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White by Law---Haney Lopez (Abridged Version)
White by Law The Legal Construction of Race Revised and Updated 10th Anniversary Edition Ian Haney Lόpez NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS New York and London (2006) 1│White Lines In its first words on the subject of citizenship, Congress in 1790 restricted naturalization to “white persons.” Though the requirements for naturalization changed frequently thereafter, this racial prerequisite to citizenship endured for over a century and a half, remaining in force until 1952. From the earliest years of this country until just a generation ago, being a “white person” was a condition for acquiring citizenship. Whether one was “white” however, was often no easy question. As immigration reached record highs at the turn of this century, countless people found themselves arguing their racial identity in order to naturalize. From 1907, when the federal government began collecting data on naturalization, until 1920, over one million people gained citizenship under the racially restrictive naturalization laws. Many more sought to naturalize and were rejected. Naturalization rarely involved formal court proceedings and therefore usually generated few if any written records beyond the simple decision. However, a number of cases construing the “white person” prerequisite reached the highest state and federal judicial circles, and two were argued before the U.S. Supreme Court in the early 1920s. These cases produced illuminating published decisions that document the efforts of would-be citizens from around the world to establish their Whiteness at law. Applicants from Hawaii, China, Japan, Burma, and the Philippines, as well as all mixed- race applicants, failed in their arguments. Conversely, courts ruled that applicants from Mexico and Armenia were “white,” but vacillated over the Whiteness of petitioners from Syria, India, and Arabia. -
And the Hamitic Hypothesis
religions Article Ancient Egyptians in Black and White: ‘Exodus: Gods and Kings’ and the Hamitic Hypothesis Justin Michael Reed Department of Biblical Studies, Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Louisville, KY 40205, USA; [email protected] Abstract: In this essay, I consider how the racial politics of Ridley Scott’s whitewashing of ancient Egypt in Exodus: Gods and Kings intersects with the Hamitic Hypothesis, a racial theory that asserts Black people’s inherent inferiority to other races and that civilization is the unique possession of the White race. First, I outline the historical development of the Hamitic Hypothesis. Then, I highlight instances in which some of the most respected White intellectuals from the late-seventeenth through the mid-twentieth century deploy the hypothesis in assertions that the ancient Egyptians were a race of dark-skinned Caucasians. By focusing on this detail, I demonstrate that prominent White scholars’ arguments in favor of their racial kinship with ancient Egyptians were frequently burdened with the insecure admission that these ancient Egyptian Caucasians sometimes resembled Negroes in certain respects—most frequently noted being skin color. In the concluding section of this essay, I use Scott’s film to point out that the success of the Hamitic Hypothesis in its racial discourse has transformed a racial perception of the ancient Egyptian from a dark-skinned Caucasian into a White person with appearance akin to Northern European White people. Keywords: Ham; Hamite; Egyptian; Caucasian; race; Genesis 9; Ridley Scott; Charles Copher; Samuel George Morton; James Henry Breasted Citation: Reed, Justin Michael. 2021. Ancient Egyptians in Black and White: ‘Exodus: Gods and Kings’ and Religions the Hamitic Hypothesis. -
White Privilege: Exploring the (In)Visibility of Pakeha Whiteness
White Privilege: Exploring the (in)visibility of Pakeha whiteness A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts in Human Services at the University of Canterbury By Claire Frances Gray Human Services Programme School of Social and Political Sciences University of Canterbury 2012 Contents Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................. 2 Chapter 1 .............................................................................................................................................................. 3 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 A New Zealand Context ............................................................................................................................. 5 Adoption of a Critical Stance ................................................................................................................... 7 Thesis Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 8 A Note on Writing Style ......................................................................................................................... -
Atlantic Slavery and the Making of the Modern World Wenner-Gren Symposium Supplement 22
