocar spp.), a native Brazilian fruit: a review L.R.O. Torresa,b,*, F.C. Santanaa, F.B. Shinagawaa and J. Mancini-Filhoa aDepartment of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bloco 14, Cidade Universitária, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil. bFederal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Maranhão, Rodovia MA 349 (Caxias/Aldeias Altas), Km 2, s/n, Gleba Buriti do Paraíso, Povoado Lamego, Zona Rural, 65.600-970, Caixa Postal 77, Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil. * Corresponding author: [email protected] Submitted: 06 December 2017; Accepted: 09 March 2018 SUMMARY: Pequi is an indigenous word that means “thorny covering” and is used to describe fruits from the Caryocar spp. These fruits are widely consumed as food and used in traditional medicine by Brazilians in the savannah (Cerrado biome) and the Amazon region. The fruit is rich in lipids, mainly oleic acid, and other bioac- tive substances including carotenoids, phenolics, and tocopherols. The oil extracted from the pulp or “almond” (seed) has a high local socioeconomic impact and is associated with nutritional and therapeutic benefits. A wide array of health benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antimicrobial effects, improved cardiac function, as well as an increased lymphocyte-dependent immunity have been attributed to the pequi fruit, especially its pulp. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the edible parts of pequi fruits (pulp and almond), more specifically the oil produced from these parts, as a source of functional compounds with biological activity. -
Floristic Composition of a Neotropical Inselberg from Espírito Santo State, Brazil: an Important Area for Conservation
13 1 2043 the journal of biodiversity data 11 February 2017 Check List LISTS OF SPECIES Check List 13(1): 2043, 11 February 2017 doi: https://doi.org/10.15560/13.1.2043 ISSN 1809-127X © 2017 Check List and Authors Floristic composition of a Neotropical inselberg from Espírito Santo state, Brazil: an important area for conservation Dayvid Rodrigues Couto1, 6, Talitha Mayumi Francisco2, Vitor da Cunha Manhães1, Henrique Machado Dias4 & Miriam Cristina Alvarez Pereira5 1 Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Quinta da Boa Vista, CEP 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil 2 Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, CEP 29013-600, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil 4 Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CCA/UFES), Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Ciências Florestais e da Madeira, Av. Governador Lindemberg, 316, CEP 28550-000, Jerônimo Monteiro, ES, Brazil 5 Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CCA/UFES), Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Alto Guararema, s/no, CEP 29500-000, Alegre, ES, Brazil 6 Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Our study on granitic and gneissic rock outcrops environmental filters (e.g., total or partial absence of soil, on Pedra dos Pontões in Espírito Santo state contributes to low water retention, nutrient scarcity, difficulty in affixing the knowledge of the vascular flora of inselbergs in south- roots, exposure to wind and heat) that allow these areas eastern Brazil. We registered 211 species distributed among to support a highly specialized flora with sometimes high 51 families and 130 genera. -
Mariana Conceição Menezes Flórula Das Angiospermas
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RECÔNCAVO DA BAHIA CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS, AMBIENTAIS E BIOLÓGICAS MARIANA CONCEIÇÃO MENEZES FLÓRULA DAS ANGIOSPERMAS AQUÁTICAS E PALUSTRES DO GRUPO ASTERALES (EUASTERIDEAS II) OCORRENTES NA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RECÔNCAVO DA BAHIA, CRUZ DAS ALMAS, BA. Cruz das Almas 2010 MARIANA CONCEIÇÃO MENEZES FLÓRULA DAS ANGIOSPERMAS AQUÁTICAS E PALUSTRES DO GRUPO ASTERALES (EUASTERIDEAS II) OCORRENTES NA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RECÔNCAVO DA BAHIA, CRUZ DAS ALMAS, BA. