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(Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) on Edessa Ruformaginata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and Its Biology Acta Scientiarum

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(Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) on Edessa Ruformaginata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and Its Biology Acta Scientiarum Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy ISSN: 1679-9275 [email protected] Universidade Estadual de Maringá Brasil Demolin Leite, Germano Leão; Nascimento Lopes, Paulo Sérgio; Zanuncio, José Cola; Santos Martins, Cristina de Paula; Borges Moreira, Thiago Marçal; da Costa, Renildo Ismael Félix Effects of environmental and architectural diversity of Caryocar brasiliense (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) on Edessa ruformaginata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and its biology Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, vol. 38, núm. 1, enero-marzo, 2016, pp. 19-27 Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=303044042003 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Acta Scientiarum http://www.uem.br/acta ISSN printed: 1679-9275 ISSN on-line: 1807-8621 Doi: 10.4025/actasciagron.v38i1.26244 Effects of environmental and architectural diversity of Caryocar brasiliense (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) on Edessa ruformaginata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and its biology Germano Leão Demolin Leite1*, Paulo Sérgio Nascimento Lopes1, José Cola Zanuncio2, Cristina de Paula Santos Martins1, Thiago Marçal Borges Moreira1 and Renildo Ismael Félix da Costa1 1Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Universitária, 1000, Cx. Postal 135, 39404-547, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil. 2Departamento de Biologia Animal, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. *Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. We studied the effect of environmental complexity and plant architecture on the abundance and biology of Edessa rufomarginata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) bugs in pastures and cerrado areas. We observed higher numbers of bugs on Caryocar brasiliense (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) trees in the cerrado than in the pasture areas. The bugs were more abundant on leaves and branches than they were on fruits. The fruit production of Caryocar brasiliense was higher in the pastures than in the cerrado areas. The abundance of bugs was affect positively by aluminum, organic matter, and tree height but was affected negatively by soil pH. The productivity of C. brasiliense was correlated negatively with aluminum, pH, and number of bugs but was correlated positively with phosphorus and calcium. The number of eggs per clutch was 14.3, the viability was 93% and the embryonic period was 6.9 days. We observed four nymphal instars, the sex ratio was 0.43, and the duration of the life cycle of E. rufomarginata was 156 days. We did not obtain eggs from the adults (F1), which indicated that the leaves were not a good food resource. A diverse environment and high plant crown structure favored populations of E. rufomarginata. The abundance of and the damage caused by this insect indicate that E. rufomarginata is a potential pest on C. brasiliense trees. Keywords: pequi, fruit production, soil, stink bug. Efeito da diversidde ambiental e arquitetura de Caryocar brasiliense (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) em Edessa ruformaginata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) e sua biologia RESUMO. Estudou-se o efeito de complexidade ambiental e arquitetura de plantas na abundância do percevejo Edessa rufomarginata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) em pastagens e cerrado e também sua biologia. Observou-se maior número de percevejos em Caryocar brasiliense (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) em cerrado do que em pastagens. Percevejos foram mais abundantes em folhas e ramos do que em frutos. Pequizeiro teve maior produção de frutos em pastagens do que em cerrado. A abundância de percevejos foi afetada positivamente com alumínio, matéria orgânica e altura de árvore, mas negativamente com pH. Produtividade de pequizeiros foi afetado negativamente com alumínio, pH e número de percevejos, mas positivamente com fósforo e cálcio. O número de ovos por postura foi de 14,3; com viabilidade de 93% e período embriônico de 6,9 dias. Observou-se quatro instares ninfais, razão sexual foi de 0,43 e a duração total do ciclo de vida de E. rufomarginata foi de 156 dias. Não se obteve ovos de adultos (F1), indicando que folhas não foram boas como recurso alimentar. Maior diversidade ambiental e de estrutura de copa da planta favoreceu populações de E. rufomarginata. Abundância e danos deste inseto indicam que é uma potencial praga para árvores de C. brasiliense. Palavras-chave: pequi, produção de frutos, solo, percevejos. Introduction contains many compounds of medicinal The trees of Caryocar brasiliense (Malpighiales: importance. Moreover, humans use the fruits for Caryocaraceae) are widely distributed in the cerrado food, in the production of cosmetics and (Bridgewater, Ratter, & Ribeiro, 2004; Leite, Veloso, lubricants and in the pharmaceutical industry Zanuncio, Fernandes, & Almeida, 2006) and can (Ferreira & Junqueira, 2007; Garcia, Franco, reach over 10 m in height and 6 m in width in the Zuppa, Antoniosi Filho, & Leles, 2007; Khouri canopy (Leite et al., 2006). The internal mesocarp of et al., 2007; Segall, Artz, Raslan, Ferraz, & the fruits is rich in oil, vitamins, and proteins, and it Takahashi, 2005). Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy Maringá, v. 38, n. 1, p. 19-27, Jan.-Mar., 2016 20 Leite et al. Federal laws protect the trees of Caryocar architectural diversity of this plant on the stinkbug brasiliense, and the trees are thus left untouched in populations in five different areas. the deforested areas of the cerrado. The isolated plants of this species in the agro-landscape suffer Material and methods from increased damage by the stinkbug Edessa The study was performed in five rural rufomarginata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). For the communities in sub-basins of the river ‘Rio dos fruit collectors, this stinkbug is an important pest on Cochos’, which were ‘Bom Jantar’ (S 15º 33' 52.0’, C. brasiliense (Leite et al., 2012a). Therefore, the W 44º 29' 19.0’, 479 m asl), ‘Morro Vermelho’ biology and ecology of this insect on this valuable (S 15º 27' 28.9’, W 44º 28' 00.0’, 585 m asl), tree must be understood, including where the ‘Sambaíba’ (S 15º 23' 47.2’, W 44º 32' 12.1’, stinkbug occurs naturally and where it is found in 621 m asl) and ‘Tabua’ (S 15º 21' 57.7’, W 44º 36' plantations on the Brazilian cerrado. 58.0’, 672 m asl) in Januária municipality Januária The position of the branches in a tree affects the and ‘Cabeceira dos Cochos’ (S 15º 17' 57.7’, W 44º abundance of insects because of the following 32' 12.8’, 711 m asl) in Cônego Marinho conditions: 1) wind, depending on the direction municipality, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The study (Feng, Wu, Ni, Cheng, & Guo, 2005; Leite, D’ávila, was conducted from Aug to November 2007 and Cerqueira, Nascimento, & Fernandes, 2011a; Leite, during the same period in 2008 (green fruits and Nascimento, Jesus, Alves, & Fernandes, 2011b; Leite fixed in the plants). The regions have dry winters et al., 2011c), causes the desiccation of leaves and the and rainy summers, and the climate is designated as drop of flowers and fruits (Leite et al., 2006); Aw (tropical savanna) according to the Köppen 2) exposure to the sun, which may influence the climate classification (Vianello & Alves, 2000). In quality of host plant tissues (Unsicker & Mody, each of the areas, 20 adult plants (marked with red 2005); 3) microclimate (Leite et al., 2011c), and paint and georeferenced) were sampled at random, 4) preference by herbivores for parts of the plants with minimum distances of 30 m between the plants with the lowest numbers of natural enemies and approximately 10 Km between plant (enemy-free space) (Leite et al., 2012b; Unsicker & communities. The ‘Cabeceira dos Cochos’ and Mody, 2005). Natural enemies have been reared on ‘Tabua’ sites were characterized as regenerating C. brasiliense to support pest management programs cerrado, and the ‘Bom Jantar’, ‘Morro Vermelho’ for this plant and to study their spatial distribution and ‘Sambaíba’ were pasture that only had trees of within individual trees. Some hypotheses were C. brasiliense. advanced to explain the different levels of insect We evaluated fruit production, the trunk diam at abundance and diversity and include the following: 0.10 and 1.50 m above the ground, the tree height 1) environments with increased complexity increase and crown width on C. brasiliense plants, the the diversity of herbivorous species associated with a physical and chemical characteristics of the soils, and host plant and, generally, decrease their abundance the incidence of E. rufomarginata. The production (Auslander, Nevo, & Inbar, 2003; Lazo, Valdes, of fruits/tree was estimated by the average estimates Sampaio, & Leite, 2007); 2) host plants attributes, of all of the fruits obtained by three evaluators, once such as complex architecture, increase the diversity per year after natural untwining. The measurements and abundance of herbivorous insects (Espírito- of trunk diam were obtained (August, 2007) with Santo, Neves, Andrade-Neto, & Fernandes, 2007; measurements of the circumference 0.10 and 1.50 m Leite et al., 2011c; d; 2012c; d); and 3) soil above the ground. The height of the plants (HP) characteristics that favor trees indirectly effect the was measured (August, 2007) with an inclinometer, abundance of herbivorous insects (e.g. nutritional which measured the angle of inclination formed quality) (Auslander et al., 2003; Espírito-Santo between the visual horizon of the reader and the et al., 2007; Leite et al., 2011d; 2012c; d). highest branch of the plant. The height was We investigated the biology and the population calculated by applying the principle of tangent as dynamics of E. rufomarginata on this economically follows: HP = y/tg∂ + hL where HP is the height of important species of plant, C. brasiliense. In this the plant, y is the distance of the observer from the study, we provide data on the spatial distribution of plant, tg∂ is the ∂ tangent of the angle, measured E. rufomarginata on individual trees of C. brasiliense with the inclinometer, and hL is the height of the and on the effects of environmental and eyes of the reader.
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