T HE WENNER-GREN SYMPOSIUM SERIES CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY A TLANTIC SLAVERY AND THE MAKING OF THE MODERN WORLD I BRAHIMA THIAW AND DEBORAH L. MACK, GUEST EDITORS A tlantic Slavery and the Making of the Modern World: Wenner-Gren Symposium Supplement 22 Atlantic Slavery and the Making of the Modern World: Experiences, Representations, and Legacies An Introduction to Supplement 22 Atlantic Slavery and the Rise of the Capitalist Global Economy V The Slavery Business and the Making of “Race” in Britain OLUME 61 and the Caribbean Archaeology under the Blinding Light of Race OCTOBER 2020 VOLUME SUPPLEMENT 61 22 From Country Marks to DNA Markers: The Genomic Turn S UPPLEMENT 22 in the Reconstruction of African Identities Diasporic Citizenship under Debate: Law, Body, and Soul Slavery, Anthropological Knowledge, and the Racialization of Africans Sovereignty after Slavery: Universal Liberty and the Practice of Authority in Postrevolutionary Haiti O CTOBER 2020 From the Transatlantic Slave Trade to Contemporary Ethnoracial Law in Multicultural Ecuador: The “Changing Same” of Anti-Black Racism as Revealed by Two Lawsuits Filed by Afrodescendants Serving Status on the Gambia River Before and After Abolition The Problem: Religion within the World of Slaves The Crying Child: On Colonial Archives, Digitization, and Ethics of Care in the Cultural Commons A “tone of voice peculiar to New-England”: Fugitive Slave Advertisements and the Heterogeneity of Enslaved People of African Descent in Eighteenth-Century Quebec Valongo: An Uncomfortable Legacy Raising -
Race & Ethnicity in Independent Films
Race & Ethnicity in Independent Films: Prevalence of Underrepresented Directors and the Barriers They Face Katherine M. Pieper, Ph.D., Marc Choueiti, & Stacy L. Smith, Ph.D. Annenberg School for Communication & Journalism University of Southern California (working paper) This project was supported in part or in whole by an award from the Research: Art Works program at the National Endowment for the Arts: Grant# 13-3800-7017. The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the Office of Research & Analysis or the National Endowment for the Arts. The NEA does not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of the information included in this report and is not responsible for any consequence of its use. 1 Race & Ethnicity in Independent Films: Prevalence of Underrepresented Directors and the Barriers They Face Katherine M. Pieper, Ph.D., Marc Choueiti, & Stacy L. Smith, Ph.D. Annenberg School for Communication & Journalism University of Southern California 3502 Watt Way, Suite 222-223 Los Angeles, CA 90089 @MDSCInitiative Executive Summary The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and experiences of directors from underrepresented racial/ethnic groups in film. To this end, the research involved three prongs. First, we examined race/ethnicity of all directors associated with U.S. dramatic and documentary films selected and screened at Sundance Film Festival (SFF) between 2002 and 2013. Using a modified version of U.S. Census categories, a total of 1,068 directors across more than 900 films were categorized into one or more racial/ethnic groups. Second, we assessed how diversity behind the camera was related to on screen diversity. -
Uncovering the White Place: Whitewashing at Work Reitman, Meredith
www.ssoar.info Uncovering the white place: whitewashing at work Reitman, Meredith Preprint / Preprint Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Reitman, M. (2006). Uncovering the white place: whitewashing at work. Social & Cultural Geography, 7(2), 267-282. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649360600600692 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence (Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung) zur (Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives). For more Information Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de Diese Version ist zitierbar unter / This version is citable under: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-379226 Social & Cultural Geography, Vol. 7, No. 2, April 2006 Uncovering the white place: whitewashing at work Meredith Reitman Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA, [email protected] Recent work exploring the racialization of place tends to focus on the racialization of marginalized group space. This paper shifts attention toward the racialization of dominant group space, namely, the creation and maintenance of white places. Using the case study of the software workplace, I argue that white places are formed through a process of whitewashing, which simultaneously denies race and superimposes white culture. Whitewashing wields language and invisibility to deny race and promote a particular kind of multiculturalism, while cloaking the workplace in a culture of informality and business politics. -
'”Don't Let the Side Down, Old Boy”: Interrogating The