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso II, apresentado ao Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas (CCAAB) da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia como requisito à obtenção do título de Bacharel em Ciências Biológicas. Orientadora: Lidyanne Yuriko Saleme Aona. Cruz das Almas, BA. 2010 Ficha Catalográfica M543 Menezes, Mariana Conceição. Flórula das angiospermas aquáticas e palustres do grupo asterales(Euasterideas II) ocorrentes na Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Ba. / Mariana Conceição Menezes._. Cruz das Almas - Ba, 2010. 47f.; il. Orientador: Lidyanne Yuriko Saleme Aona. Monografia (Graduação) – Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas. 1.Botânica. 2.Angiosperma – Taxonomia vegetal. I.Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas. II.Título. CDD: 581.9813 FLÓRULA DAS ANGIOSPERMAS AQUÁTICAS E PALUSTRES DO GRUPO ASTERALES (EUASTERIDEAS II) OCORRENTES NA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RECÔNCAVO DA BAHIA, CRUZ DAS ALMAS, BA. Mariana Conceição Menezes Banca examinadora 16/12/2010 Profa. Dra. Lidyanne Yuriko Saleme Aona (Orientadora) Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia Prof. MSc. Márcio Larceda Lopes Martins Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia Prof. MSc. Domingos Benício Oliveira Silva Cardoso Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana Prof. -
Chemical Characteristics and Bioactive Compounds of Cooked Pequi Fruits
Original article Chemical characteristics and bioactive compounds of cooked pequi fruits (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) from the Brazilian Savannah Leandro de Morais CARDOSO*, Bárbara De Lazzari REIS, Fabiana Rossi HAMACEK, Helena Maria PINHEIRO SANT’ANA Lab. Vitam. Anal., Dep. Nutr. Chemical characteristics and bioactive compounds of cooked pequi fruits Health, Fed. Univ. Viçosa, PH (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) from the Brazilian Savannah. Rolfs Ave., Viçosa, 36571-000, Abstract – Introduction. The Brazilian Savannah presents a wide vegetable diversity that Minas Gerais, Brazil, produces fruit that have unique characteristics and should be better characterized and exploited. [email protected] The agricultural-economic exploration of the fruits from the Savannah contributes to income generation and may play an important role in improving human nutrition. The aim of our research was to evaluate the physical characteristics (diameter, height and mass), chemical composition (moisture, ash, proteins, lipids, dietary fiber, titratable acidity, soluble solids and pH), occurrence and content of vitamin C (ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid), carotenoids (α-carotene, β- carotene, β-cryptoxanthin and lycopene), vitamin E (α-, β-, γ- and δ-tocopherols and tocotrienols) and folates (tetrahydrofolate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and 5-formyltetrahydrofolate) in pequi from the Savannah of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Materials and methods. Analyses of carotenoids and vitamin C were carried out by HPLC-DAD, and vitamin E and folates by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Results. The pulp of cooked pequi presented high contents of dietary fiber (9.9 g·100 g–1), lipids (33 g·100 g–1), carotenoids (8.11 mg·100 g–1), vitamin C (14.33 mg·100 g–1), vitamin A (514.38 RAE·100 g–1) and total energy (317.19 kcal·100 g–1). -
A Tribo Vernonieae Cass. (Asteraceae) Na Serra Dourada, Goiás, Brasil
Universidade Federal de Goiás Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Vegetal A tribo Vernonieae Cass. (Asteraceae) na Serra Dourada, Goiás, Brasil Giselle Lopes Moreira Goiânia, GO 2013 Universidade Federal de Goiás Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Vegetal A tribo Vernonieae Cass. (Asteraceae) na Serra Dourada, Goiás, Brasil Dissertação apresentada à Coordenação do Programa de Pós- Graduação em Biodiversidade Vegetal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, como parte dos requisitos necessários para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Biodiversidade Vegetal. Giselle Lopes Moreira Prof. Dr. Aristônio Magalhães Teles Orientador “Dedico aos meus pais: Carlos Antônio Moreira e Magda Lopes Pereira” “Quando eu flor... Quando tu flores... Quando você flor... Nós flores seremos E o mundo flores será!” Sandra Braconnot Agradecimentos Agradeço primeiramente à Deus, meu amigo, àquele que esteve e está comigo em todos os momentos. Aos meus pais, Magda e Carlos pelo apoio, alicerce e companheirismo... meus amores, meus amigos, meus tudo! E também agradeço meus dois outros “pais” Antônio e Divina... pessoas que fizeram e fazem toda a diferença na minha vida e que eu amo e respeito muito. Aos meus irmãos (a lista é grande), Carlos Junior e Carla Fernanda e aos meus outros quatro irmãos de coração: Michelle, Thiago, Leonardo e Aline. Meus irmãos, vocês são a maior riqueza que uma pessoa pode ter! Amo muito vocês! Não menos importante... agradeço ao meu esposo, Anderson, àquele que eu escolhi dividir todos os momentos da minha vida, meu grande amor! Apesar do meu ingresso no mestrado ter sido em plena lua de mel, você soube entender a minha constante ausência, haja vista que além das inúmeras viagens, das inúmeras disciplinas teve ainda a ausência na escrita desse trabalho, do artigo que nos renderam meses e meses de ausências constantes. -
Algunos Parámetros Farmacognósticos De Vernonanthura Patens (Kunth) H
Revista Cubana de Plantas Medicinales. 2013; 18(1) 131-139 ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL Algunos parámetros farmacognósticos de Vernonanthura patens (Kunth) H. Rob. (Asteraceae) endémica de Ecuador Some pharmacognostic parameters of native Vernonanthura patens (Kunth) H. Rob. (Asteraceae) from Ecuador MSc. Patricia Manzano Santana,I Dr. Tulio Orellana León,I Dra. C. Migdalia Miranda Martínez,II Dr. C. Juan Abreu Payrol,II MSc. Omar Ruíz,I Dra. C. Esther L. Peralta GarcíaI I Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral. Guayaquil, Ecuador. II Universidad de La Habana. La Habana, Cuba. RESUMEN Introducción: Vernonanthura patens (Kunth) H. Rob., arbusto originario de Sudamérica, crece silvestre en el sur ecuatoriano; los pobladores del cantón Marcabelí, provincia del Oro, la conocen como laritaco y utilizan las cocciones acuosas de las hojas para lavar y cicatrizar las heridas, calmar el dolor de cabeza, como antiinflamatorio, calmar la tos y combatir ciertos tipos de cáncer. Las investigaciones biológicas preliminares realizadas han demostrado una buena actividad antimalárica y antileishmaniasis. No existen, sin embargo, antecedentes de otras investigaciones farmacológicas ni químicas para la especie. Objetivo: determinar los parámetros físico-químicos de calidad de las flores, hojas y ramas de la especie en estado de fructificación, y los metabolitos secundarios presentes en estos órganos vegetales a través del tamizaje fitoquímico. Métodos: la planta se recolectó en estado adulto, en época de floración, los órganos vegetales secados en estufa se molinaron hasta tamaño de partícula 2 mm. Los índices numéricos se determinaron según la norma ramal de salud pública 309 de 1992, y el tamizaje fitoquímico se realizó según metodología analítica de Miranda y Cuéllar. -
Chorological and Taxonomic Notes on African Plants, 2
Botany Letters ISSN: 2381-8107 (Print) 2381-8115 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tabg21 Chorological and taxonomic notes on African plants, 2 Alexander P. Sukhorukov, Filip Verloove, M. Ángeles Alonso, Irina V. Belyaeva, Christopher Chapano, Manuel B. Crespo, Mohamed H. El Aouni, Ridha El Mokni, Alfred Maroyi, Munyaradzi Davis Shekede, Alicia Vicente, Alex Dreyer & Maria Kushunina To cite this article: Alexander P. Sukhorukov, Filip Verloove, M. Ángeles Alonso, Irina V. Belyaeva, Christopher Chapano, Manuel B. Crespo, Mohamed H. El Aouni, Ridha El Mokni, Alfred Maroyi, Munyaradzi Davis Shekede, Alicia Vicente, Alex Dreyer & Maria Kushunina (2017): Chorological and taxonomic notes on African plants, 2, Botany Letters, DOI: 10.1080/23818107.2017.1311281 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2017.1311281 Published online: 24 Apr 2017. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tabg21 Download by: [109.252.83.95] Date: 24 April 2017, At: 08:35 BOTANY LETTERS, 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2017.1311281 Chorological and taxonomic notes on African plants, 2 Alexander P. Sukhorukova , Filip Verlooveb, M. Ángeles Alonsoc, Irina V. Belyaevad, Christopher Chapanoe,h, Manuel B. Crespoc, Mohamed H. El Aounif, Ridha El Moknif,g, Alfred Maroyih, Munyaradzi Davis Shekedei, Alicia Vicentec, Alex Dreyerj and Maria Kushuninak aDepartment of -