‘Don’t let the side down, old boy’: Interrogating the Traitor in the ‘Radical’ Television Dramas of John le Carré and Dennis Potter Dr Joseph Oldham To cite this article, please use the version published in Cold War History (2019): https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2019.1638366. Introduction In an article suggesting future possibilities for research on Britain’s cultural Cold War, Tony Shaw concludes by pondering whether, for instance, television scriptwriters might have played a role in prolonging geopolitical tensions ‘by fostering antipathy between East and West’.1 The offhand assumption of television drama as predominantly conservative, shoring up an orthodox Cold War consensus, is significant and not without some basis. In the USA, the Second Red Scare saw the appearance numerous staunchly anti-communist spy series including I Led 3 Lives (Ziv, 1953-56) and Behind Closed Doors (NBC, 1958-59), frequently made with approval and assistance from the FBI, State Department and Department of Defence. The many British spy series which appeared over the 1960s, including Danger Man (ITV, 1960-66) and The Avengers (ITV, 1961-69), were generally not informed by such official connections.2 Nonetheless, their status as ‘products’ made with an eye on the export market encouraged a ‘reassuring’ formal model. In these series, heroes reliably overcame enemy threats on a weekly basis, affirming ‘the viewer’s faith in the value systems and moral codes which the hero represents.’3 Even John Kershaw, Associate Producer on the spy series Callan (ITV, 1967-72), eventually came to worry that its continual vilification of the Russians was ‘irresponsible’.4 Yet such genre series were only part of a diverse British broadcasting ecology still strongly rooted in public service values, and the medium’s most critically-admired output of this era typically lay elsewhere. -
Dennis Potter: an Unconventional Dramatist
Dennis Potter: An Unconventional Dramatist Dennis Potter (1935–1994), graduate of New College, was one of the most innovative and influential television dramatists of the twentieth century, known for works such as single plays Son of Man (1969), Brimstone and Treacle (1976) and Blue Remembered Hills (1979), and serials Pennies from Heaven (1978), The Singing Detective (1986) and Blackeyes (1989). Often controversial, he pioneered non-naturalistic techniques of drama presentation and explored themes which were to recur throughout his work. I. Early Life and Background He was born Dennis Christopher George Potter in Berry Hill in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire on 17 May 1935, the son of a coal miner. He would later describe the area as quite isolated from everywhere else (‘even Wales’).1 As a child he was an unusually bright pupil at the village primary school (which actually features as a location in ‘Pennies From Heaven’) as well as a strict attender of the local chapel (‘Up the hill . usually on a Sunday, sometimes three times to Salem Chapel . .’).2 Even at a young age he was writing: I knew that the words were chariots in some way. I didn’t know where it was going … but it was so inevitable … I cannot think of the time really when I wasn’t [a writer].3 The language of the Bible, the images it created, resonated with him; he described how the local area ‘became’ places from the Bible: Cannop Ponds by the pit where Dad worked, I knew that was where Jesus walked on the water … the Valley of the Shadow of Death was that lane where the overhanging trees were.4 I always fall back into biblical language, but that’s … part of my heritage, which I in a sense am grateful for.5 He was also a ‘physically cowardly’6 and ‘cripplingly shy’7 child who felt different from the other children at school, a feeling heightened by his being academically more advanced. -
82 PAKEHA IDENTITY and WHITENESS: What Does It Mean to Be White? Claire Gray, Nabila Jaber & Jim Anglem Introduction Whitene
sites: new series · vol 10 no 2 · 2013 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/sites-vol10iss2id223 – article – PAKEHA IDENTITY AND WHITENESS: What does it mean to be White? Claire Gray, Nabila Jaber & Jim Anglem abstract This article is concerned with a critical examination of whiteness among those who self identify as Pakeha within a New Zealand context. Through in-depth interviews with 15 men and women we explored the proposition that the adop- tion of a Pakeha identity may preclude an understanding of the ways that whiteness and privilege operate. Employing thematic and discourse analysis, four major themes were identified within the data; a Pakeha relationship with Maori, the reification of whiteness, a disengagement from privilege and a sepa- ration from other white people. The functionality and organisation of language were considered in order to examine participants’ detachment from dominant white culture. This article suggests that the assumption of a Pakeha self-iden- tity may allow the bearer to discursively obscure both the cultural capital that whiteness provides and the privileges afforded by this capital. Ultimately, this research draws attention to the intersection of privilege and whiteness within New Zealand and offers an explanation for the persistence of white hegemony. introduction Whiteness emerged as a field of study during the 1990s largely in the United States and to a lesser extent in Britain and Australia. In one of the most influen- tial pieces of scholarship on the subject, Peggy McIntosh (1988) examined the advantages available to her on account of her whiteness outlining 46 assets she believed she had accrued solely on this basis. -