Carotenoids Are Related to the Colour and Lipid Content of the Pequi
Food Science and Technology ISSN 0101-2061 DDOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-457X.6369 Carotenoids are related to the colour and lipid content of the pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) pulp from the Brazilian Savanna Débora Melo RIBEIRO1, Daniela Canuto FERNANDES1, Aline Medeiros ALVES2, Maria Margareth Veloso NAVES2* Abstract This study investigated the colour, proximate composition, bioactive compounds (phenolic and carotenoid contents), and antioxidant activity of the pulp of pequi from different regions of the Brazilian Savanna. The colour parameters and the lipid and carotenoid contents of the pulp were significantly different between the samples. The lipid content ranged from 135.4 to 322.5 g/kg. The pequi pulp showed high total phenolic content (1.8 to 3.3 mg GAE/g). The carotenoid amount ranged from 37 to 187 µg/g. The carotenoid content was significantly correlated with the colour and lipid content of the pequi pulp. The antioxidant activity showed a mean IC50 value of 197.9 µg/mL. The pequi pulp is rich in phenolic compounds and carotenoids and has a good antioxidant activity. Its colour is influenced by the carotenoid content, which can be predicted by regression models using routine colour parameters. Keywords: Caryocar brasiliense Camb.; native fruits; Savanna; bioactive compounds; antioxidant capacity. 1 Introduction The Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado) is the second largest biome colour and chemical and antioxidant properties of pequi fruit in Brazil and is located mainly in the mid-western region of samples from five different regions of the Brazilian Savanna, and the country. The Brazilian Savanna has several fruit-bearing the correlations among the variables were tested. -
Vernonanthura Polyanthes Leaves Aqueous Extract Enhances
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.04615 Original Article Vernonanthura polyanthes leaves aqueous extract enhances doxorubicin genotoxicity in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster and presents no antifungal activity against Candida spp. I. J. Guerra-Santosa,b, J. D. Rochaa, C. R. Valec, W. C. Sousaa, A. M. Telesd, L. Chen-Chenc, S. Carvalhoc and E. F. L. C. Bailãoa,e* aUniversidade Estadual de Goiás – UEG, Câmpus Iporá, Av. R2 Q.1, Jardim Novo Horizonte II, CEP 76200-000, Iporá, GO, Brazil bInstituto Federal Goiano – IF Goiano, Câmpus de Rio Verde, Av. Sul Goiânia, Km 1, Zona Rural, CEP 75901-970, Rio Verde, GO, Brazil cDepartamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas I, Universidade Federal de Goiás – UFG, Campus II, Samambaia, saída para Nerópolis, Km 13, CEP 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil dDepartamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas I, Universidade Federal de Goiás – UFG, Campus II, Samambaia, saída para Nerópolis, Km 13, CEP 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil eUniversidade Estadual de Goiás – UEG, Câmpus Henrique Santillo, Br 153, 3105, Fazenda Barreiro do Meio, CEP 75132-903, Anápolis, GO, Brazil *e-mail: [email protected] Received: March 23, 2015 – Accepted: July 31, 2015 – Distributed: November 30, 2016 (With 2 figures) Abstract Vernonanthura polyanthes (Spreng.) A.J. Vega & Dematt. (Asteraceae), known as “assa-peixe”, has been used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of various diseases such as bronchitis, pneumonia, hemoptysis, persistent cough, internal abscesses, gastric and kidney stone pain. Moreover, some studies demonstrated that species of Genus Vernonia present antifungal activity. Due to the biological relevance of this species, the aim of this study was to investigate the toxic, genotoxic, antigenotoxic and antifungal potential of V.