Common Racist Attitudes and Behaviors 28 That Indicate a Detour Or Wrong Turn Into White Guilt, Denial Or Defensiveness
By Debra Leigh, Organizer, Community Anti-Racism Education Initiative COMMON RACIST ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS 28 THAT INDICATE A DETOUR OR WRONG TURN INTO WHITE GUILT, DENIAL OR DEFENSIVENESS. Below is a list of 28 common racist attitudes and behaviors individual, regardless of color or gender, or disability, etc., has that indicate a detour or wrong turn into white guilt, denial or the same access to the rights, benefits and responsibilities of the defensiveness. Each is followed by a statement that is a reality society. The rationalization continues: since slavery is ended and check and consequence for harboring such attitudes. people of color have civil rights, the playing field has now been leveled. It follows, then, that there is no reason for a person of color to “fail” (whether manifested in low SAT scores or small numbers in management positions) EXCEPT individual character 1. I’m Colorblind. flaws or cultural inadequacies. These “failures” could have no “People are just people; I don’t see color; we’re all just roots in racism and internalized racism. human.” Or “I don’t think of you as Chinese.” Or “We all bleed red when we’re cut.” Or “Character, not color, is what counts with me.” 3. Reverse Racism. REALITY CHECK + CONSEQUENCE: A. “People of color are just as racist as white people.” Statements like these assume that people of color are just like you, white; that they have the same dreams, standards, problems, B. “Affirmative action had a role years ago, but today and peeves that you do. “Colorblindness” negates the cultural it’s just reverse racism; now it’s discriminating against values, norms, expectations and life experiences of people of white men.” color. -
Jeffersonian Racism
MALTE HINRICHSEN JEFFERSONIAN RACISM JEFFERSONIAN RACISM Universität Hamburg Fakultät für Wirtschafts - und Sozialwissenschaften Dissertation Zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Wirtschafts - und Sozialwissenschaften »Dr. phil.« (gemäß der Promotionsordnung v o m 2 4 . A u g u s t 2 0 1 0 ) vorgelegt von Malte Hinrichsen aus Bremerhaven Hamburg, den 15. August 2016 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Wulf D. Hund Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Olaf Asbach Datum der Disputation: 16. Mai 2017 - CONTENTS - I. Introduction: Studying Jeffersonian Racism 1 II. The History of Jeffersonian Racism 25 1. ›Cushioned by Slavery‹ – Colonial Virginia 30 1.1 Jefferson and his Ancestors 32 1.2 Jefferson and his Early Life 45 2. ›Weaver of the National Tale‹ – Revolutionary America 61 2.1 Jefferson and the American Revolution 62 2.2 Jefferson and the Enlightenment 77 3. ›Rising Tide of Racism‹ – Early Republic 97 3.1 Jefferson and Rebellious Slaves 98 3.2 Jefferson and Westward Expansion 118 III. The Scope of Jeffersonian Racism 139 4. ›Race, Class, and Legal Status‹ – Jefferson and Slavery 149 4.1 Racism and the Slave Plantation 159 4.2 Racism and American Slavery 188 5. ›People plus Land‹ – Jefferson and the United States 211 5.1 Racism and Empire 218 5.2 Racism and National Identity 239 6. ›The Prevailing Perplexity‹ – Jefferson and Science 258 6.1 Racism and Nature 266 6.2 Racism and History 283 IV. Conclusion: Jeffersonian Racism and ›Presentism‹ 303 Acknowledgements 315 Bibliography 317 Appendix 357 I. Introduction: Studying Jeffersonian Racism »Off His Pedestal«, The Atlantic Monthly headlined in October 1996, illustrating the bold claim with a bust of Thomas Jefferson being hammered to the floor. -
Authenticity and Englishness in the Films of Mike Leigh
Authenticity and Englishness in the Films of Mike Leigh 著者名(英) Anthony Mills journal or The Kyoritsu journal of international studies publication title volume 29 page range 123-143 year 2012-03 URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1087/00002285/ Creative Commons : 表示 - 非営利 - 改変禁止 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.ja Authenticity and Englishness in the Films of Mike Leigh Anthony Mills What you see in my films you mostly don't see in movies. As a kid in the '40s and '50s, I would sit in movies endlessly ... and think wouldn't it be great if you could see people in films like peo- ple actually are? Mike Leigh, The Salon Interview 1 I don't make films that are exclusively or idiosyncratically English; the subject matter of my films is not English, but universal. Mike Leigh, quoted in Movshovitz 2 Introduction In a 2008 interview for BAFTA (The British Academy of Film and Television Arts), the English movie director, Mike Leigh, recalled a moment of truth that he experienced during a life painting class at the Camberwell Art School in London in the mid 1960s.3 He had moved to London from Manchester in 1960, intending to train as an actor. At first, he attended RADA (the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts), but he found the experience very unsatisfactory. In Leigh's opinion, RADA's teaching was based on old-fashioned and unsuitable methods. In par ticular, he felt that there was no room for actors to bring their own interpretation of characters or experience of life into the process of creating a film or play.